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Interlingual Respeaking (IR) is a new technique that enables real-time subtitling in a different language. This cognitively demanding technique involves collaboration between a language professional and automatic speech recognition software (ASR), creating a human-AI interaction (HAII) environment. Integrating technological tools with an individual's internal cognitive resources establishes an extended cognitive system. However, different types of errors are observed in terms of output accuracy. Our ESRC-funded research found that working memory (WM) (backward span) has a negative relationship with omissions, where content is dropped out (e.g., to save time). Nevertheless, additions, where the human adds content (e.g., to clarify meaning) and correctness, where form-related issues arise (such as grammar mistakes), had an inverse relationship with the N-back Task (the simultaneous maintenance, updating, and processing of WM). These findings suggest that the IR errors involve diverse types of WM resources.

Contrary to expectations based on the spectrochemical series, H2O is found to be a significantly weaker field ligand than OH- in the magnetochemical series ranking of ligand field strengths based on the spin states of iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin complexes. The preparation and characterization of the [Fe(H2O)(TPP)]+ ion and the spectroscopic identification of Fe(OH)(TPP) have made this assessment possible. These two species were previously thought to be unattainable because of the facile formation of the well-known μ-oxo dimer, (TPP)Fe-O-Fe(TPP). However, the special characteristics of single equivalents of water under high acidity, relevant to metalloenzyme active sites and superacidity, make them accessible in benzene solution. Their 1H NMR β-pyrrole chemical shifts at -43 and +82 ppm indicate admixed-intermediate S = 3/2, 5/2 and high S = 5/2 spin states for the aqua and hydroxo species, respectively. The X-ray crystal structure of the aqua complex has been determined for [Fe(H2O)(TPP)] [CB11H6Cl6] and is consistent with the high degree of S = 3/2 character indicated by the NMR measurement, Mossbauer spectroscopy (ΔE(q) = 3.24 mm·s-1), and magnetic susceptibility (μ(eff) = 4.1 μ(B)). The anhydrous precursor to these species is the 'nearly bare' iron(III) porphyrin complex Fe(CB11H6Br6)(TPP). Judged by its magnetic parameters (δ(pyrrole) = -62 ppm, ΔE(q) = 3.68 mm·s-1, μ(eff) = 4.0 μ(B)) it attains the long sought essentially 'pure' S = 3/2 spin state. The magnetochemical ranking of ligand field strengths in five-coordinate high-spin and admixed-intermediate-spin iron(III) porphyrins is useful because it more closely reflects the intuitive field strengths of crystal field theory than does the usual spectrochemical ranking, which is controlled largely by π effects in octahedral low-spin d(π)6 complexes.

Benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and [60]fullerene are shown to be weak ligands to a hard metal such as iron(III) in Fe(TPP)+ cation (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrinate). X-ray crystal structures of [Fe(TPP)(C6H6)][CB11H6Br6] · 3.5C6H6 (1), [Fe(TPP)(C7H8)][CB11H6Cl6] · 2C7H8 (2), [Fe(TPP)(C8H10)][Ag(CB11H6Br6)2] · arene (3), and [Fe(TPP)(C60)][F20-BPh4] · 2.5dichlorobenzene (4) show distinctively short Fe · · · C contacts, in the range 2.65-2.95 Å, which distinguish ligation from π-π cocrystallized solvation. Dihedral angles between the arene and metalloporphyrin planes are also diagnostic of ligand versus solvate roles. The essential features of the arene coordination can be faithfully reproduced using density functional theory. In contrast to alkali metal cation/π-arene interactions, a component of the covalent bonding can be recognized. In a broader context, this study suggests that solvents such as benzene should always be viewed as potential ligands in the presence of coordinatively unsaturated cations. The common use in supramolecular chemistry of the term 'noncovalent' to describe entities with metal-ligand bonds is viewed as misleading.

I Purpose or Learning Objective: i Primary tumors and tumor-mimicking lesions of the cuboid bone are rarely described in the literature. We also provide a brief overview of diagnosis and management in this largest and only case series on tumor and tumor-mimicking lesions of the cuboid. We describe the primary tumors and tumor mimics that can occur in the cuboid bone and need to be considered when evaluating lesions of the cuboid. [Extracted from the article]

A prospective audit of 221 breast biopsies was carried out to assess the pain/discomfort experienced during image-guided breast biopsies. The only significant factor in pain scores was the size of the needle used. Fine-needle aspiration cytology using a 21-gauge needle was found to cause the most discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]