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1. Editors’ Introduction: The Time of Psychoanalysis

Author

Evans, Ruth and Perry, R. D.

Subjects
psychoanalysis, Middle English literature, Freud, Lacan, après-coup
Abstract

This is the Introduction to the cluster of essays on The Time of Psychoanalysis.

Published
2024

6. Digitizing Studies in the Age of Chaucer

Author

Evans, Ruth

Subjects
Academic publishing, digitization, scholarly societies
Abstract

Ruth Evans, Executive Director of the New Chaucer Society from 2012 to 2018, describes the challenges and successes during the long process of digitizing Studies in the Age of Chaucer. Using Studies in the Age of Chaucer as a case study, this article considers more widely the future of print publications of journals and analyzes the overall impact of digitization on scholarly societies.

Published
2022

12. Emergency Inter-Hospital Transfer of Children to PICUs in the United Kingdom: Qualitative Exploration of Parents’ Experiences of Retrieval Teams*

Author

Evans, Ruth E. C., Barber, Vicky, Ramnarayan, Padmanabhan, Davies, Patrick, Wray, Jo, Barber, Victoria, Darnell, Robert, Draper, Elizabeth S., Drikite, Laura, Entwistle, Matthew, Hudson, Emma, Kung, Enoch, Marriage, Will, Morris, Stephen, Mouncey, Paul, Pagel, Christina, Pearce, Anna, Polke, Eithne, Rajah, Fatemah, and Seaton, Sarah E.

Published
2023
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14. The First Maps of $\kappa_{d}$ -- the Dust Mass Absorption Coefficient -- in Nearby Galaxies, with DustPedia

Author

Clark, Christopher J. R., De Vis, Pieter, Baes, Maarten, Bianchi, Simone, Casasola, Viviana, Cassarà, Letizia P., Davies, Jonathan I., Dobbels, Wouter, Lianou, Sofia, De Looze, Ilse, Evans, Ruth, Galametz, Maud, Galliano, Frederic, Jones, Anthony P., Madden, Suzanne C., Mosenkov, Alexander V., Verstocken, Sam, Viaene, Sébastien, Xilouris, E. Manolis, and Ysard, Nathalie

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

The dust mass absorption coefficient, $\kappa_{d}$, is the conversion function used to infer physical dust masses from observations of dust emission. However, it is notoriously poorly constrained, and it is highly uncertain how it varies, either between or within galaxies. Here we present the results of a proof-of concept study, using the DustPedia data for two nearby face-on spiral galaxies M74 (NGC 628) and M83 (NGC 5236), to create the first ever maps of $\kappa_{d}$ in galaxies. We determine $\kappa_{d}$ using an empirical method that exploits the fact that the dust-to-metals ratio of the interstellar medium is constrained by direct measurements of the depletion of gas-phase metals. We apply this method pixel-by-pixel within M74 and M83, to create maps of $\kappa_{d}$. We also demonstrate a novel method of producing metallicity maps for galaxies with irregularly-sampled measurements, using the machine learning technique of Gaussian process regression. We find strong evidence for significant variation in $\kappa_{d}$. We find values of $\kappa_{d}$ at 500 $\mu$m spanning the range 0.11-0.25 ${\rm m^{2}\,kg^{-1}}$ in M74, and 0.15-0.80 ${\rm m^{2}\,kg^{-1}}$ in M83. Surprisingly, we find that $\kappa_{d}$ shows a distinct inverse correlation with the local density of the interstellar medium. This inverse correlation is the opposite of what is predicted by standard dust models. However, we find this relationship to be robust against a large range of changes to our method - only the adoption of unphysical or highly unusual assumptions would be able to suppress it., Comment: Corrected typographical error in Equation A1, as per erratum accepted by MNRAS on 20th April 2022. No results or conclusions effected by the error, or by this correction

Published
2019
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15. Investigating the dust distribution in galaxy disks with DustPedia and NIKA2

Author

Evans, Ruth

Subjects
QB Astronomy
Abstract

This thesis presents the results of a multi-wavelength study into the 3D distribution of dust in the haloes of galaxies. A sample of 31 nearby, edge-on galaxies from the DustPedia database is used to measure the vertical extent of dust above the central plane of galaxy disks at the Herschel PACS 100 & 160 μm and SPIRE 250, 350 & 500 μm bands. I generate a 3D model of the dust to match each galaxy based on the exponential TRIPLEX function, which ensures that line-of-sight effects of inclination can be accounted for when measuring the vertical scaleheight. The brightness profiles of each galaxy are plotted against the models, an inclined thin disk, and the stellar disk to measure the extent to which the dust is distributed. 11 of the sample galaxies show evidence of an extraplanar dust component, with NGC 4222 exhibiting the most extended structure out to 4 kpc. The galaxy maps and models are stacked at each wavelength to increase the sensitivity of the observations over that of a single map. I carry out the same procedure on WISE 3.4 μm data which traces the oldest, and most extended, stellar population for comparison of the dust scaleheight versus stellar scaleheight (Ød/Øs). I find that the dust is more vertically extended than the stellar disk by at least a factor of 1-1.3 at each wavelength. I fit two-component modified blackbody SEDs to the stacked maps, and find a total dust mass for the sample of 9.54+0.90 °2.67£109MØ, an order of magnitude greater than previous estimates. At 500 μm, the flux is in excess of that predicted by the model (assuming Ø = 1.7). These results may indicate the presence of a large cold dust reservoir that has been previously unaccounted for in the literature. I test the dust temperatures required to account for the sub-millimetre excess and find that a very cold dust component of around ª7 K fits well to the data, however the dust mass increases by a further 2 orders of magnitude which is likely to be unphysical. The dust temperature at increasing distance up to 2 kpc from the plane is found increase slightly yet with a relatively flat gradient, in line with radiative transfer models, although large errors at vertical distances greater than ª2 pixels have hindered further analysis of temperature dependence on scale height. I also utilise the first high-resolution 1.2 and 2mmNIKA2 observations of NGC 891 and M99 as science verification for the IMEGIN Large Programme. A twocomponent blackbody spectrum is fitted to the data and dust temperatures and masses estimated. I find a cold to warm dust ratio of 42.6 and 41.3 for the galaxies respectively, and total dust masses of 8.5 ±0.4£107MØ and 1.0 ±0.6£108MØ. The temperatures of the cold and warm components are found to be 20.9 and 34.9 K for NGC 891, and 21.2 and 37.7 K for M99. These values are consistent with the literature, and we do not find evidence of a hidden cold dust component at the NIKA2 wavelengths or any sub-mm/mm excess.

Published
2019

18. The NIKA2 large field-of-view millimeter continuum camera for the 30-m IRAM telescope

Author

Adam, Remi, Adane, Amar, Ade, P. A. R., André, Philippe, Andrianasolo, Aina, Aussel, Herve, Beelen, Alexandre, Benoit, Alain, Bideaud, Aurelien, Billot, Nicolas, Bourrion, Olivier, Bracco, Andrea, Calvo, Martino, Catalano, Andrea, Coiffard, Gregoire, Comis, Barbara, De Petris, Marco, Désert, François-Xavier, Doyle, Simon, Driessen, E. F. C., Evans, Ruth, Goupy, Johannes, Kramer, Carsten, Lagache, Guilaine, Leclercq, Samuel, Leggeri, Jean-Paul, Lestrade, Jean-François, Macias-Perez, Juan-Francisco, Mauskopf, Philip, Mayet, Frederic, Maury, Anaelle, Monfardini, Alessandro, Navarro, Santiago, Pascale, Enzo, Perotto, Laurence, Pisano, Giampaolo, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Reveret, Vincent, Rigby, Andrew, Ritacco, Alessia, Romero, Charles, Roussel, Helene, Ruppin, Florian, Schuster, Karl, Sievers, Albrecht, Triqueneaux, Sebastien, Tucker, Carole, and Zylka, Robert

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Millimeter-wave continuum astronomy is today an indispensable tool for both general Astrophysics studies and Cosmology. General purpose, large field-of-view instruments are needed to map the sky at intermediate angular scales not accessible by the high-resolution interferometers and by the coarse angular resolution space-borne or ground-based surveys. These instruments have to be installed at the focal plane of the largest single-dish telescopes. In this context, we have constructed and deployed a multi-thousands pixels dual-band (150 and 260 GHz, respectively 2mm and 1.15mm wavelengths) camera to image an instantaneous field-of-view of 6.5arc-min and configurable to map the linear polarization at 260GHz. We are providing a detailed description of this instrument, named NIKA2 (New IRAM KID Arrays 2), in particular focusing on the cryogenics, the optics, the focal plane arrays based on Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) and the readout electronics. We are presenting the performance measured on the sky during the commissioning runs that took place between October 2015 and April 2017 at the 30-meter IRAM (Institut of Millimetric Radio Astronomy) telescope at Pico Veleta. NIKA2 has been successfully deployed and commissioned, performing in-line with the ambitious expectations. In particular, NIKA2 exhibits FWHM angular resolutions of around 11 and 17.5 arc-seconds at respectively 260 and 150GHz. The NEFD (Noise Equivalent Flux Densities) demonstrated on the maps are, at these two respective frequencies, 33 and 8 mJy*sqrt(s). A first successful science verification run has been achieved in April 2017. The instrument is currently offered to the astronomical community during the coming winter and will remain available for at least the next ten years., Comment: Accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysics, in press

Published
2017
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19. Teaching about Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Africa: Complex Questions of Culture, 'Development' and Human Rights

Author

Evans, Ruth

Abstract

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) has risen up the global advocacy agenda and is recognized as an important child-safeguarding issue. The topic crystallizes key debates in my module, "Culture and Development in Africa," and enables Geography undergraduates to explore complex intersections of childhood, gender, sexuality, and ethnicity in diverse African communities. In this paper, in light of in my efforts to teach for social transformation, I reflect on the inquiry-based learning approach I adopt and on its potential benefits. Conscious of postcolonial feminist critiques of processes of racialized "Othering", I discuss dilemmas about how to frame FGM/C and support students' critical engagement with the conflicting, sometimes confusing, discourses of cultural relativism and universal human rights. I seek to foster independent learning and research skills using a "real world" NGO assignment. Qualitative feedback suggests students develop more in-depth subject-knowledge, reflections on the ethics of "development", changes in self-theories and gain important skilful practices that may enhance their employability. Linking my teaching to my work with a charity tackling FGM/C has enabled co-learners to regard this as both a cultural practice that affects "distant others", and as a form of gender-based heteronormative violence and child abuse that has resonance in the local community.

Published
2020
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29. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Medieval Academy of America, 2019

Author

Davis, Lisa Fagin, Spence, Sarah, Lyman, Eugene W., Lester, Anne E., Geary, Patrick, Bjerke, Jillian, Krolikoski, Courtney, Powell, Austin, Richards, Emerson, Whitaker, Natalie, Chelis, Theodore, Dumitrescu, Irina, Hobbins, Daniel, Meyer-Lee, Robert J., Hahn, Cynthia, Knox, Leslie, Stanton, Anne Rudloff, Haggh-Huglo, Barbara, Gibson, Gail McMurray, Baswell, Christopher, Reilly, Lisa, Beebe, Kathryne, Bogdanović, Jelena, Evans, Ruth, Minnis, Alastair, and Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn

Published
2019

31. Diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI versus standard imaging pathways for metastatic disease in newly diagnosed colorectal cancer: the prospective Streamline C trial

Author

Evans, Ruth, Ball, Simon, Jannapureddy, Revanth, Mills-Baldock, Tina, Barhate, Kishor, Nagy, Zoltan, Raouf, Sherif, Aboagye, Akosa, Anand, Girija, Butawan, Rommel, Hadley, Elizabeth, Onajobi, Adesewa, Tarver, Kathryn, Nawaz, Tanjil, Norman, Catherine, Rich, Nathalie, Tulmuntaha, Sidra, Ahmed, Shafi, Lim, Louise, McKirdy, Fiona, Couture, Jenna, Ferdous, Shahanara, Julka, Payal, Mohammed, Ali, O'Shaughnessy, Terry, Ricketts, William, Jackson, Marie, Kay, Clive, Lowe, Andy, McGowan, Janet, Mohammed, Amjad, Robinson, Jon, Curry, Lara, Maheswaran, Sasithar, Ramesh, Subramanian, Riddle, Pippa, Balogun, Shaki, Campbell, Yvonne, Jeyadevan, Nelesh, Kavidasan, Aji, Locke, Imogen, Loke, Tuck-Kay, Olaleye, Ibiyemi, Collins, Clare, Green, Elizabeth, Prendergast, Colm, Win, Thida, Davis, Amy, Blakeway, Lyn, Gourtsoyianni, Sofia, Green, Adrian, Kelly-Morland, Christian, Naaseri, Sahar, Prezzi, Davide, Snell, David, Boisfer, Dorothee, Desai, Keyury, Hans, Balinder, Hans, Sophia, Ntala, Eleni, Alam, Adnam, Burke, Stephen, Bhowmik, Angshu, Bharwani, Nishat, Hanid, Gule, Honeyfield, Lesley, Stoycheva, Tina, Strickland, Nicola, Bazari, Farid, Beedham, Helen, De Los, Jane, Lauigan, Reyes, Limbu, Priya, Lucas, Nicola, O'Connor, Sally, Rhodes, Anita, Agoramoorthy, Laletha, Handousa, Martha, Jalloh, Abel, Stegner, Stefania, Wilson, Shanna, Birch, David, Chukundah, Suzanne, Phiri, Priscilla, Srirajaskanthan, Raj, Karapanagiotou, Eleni, Smith, Daniel, Syeed, Ferrial, van Someren, Chloe, Borgstein, Rudi, Roehrig, Jamila, Chao, David, Hurl, Lorraine, Gogbashian, Andrew, Nunes, Andre, Simcock, Ian, Stirling, James, Beable, Richard, Furneaux, Maureen, Gibbons, Nicola, Higginson, Antony, Curtis, Howard, Perry, Kitrick, Amadi, Anita, Hughes, Heather, Patel, Prital, Atkin, Gary, Elton, Colin, Karp, Stephen, Woodrow, Lisa, Yu, Dominic, Khan, Sajid, Rienhardt, Alistair, Datt, Pooja, Ilangovan, Rajapandian, Jenkins, Ian, Mahmud, Saba, Light, Teresa, Kellaway, Joanne, O'Callaghan, Ann, Partridge, William, Daniel, Amelia, Ekeowa, Ugo, Long, Michael, Russell, Peter, Scurr, Erica, Morgan, Veronica, Tunariu, Nina, Chang, Elizabeth, Hughes, Laura, Marwood, Ellice, Prior, Katie, Reddi, Meena, Sargus, Kara, Sharp, Abby, Beeston, Teresita, Isaac, Elizabeth, Jayme, Adoracion, Kalasthry, Jagadish, Piga, Wivijin, Rahman, Farzana, Weir, Shraddha, Austria, Aileen, Crosbie, James, Engledow, Alec, McCullogh, Jonathan, Obichere, Austen, Shiu, Kai-Keen, Wanstall, Christopher, Simeon, Celia, Smith, Amy, Bateman, Andrew, Breen, David, Davis, Liane, Everitt, Chris, Johnson, Alice, Nichols, Paul, Shepherd, Beth, Gilbert, Kayleigh, Verjee, Azmina, Saull, Michelle, Wilson, Jonathan, Adeniba, Rashidat, Conteh, Veronica, Howling, Sarah, Lock, Sara, Taylor, Stuart A, Mallett, Sue, Beare, Sandy, Bhatnagar, Gauraang, Blunt, Dominic, Boavida, Peter, Bridgewater, John, Clarke, Caroline S, Duggan, Marian, Ellis, Steve, Glynne-Jones, Robert, Goh, Vicky, Groves, Ashley M, Hameeduddin, Ayshea, Janes, Sam M, Johnston, Edward W, Koh, Dow-Mu, Miles, Anne, Morris, Stephen, Morton, Alison, Navani, Neal, O'Donohue, John, Oliver, Alfred, Padhani, Anwar R, Pardoe, Helen, Patel, Uday, Punwani, Shonit, Quinn, Laura, Rafiee, Hameed, Reczko, Krystyna, Rockall, Andrea G, Shahabuddin, Khawaja, Sidhu, Harbir S, Teague, Jonathan, Thaha, Mohamed A, Train, Matthew, van Ree, Katherine, Wijeyekoon, Sanjaya, and Halligan, Steve

Published
2019
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32. Diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI versus standard imaging pathways for metastatic disease in newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer: the prospective Streamline L trial

Author

Evans, Ruth, Shahabuddin, Khawaja, Jannapureddy, Revanth, Mills-Baldock, Tina, Barhate, Kishor, Nagy, Zoltan, Raouf, Sherif, Aboagye, Akosa, Anand, Girija, Butawan, Rommel, Hadley, Elizabeth, Onajobi, Adesewa, Thaha, Mohamed A, Nawaz, Tanjil, Norman, Catherine, Rich, Nathalie, Tulmuntaha, Sidra, Ahmed, Shafi, Lim, Louise, McKirdy, Fiona, Couture, Jenna, Ferdous, Shahanara, Julka, Payal, Mohammed, Ali, Pardoe, Helen, Wijeyekoon, Sanjaya, Van Ree, Katherine, Blunt, Dominic, Ricketts, William, Jackson, Marie, Kay, Clive, Lowe, Andy, McGowan, Janet, Mohammed, Amjad, Robinson, Jon, Curry, Lara, Maheswaran, Sasithar, Ramesh, Subramanian, Riddle, Pippa, Balogun, Shaki, Campbell, Yvonne, Jeyadevan, Nelesh, Kavidasan, Aji, Locke, Imogen, Loke, Tuck-Kay, Olaleye, Ibiyemi, Collins, Clare, Green, Elizabeth, Prendergast, Colm, Win, Thida, Davis, Amy, Blakeway, Lyn, Gourtsoyianni, Sofia, Green, Adrian, Kelly-Morland, Christian, Naaseri, Sahar, O'Donohue, John, Snell, David, Boisfer, Dorothee, Desai, Keyury, Hans, Balinder, Hans, Sophia, Ntala, Eleni, Alam, Adnam, Burke, Stephen, Train, Matthew, Bharwani, Nishat, Hanid, Gule, Honeyfield, Lesley, Stoycheva, Tina, Patel, Uday, Bazari, Farid, Beedham, Helen, De Los, Jane, Lauigan, Reyes, Limbu, Priya, Lucas, Nicola, O'Connor, Sally, Rhodes, Anita, Agoramoorthy, Laletha, Handousa, Martha, Jalloh, Abel, Stegner, Stefania, Wilson, Shanna, Birch, David, Chukundah, Suzanne, Phiri, Priscilla, Srirajaskanthan, Raj, Karapanagiotou, Eleni, Smith, Daniel, Syeed, Ferrial, van Someren, Chloe, Borgstein, Rudi, Roehrig, Jamila, Chao, David, Hurl, Lorraine, Gogbashian, Andrew, Nunes, Andre, Simcock, Ian, Stirling, James, Beable, Richard, Furneaux, Maureen, Gibbons, Nicola, Higginson, Antony, Curtis, Howard, Perry, Kitrick, Amadi, Anita, Hughes, Heather, Patel, Prital, Atkin, Gary, Elton, Colin, Karp, Stephen, Woodrow, Lisa, Yu, Dominic, Khan, Sajid, Rienhardt, Alistair, Datt, Pooja, Ilangovan, Rajapandian, Jenkins, Ian, Mahmud, Saba, Light, Teresa, Kellaway, Joanne, O'Callaghan, Ann, Partridge, William, Daniel, Amelia, Ekeowa, Ugo, Long, Michael, Scurr, Erica, Morgan, Veronica, Tunariu, Nina, Chang, Elizabeth, Hughes, Laura, Marwood, Ellice, Prior, Katie, Reddi, Meena, Sargus, Kara, Sharp, Abby, Beeston, Teresita, Isaac, Elizabeth, Jayme, Adoracion, Kalasthry, Jagadish, Piga, Wivijin, Rahman, Farzana, Weir, Shraddha, Austria, Aileen, Crosbie, James, Engledow, Alec, McCullogh, Jonathan, Obichere, Austen, Shiu, Kai-Keen, Wanstall, Christopher, Simeon, Celia, Smith, Amy, Bateman, Andrew, Breen, David, Davis, Liane, Everitt, Chris, Johnson, Alice, Nichols, Paul, Shepherd, Beth, Gilbert, Kayleigh, Verjee, Azmina, Saull, Michelle, Wilson, Jonathan, Adeniba, Rashidat, Conteh, Veronica, Howling, Sarah, Taylor, Stuart A, Mallett, Sue, Ball, Simon, Beare, Sandy, Bhatnagar, Gauraang, Bhowmik, Angshu, Boavida, Peter, Bridgewater, John, Clarke, Caroline S, Duggan, Marian, Ellis, Steve, Glynne-Jones, Robert, Goh, Vicky, Groves, Ashley M, Hameeduddin, Ayshea, Janes, Sam M, Johnston, Edward W, Koh, Dow-Mu, Lock, Sara, Miles, Anne, Morris, Stephen, Morton, Alison, Navani, Neal, Oliver, Alfred, O'Shaughnessy, Terry, Padhani, Anwar R, Prezzi, David, Punwani, Shonit, Quinn, Laura, Rafiee, Hameed, Reczko, Krystyna, Rockall, Andrea G, Russell, Peter, Sidhu, Harbir S, Strickland, Nicola, Tarver, Kathryn, Teague, Jonathan, and Halligan, Steve

Published
2019
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37. Producing Emotionally Sensed Knowledge? Reflexivity and Emotions in Researching Responses to Death

Author

Evans, Ruth, Ribbens McCarthy, Jane, Bowlby, Sophie, Wouango, Joséphine, and Kébé, Fatou

Abstract

This paper reflects on the methodological complexities of producing emotionally-sensed knowledge about responses to family deaths in urban Senegal. Through engaging in 'uncomfortable reflexivity', we critically explore the multiple positionings of the research team comprised of UK, Senegalese and Burkinabé researchers and those of participants in Senegal and interrogate our own cultural assumptions. We explore the emotional labour of the research process from an ethic of care perspective and reflect on how our multiple positionings and emotions influence the production and interpretation of the data, particularly exemplified through our differing responses to diverse meanings of 'family' and religious refrains. We show how our approach of 'uncomfortable reflexivity' helps to reveal the work of emotions in research, thereby producing 'emotionally sensed knowledge' about responses to death and contributing to the cross-cultural study of emotions.

Published
2017
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45. On Not Being Chaucer

Author

Evans, Ruth

Abstract

Abstract:Chaucer's place in the canon and on the syllabus has at various times during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, in various places around the world, been questioned by students, academics, administrators, and professional organizations, in response to very specific and often highly localized cultural, historical, and institutional factors. The history and nature of those factors are instructive if we want to continue to make the case for the value of studying Chaucer. In this address I consider some of the national and international contexts that have put pressure on the study of Chaucer, contexts that include US and UK responses to institutional racism, and feminist literary criticism's critique of Chaucer's sexism and of the institutionalization of feminist criticism. I consider some of the historical rejections of Chaucer, from that of the black British writer David Dabydeen in the 1970s to the brief flare of the Chaucer Wars of 2021. I argue that decentering Chaucer needs an informed critique of how canons are constructed and of the specific ways in which they are ethnocentric and non-representative. I then consider some of the ways in which Chaucer's work has been reimagined in positive political ways, such as Refugee Tales. I argue that we should continue to read Chaucer because his writings and the history of their reception continue to generate new and important ways of understanding the past history of race and racism, and thus enable the envisioning of more hopeful futures for Chaucerian scholars and our students.

Published
2024

47. Negotiating childhood : the gendered experiences of street children and children in difficult circumstances in Tanzania

Author

Evans, Ruth Mary Clare

Subjects
362.508309678, Gender studies
Abstract

Within the context of national levels of poverty, structural adjustment policies and the AIDS epidemic, this thesis analyses the experiences of children and young people in difficult circumstances in Tanzania from a gender perspective. Using the social construction of 'childhood' as the theoretical framework, the study is based on participatory, child-focused ethnographic research, which was conducted in Arusha, northern Tanzania 2000-2002. Following an overview of the global concept of childhood, the phenomenon of street children, and concepts of childhood in Tanzania, I provide a reflexive account of the research process. Based on the findings, I explore children's and adults' perceptions of the socio-cultural concept of childhood, children's different gendered experiences, and attitudes towards education. The study then examines street children's experiences of 'home' and their narratives of why they left their immediate household. In the light of the experiences of some street children who had been orphaned by AIDS and whose families and communities were unable to support them, I analyse the experiences of children from HIV / AIDS-affected households, and young people's age-related and gendered vulnerabilities to HIV infection. The contradictions and contrasts of life on the street are explored, based on children's experiences, with gender identified as a key differential. I examine the survival strategies and coping mechanisms, both materially and emotionally, that children develop in order to survive independently in the street. Using Moser's framework of 'practical' and 'strategic' needs and interests (1989) I explore ways of responding to the experiences of children and young people. Children's participation in decision-making at the local, regional, national and international levels is analysed, and I draw up a series of policy recommendations which aim to meet children's practical and strategic needs. In the light of the previous chapters, I re-evaluate the concept of street children and offer some ways forward.

Published
2003

48. New Horizons in artificial intelligence in the healthcare of older people.

Author

Shiwani, Taha, Relton, Samuel, Evans, Ruth, Kale, Aditya, Heaven, Anne, Clegg, Andrew, group, Ageing Data Research Collaborative (Geridata) AI, and Todd, Oliver

Subjects
EDUCATION of physicians, PRIVACY, CLINICAL decision support systems, HEALTH services accessibility, PATIENT autonomy, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, MEDICAL care, WEARABLE technology, MEDICAL technology, PATIENT-centered care, MEDICAL ethics, HEALTH equity, ALGORITHMS, ELDER care, EARLY diagnosis
Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare describes algorithm-based computational techniques which manage and analyse large datasets to make inferences and predictions. There are many potential applications of AI in the care of older people, from clinical decision support systems that can support identification of delirium from clinical records to wearable devices that can predict the risk of a fall. We held four meetings of older people, clinicians and AI researchers. Three priority areas were identified for AI application in the care of older people. These included: monitoring and early diagnosis of disease, stratified care and care coordination between healthcare providers. However, the meetings also highlighted concerns that AI may exacerbate health inequity for older people through bias within AI models, lack of external validation amongst older people, infringements on privacy and autonomy, insufficient transparency of AI models and lack of safeguarding for errors. Creating effective interventions for older people requires a person-centred approach to account for the needs of older people, as well as sufficient clinical and technological governance to meet standards of generalisability, transparency and effectiveness. Education of clinicians and patients is also needed to ensure appropriate use of AI technologies, with investment in technological infrastructure required to ensure equity of access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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49. Talking about cancer: Patient responses to raising awareness of oral cancer in primary dental care.

Author

Scott, Suzanne E., Bruj, Geanina, Beheshti, Shahryar, Evans, Ruth, and Awojobi, Oluwatunmise

Subjects
STATE-Trait Anxiety Inventory, MOUTH tumors, PATIENT participation, DENTAL care, PATIENT psychology, MEDICAL protocols, PRIMARY health care, PATIENTS' attitudes, COMMUNICATION, SOUND recordings, QUESTIONNAIRES, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, ANXIETY, EARLY diagnosis
Abstract

Objectives: Dentists and other members of the dental team could raise awareness by talking about oral cancer during routine dental check‐ups. A communication guide has been developed to facilitate this. However, it has been suggested that discussions about oral cancer may raise patients' anxiety and this has been documented by dentists as a barrier to having these conversations. The current research aimed to investigate implementation of the communication guide and its impact on the dental patient. Methods: A consecutive‐case sample of adult dental patients attending primary dental care for a routine NHS check‐up at one dental practice were invited to take part in the study via letter prior to their appointment. Consultations of participating patients (n = 77) were audio‐recorded. Before and after their appointment, patients were asked to rate their current anxiety via the six‐item version of Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Audio recordings of each consultation were reviewed by two raters to determine the extent to which the dentist covered the topics recommended in the communication guide. Results: The dentist informed all patients that they were being checked for oral cancer, spoke about signs and symptoms, and discussed risk factors. However, they rarely recommended where help should be sought or addressed barriers to seeking help. Discussions took an average of 95 s. The extent to which oral cancer was discussed did not correlate with patients' post‐appointment anxiety. Patients made positive or neutral responses to the discussions. The few questions that were asked were easily addressed. Conclusions: As findings are based on one dentist working at one practice, generalization of these results should be cautious. The study indicated that using an evidence‐based guide to talk about oral cancer did not appear to raise patients' anxiety in this practice population. This could help to increase awareness of oral cancer in the endeavour to facilitate early cancer diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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