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Objective To observe the changes in hepatic histomorphology and the differences in the expression of PD-1 after different moxibustion interventions in the immunosuppressed rabbits caused by cyclophosphamide and analyze the intervention effects of different moxibustion therapies. Methods A total of 40 big-ear white rabbits were randomized into 4 groups, i.e. a blank group, an immunosuppressed model group, a moxibustion group and a herbal-paste isolated moxibustion group, 10 rabbits in each one. In the immunosuppressed model group, the moxibustion group and the herbal-paste isolated moxibustion group, the intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide was administered consecutively for 7 days, 60 mg/kg, and then, the immunosuppressed models were prepared. After the models were established successfully, in the moxibustion group and the herbal-paste isolated moxibustion group, moxibustion was administer at “Shenque (神阙CV 8)” “Guānyuan (关元CV 4)” “Zusānlĭ (足三里ST 36)” “Pishū (脾俞BL20)” and “Shenshū (肾俞BL23)”, once every other day, 10 times in total. In the blank group and the immunosuppressed model group, the rabbits were restricted on the rabbit platform at the same time periods, without intervention. On the second day after the end of intervention, the animals were weighed and anesthetized, and the livers were extracted. After routine HE staining, the changes of hepatic histomorphology were observed under the microscope and the morphometric analysis was conducted in each group. Besides, PD-1 expression was observed with immunohistochemical method. Result Compared with the blank group, after modeling of each animal in three groups, the body mass decreased obviously (all P Conclusion The intervention with different moxibustion therapies improves the condition of body mass reduction and hepatic tissue damage of the immunosuppressed rabbits caused by cyclophosphamide. The effect of herbal-paste isolated moxibustion therapy is better than that of simple moxibustion therapy.

Highlights • This is the first study showing that 6 high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions over just 5 days is just as effective in increasing maximal oxygen uptake and endurance capacity and is more effective at improving submaximal exercise fat oxidation than 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks. • Five days of HIIT that lasts 60 min in total may be a potent stimulus to improve exercise performance and substrate oxidation. • Our findings reveal that this protocol achieves the fastest adaptation in response to a HIIT regime. • This study represents an important conceptual advance in demonstrating the remarkable ability of the human body to adapt to exercise stress in less than 2 weeks., Background High-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces similar or even superior adaptations compared to continuous endurance training. Indeed, just 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks significantly improves maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), submaximal exercise fat oxidation, and endurance performance. Whether even faster adaptations can be achieved with HIIT is not known. Thus, we aimed to determine whether 2 sessions of HIIT per day, separated by 3 h, every other day for 5 days (double HIIT (HIIT-D), n = 15) could increase VO2max, submaximal exercise fat oxidation, and endurance capacity as effectively as 6 sessions of HIIT over 2 weeks (single HIIT (HIIT-S), n = 13). Methods Each training session consisted of 10 × 60 s of cycling at 100% of VO2max interspersed with 75 s of low-intensity cycling at 60 watt (W). Pre- and post-training assessments included VO2max, time to exhaustion at ∼80% of VO2max, and 60-min cycling trials at ∼67% of VO2max. Results Similar increases (p < 0.05) in VO2max (HIIT-D: 7.7% vs. HIIT-S: 6.0%, p > 0.05) and endurance capacity (HIIT-D: 80.1% vs. HIIT-S: 79.2%, p > 0.05) were observed. Submaximal exercise carbohydrate oxidation was reduced in the 2 groups after exercise training (HIIT-D: 9.2%, p = 0.014 vs. HIIT-S: 18.8%, p = 0.012) while submaximal exercise fat oxidation was significantly increased in HIIT-D (15.5%, p = 0.048) but not in HIIT-S (9.3%, p = 0.290). Conclusion Six HIIT sessions over 5 days was as effective in increasing VO2max and endurance capacity and was more effective in improving submaximal exercise fat oxidation than 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks., Graphic Abstract Image, graphical abstract

To understand if every other day iron supplementation may be as effective as daily iron intake in anemic pregnant women.This case-control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Turkey. The study randomly categorized women into two groups as daily intake (The ferritin levels increased 4.9 ± 4.2 ng/mL in the daily intake group and 3.9 ± 2.9 ng/mL in every other day group (Every other day iron supplementation is as effective as daily intake for treating iron deficiency anemia with lesser gastrointestinal side effects during pregnancy.

AIM This 8-week intervention examined the effect of two different types of classroom-based physical activity on math performance in elementary school children. METHODS Students in 4th and 5th grade (N = 560; 32 classes, 9-11 years old) from six schools were assigned to integrated physical activity (Move for Thought [M4T], n = 221), activity break (AB; n = 134) and a control group (n = 205; usual instruction) for eight weeks. Students completed a standardised math test before and after the intervention. Programme fidelity was measured with a teacher daily log, recording the duration and frequency of the physical activity sessions. Linear mixed models were used for the analyses. Grade and gender were explored as moderators. RESULTS Move for Thought group outperformed AB (p

Electrical stimulation has been used to treat spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Building on the benefits of electrical stimulation, a new assistive device, electro-suit Mollii® with imbedded electrodes has been tested. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible effect of Mollii® on body function, activity and participation in self-selected activities. Six children, five to ten years of age, used the electro-suit for one hour, every other day for three months. The impact was evaluated after four weeks and after three months by measuring passive range of motion (ROM), muscle tone, pain, gross motor function and participation. All participants improved in the total score for Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), three of them showed significant clinical improvements. Pain was reduced for children who estimated pain when the study started. There were also small changes in Electro-suit Mollii® had a positive impact on activity and participation in self-selected activities among the children in this study. Further studies with more children over a longer time are necessary to evaluate the impact and usefulness over time.

The brain undergoes substantial maturation during adolescence, and repeated exposure to ethanol at this time has been shown to result in long-lasting behavioral and neural consequences. During the broad period of adolescence, different neuronal populations and circuits are refined between early and late adolescence, suggesting the possibility that ethanol exposure at these differing times may lead to differential outcomes. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the impact of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) during early and late adolescence on the formation of goal-directed and habitual behavior in adulthood. Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to ethanol via intragastric gavage (4.0 g/kg, 25% v/v) every other day from postnatal day (P) 25–45 or P45–65, considered early and late adolescence, respectively. In adulthood (~P70 early or ~ P90 late), rats were gradually food-restricted and began operant training on a fixed ratio 1 schedule. Rats were then transitioned onto random interval schedules and eventually underwent a sensory-specific satiation procedure as a model of reward devaluation. Few differences as a result of adolescent ethanol exposure were found during instrumental training. Following reward devaluation, rats exposed to water and ethanol during early adolescence exhibited reductions in lever pressing, suggestive of a goal-directed response pattern. In contrast, late AIE males and females demonstrated persistent responding following both devalued and non-devalued trials, findings representative of a habitual behavior pattern. The shifts from goal-directed to habitual behavior noted only following late AIE contribute to the growing literature identifying specific behavioral consequences as a result of ethanol exposure during distinct developmental periods within adolescence. More work is needed to determine whether the greater habit formation following late AIE is also associated with elevated habitual ethanol consumption.

Every-other-day fasting is effective for a variety of major human diseases, but the safety of these interventions is uncertain for patients with spinal cord injury. A randomized controlled study was conducted to investigate the safety of every-other-day fasting in patients with spinal cord injury. Participants who met the diagnostic inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided into the control and every-other-day fasting groups. In the every-other-day fasting group, fasting lasted from 09:00 p.m. on day 1 to 06:00 p.m. on the following day (day 2). Dinner on day 2 was restricted to approximately 30% of the average daily calorie intake. The changes in plasma glucose were recorded daily for 2 days and every other day from the third day after every-other-day fasting intervention. The changes in albumin, prealbumin, plasma potassium, serum sodium, blood calcium, body weight, and body mass index were monitored at the baseline and at the end of the every-other-day fasting intervention. The results showed that compared with the control group, the mean blood glucose levels were significantly decreased from the second week after every-other-day fasting intervention. The body weight of patients in the every-other-day fasting group was notably reduced compared with that at baseline, whereas in body mass index, no obvious differences were observed before and after treatment with every-other-day fasting. In general, every-other-day fasting could be considered as a safe approach for individuals with spinal cord injury.

The most commonly used methods include hemodialysis daily or every other day, as well as continuous therapy methods (hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration). Renal replacement therapy is initiated in conditions that can be modified as a result of such treatment, and depending on the nature of changes in laboratory results, and not on the basis of strictly defined thresholds for serum creatinine and urea levels.

Objective We describe a new method for identifying and quantifying the magnitude and rate of short‐term weight faltering episodes, and assess how (a) these episodes relate to broader growth outcomes, and (b) different data collection intervals influence the quantification of weight faltering. Materials and methods We apply this method to longitudinal growth data collected every other day across the first year of life in Gambian infants (n = 124, males = 65, females = 59). Weight faltering episodes are identified from velocity peaks and troughs. Rate of weight loss and regain, maximum weight loss, and duration of each episode were calculated. We systematically reduced our dataset to mimic various potential measurement intervals, to assess how these intervals affect the ability to derive information about short‐term weight faltering episodes. We fit linear models to test whether metrics associated with growth faltering were associated with growth outcomes at 1 year, and generalized additive mixed models to determine whether different collection intervals influence episode identification and metrics. Results Three hundred weight faltering episodes from 119 individuals were identified. The number and magnitude of episodes negatively impacted growth outcomes at 1 year. As data collection interval increases, weight faltering episodes are missed and the duration of episodes is overestimated, resulting in the rate of weight loss and regain being underestimated. Conclusions This method identifies and quantifies short‐term weight faltering episodes, that are in turn negatively associated with growth outcomes. This approach offers a tool for investigators interested in understanding how short‐term weight faltering relates to longer‐term outcomes.

A key strategy to prevent a local outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic is to restrict incoming travel. Once a region has successfully contained the disease, it becomes critical to decide when and how to reopen the borders. Here we explore the impact of border reopening for the example of Newfoundland and Labrador, a Canadian province that has enjoyed no new cases since late April, 2020. We combine a network epidemiology model with machine learning to infer parameters and predict the COVID-19 dynamics upon partial and total airport reopening, with perfect and imperfect quarantine conditions. Our study suggests that upon full reopening, every other day, a new COVID-19 case would enter the province. Under the current conditions, banning air travel from outside Canada is more efficient in managing the pandemic than fully reopening and quarantining 95% of the incoming population. Our study provides quantitative insights of the efficacy of travel restrictions and can inform political decision making in the controversy of reopening.“There is one and only one way to absolutely prevent it and that is by establishing absolute isolation. It is necessary to shut off those who are capable of giving off the virus from those who are capable of being infected, or vice versa.” The Lessons Of The Pandemic, Science 1919.

The repair of large bone defects is lengthy and complex. Both biomaterials and phototherapy have been used to improve bone repair. We aimed to describe histologically the repair of tibial fractures treated by wiring (W), irradiated or not, with laser (λ780 nm, 70 mW, CW, spot area of 0.5 cm2, 20.4 J/cm2 (4 × 5.1 J/cm2, Twin Flex Evolution®, MM Optics, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil) per session, 300 s, 142.8 J/cm2 per treatment) or LED (λ850 ± 10 nm, 150 mW, spot area of 0.5 cm2, 20.4 J/cm2 per session, 64 s, 142.8 J/cm2 per treatment, Fisioled®, MM Optics, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and associated or not to the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA, Angelus®, Londrina, PR, Brazil). Inflammation was discrete on groups W and W + LEDPT and absent on the others. Phototherapy protocols started immediately before suturing and repeated at every other day for 15 days. Collagen deposition intense on groups W + LEDPT, W + BIO-MTA + LaserPT and W + BIO-MTA + LEDPT and discrete or moderate on the other groups. Reabsorption was discrete on groups W and W + LEDPT and absent on the other groups. Neoformation varied greatly between groups. Most groups were partial and moderately filed with new-formed bone (W, W + LaserPT, W + LEDPT, W + BIO-MTA + LEDPT). On groups W + BIO-MTA and W + BIO-MTA + LaserPT bone, neoformation was intense and complete. Our results are indicative that the association of MTA and PBMT (λ = 780 nm) improves the repair of complete tibial fracture treated with wire osteosynthesis in a rodent model more efficiently than LED (λ = 850 ± 10 nm).

Gentle tactile stimuli have been shown to play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of affiliative social interactions. Oxytocin has also been shown to have similar actions. We investigated the effects of gentle stroking on affiliative relationships between humans and rats and the effects of gentle stroking on activation of oxytocin neurons. Male rats received 5-min stroking stimuli from an experimenter every other day for 4 weeks between 3 and 6 weeks of age (S3–6 group), for 4 weeks between 7 and 10 weeks of age (S7–10 group), or for 8 weeks between 3 and 10 weeks of age (S3–10 group). Control rats did not receive stroking stimuli. Rats in the S7–10 and S3–10 groups emitted 50-kHz calls, an index of positive emotion, more frequently during stroking stimuli. Rats in the S3–6, S7–10, and S3–10 groups showed affiliative behaviors toward the experimenter. Oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats in the S3–6, S7–10, and S3–10 groups were activated following stroking stimuli. These findings revealed that post-weaning repeated stroking stimuli induce an affiliative relationship between rats and humans and activation of oxytocin neurons.

The aim of this research is to study the impact of speed reading training on reading speeds and comprehension skills of secondary school students. The research has been conducted on 40 students receiving education at the level of secondary school 8th grade in Trabzon province. Experimental pattern with single group pretest–posttest was applied in the study. First of all, reading speeds and comprehension levels of the students were determined during the research, and then 20 hours of speed reading training was provided to the students every other day for 5 days. Before applying the last test after the training, 2 weeks of time was given to the students in order to repeat the exercises. Reading speed and comprehension levels of the students were detected with two separate texts and reading comprehension questions related to these texts at the start and finish of the process. Data were analysed with dependent/independent groups t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient on SPSS 20. Keywords: Comprehension level, reading speed, reading training, secondary school.

BACKGROUND Application of collagen products to wounds has been shown to improve wound healing. Using a collagen-based hydrogel (cHG) capable of cellular support previously developed by our laboratory, we hypothesize that our hydrogel will increase the speed of wound healing by providing a 3-dimensional framework for cellular support, increasing angiogenesis and cell-proliferation at the wound bed. METHODS Two, 10-mm excisional wounds were created over the dorsum of 12 male, genetically modified Zucker diabetic rats. Wounds were splinted open to limit healing by wound contracture. One wound was treated with an occlusive dressing (OD), whereas the adjacent wound was treated with an OD plus cHG. Occlusive dressings were changed every other day. Hydrogel was applied on day 2 and every 4 days after until complete wound closure. Rate of wound closure was monitored with digital photography every other day. Wounds were harvested at days 10 and 16 for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Wound closure was significantly faster in cHG-treated wounds compared with OD-treated wounds. By day 10, cHG-treated wounds achieved 63% wound closure, compared with 55% wound closure in OD-treated wounds (P < 0.05). By day 16, cHG-treated wounds achieved 84% wound closure, compared with 68% wound closure in OD-treated wounds (P < 0.05).Histologically, wound depth was not different between the cHG and OD groups on days 10 and 16. However, wound length was significantly less in the cHG group compared with the OD group (P < 0.05) consistent with digital photographic analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis for RECA-1 demonstrated that blood vessel density in the wound bed was 2.3 times higher in the cHG group compared with the OD group (P = 0.01) on day 16. Cell proliferation was 3.8 times higher in the cHG group versus the OD group (P < 0.05) on day 10. CONCLUSIONS Collagen-based hydrogel-treated wounds demonstrated significantly improved healing compared with control. The thermoresponsive feature of collagen hydrogel and its structural stability at body temperature demonstrate promising clinical potential as a vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic cells to the wound bed.

The study performed a comparison of short-term results after high intensity electromagnetic treatment and electrostimulation for improvement of urinary incontinence., Objectives Pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) weakening and urinary incontinence (UI) represent health issues that have a negative impact on daily life. This study compares the immediate efficiency of high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) therapy and electrostimulation for the treatment of weakened PFMs, accompanied by the UI. Methods Ninety-five parous women were considered for the study. Symptomatic patients received either HIFEM or electrostimulation treatment. Treated patients completed 10 therapies scheduled 2 to 3 times per week (HIFEM) or every other day (electrostimulation). Patients underwent examination by 3-dimensional transperienal ultrasound at the baseline and posttreatments. Levator-urethra gap, anteroposterior diameter, laterolateral diameter of levator hiatus, and hiatal area were measured. In addition, Pelvic Floor Disability Index 20 questionnaire and subjective evaluation of patient’s intimate health were assessed. Results Enrolled patients were divided into group I (n = 50, HIFEM), group II (n = 25, electrostimulation), and group III (n = 20, control) according the indication and treatment modality. Three-dimensional ultrasounds showed positive changes in dynamics of the pelvic floor posttreatment (decreased anteroposterior diameter, laterolateral diameter, and hiatal area). However, the significant (P < 0.05) changes of pelvic floor integrity were observed only in group I. In addition, group I achieved greater level of improvement in Pelvic Floor Disability Index 20 questionnaire compared with group II (52% and 18% respectively; P < 0.001). Substantially fewer patients in group I reported urine leakage after treatments. Conclusions Posttreatment results suggest that HIFEM technology is suitable for treatment of PFMs weakening and showed to be more effective when compared with electrostimulation in short-term. Therefore, we recommend HIFEM as treatment option for weakened PFMs and UI.

Objective To compare whether there is clinical effects difference between intradermal needle at auricular acupoint and conventional acupuncture for insomnia. Methods A total of 70 patients were randomly assigned into an intradermal needle group and an acupuncture group, 35 patients in each group. Finally 34 patients completed the study in the intradermal group, 32 patients completed validly in the acupuncture group. The patients in the intradermal needle group received intradermal needle therapy, in which the needle was imbedded subcutaneously at auricular acupoint: Shenmen (神门 TF4), Pizhixia (皮质下 AT4), Zhĕn (枕 AT3), Xīn (心 CO15), and back-shu point: Gānshū (肝俞 BL18), Xīnshū (心俞 BL15), Shenshū (肾俞 BL23) and Pǐshū (脾俞 BL20), as well as Ānmian (安眠 EX-HN18) retained for 2 days, and the patient would received a second therapy every other day, one course of treatment consisted of 3 times of treatment. The patients in the acupuncture group received a conventional acupuncture therapy, in which Zhaohai (照海 KI6), Shēnmai (申脉 BL62), Shenmen (神门 HT7), Sānyīnjiāo (三阴交 SP6), EX-HN18, Sishencōng (四神聪 EX-HN1) were punctured conventionally with needle and the needle was retained for 30 min, once per day, one course of treatment consisted of 5 times of treatment. Before and after the4 courses of treatment, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) of the patients in the two groups were evaluated, and their clinical therapeutic effects were evaluated too. Results There were no statistically significant differences of PSQI scores and clinical therapeutic effects of the patients with insomnia in two groups after treatment (both P>0.05). Conclusions Intradermal needle at auricular acupoint and conventional acupuncture therapy have comparable clinical therapeutic effects.

Purpose: to evaluate and compare the effects of two different transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) modes (conventional and SLR acupuncture-like TENS) on the female pudendal neuralgia. Methods: Thirty female patients suffering from chronic pudendal neuralgia from out-clinic of the gynecological and obstetrical department, OM-EL MISRIEEN hospital, were participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 30 to 40 years old. They were assigned randomly into two equal groups; group (A) received the conventional TENS, group (B) received the SLR Acupuncture-likeTENS, in addition to the traditional physical therapy and medical care for both groups, duration of treatment was 20 minutes/session, every other day for 3 months. Measurement of the serum cortisol level (SCL) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded before and at the end of intervention. Results: Results showed that both TENS modes were effective in improving the pudendal neuralgia as manifested by significant decreased SCL and VAS (P

Objectives: To assess knowledge and attitudes about do not resuscitate (DNR) among patients and their relatives visiting outpatient clinics at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted between March and April 2018 with a self-administered questionnaire among patients and their relatives visiting outpatient clinics at KAUH. A systematic random selection of individuals every other day. Results: The questionnaire was filled by 400 participants. Fifty-four percent were patients’ relatives, and approximately 60% were female. Out of 105 (26.3%) who were familiar with DNR term, 44.8% chose the correct definition, 5.2% had previous experience with the DNR term, and 34.3% of them had DNR-related knowledge from social media. Out of the 400 participants, 169 (42.3%) disagreed with DNR. The majority of responders did not know if there is DNR policy or fatwa (a legal opinion on the point of Islamic law). Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge regarding DNR among participants. Saudi Med J 2020; Vol. 41 (1): 53-58 doi: 10.15537/smj.2020.1.24782 How to cite this article: Al Ahmadi JR, Aljehani SN, Bahakeem LM, Hijan BA, Mayet SA, Badahdah YA. Knowledge and attitude toward do-not-resuscitate among patients and their relatives visiting outpatient clinics at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J . 2020 Jan;41(1):53-58. doi: 10.15537/smj.2020.1.24782.

Neither patient experienced myelosuppression. Acitretin was briefly withheld when the latter patient had hypercholesterolemia until pravastatin was started and cholesterol normalized. Both patients tapered down to acitretin, 10 mg/d after 4 months. After 3 additional months, they tapered to 10 mg every other day for prevention for up to 10 months. At 1-year follow-up, both patients remained without clinical recurrence (Figs 1, D and ​and2,2, D)

Background: Moderate-risk for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection includes patients with donor positive/recipient positive (D+/R+) or donor negative/ recipient positive antibody status (D-/R+). Guidelines recommend high-dose daily Valganciclovir (VGCV) as prophylaxis, which may be due to the paucity of data on the efficacy of every-other-day VGCV. Methods: Our experience of using every-other-day VGCV as a prophylactic strategy in moderate risk Kidney Transplant Recipients (KTR) has been described. We retrospectively reviewed 86 moderate-risk KTR in our institution between 2018 and 2020. CMV infection at 6 months post-transplant was the primary endpoint. Graft survival, biopsy-proven rejection, opportunistic infections, Haematological adverse events, and mortality were also evaluated. Results: CMV infection occurrence at 6 months was zero in our cohort. Incidence of leukopenia was 13%, BPAR-31%, OI-33%, and mortality being 3.5%. Conclusion: Every-Other-Day VGCV dosing can be an effective alternative in moderate risk KTR for CMV prevention.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of prolonged every-other day (EOD) feeding on bone trace elements. Four-week old C57BL/6 female (n = 12) and male (n = 12) mice were employed in this experiment. Animals were assigned to four groups: ad libitum—AL (males and females), EOD fed (males, females). After 9 months, the mice were sacrificed. Long bones (humerus and radius) were isolated and prepared for analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine the Fe, Zn, Mo, Co, Cu, Mn, Cr contents. Estimation of cathepsin K expression on bone slides was performed to determine the activity of osteoclasts in bones of EOD- and AL-fed animals. Higher content of Fe in EOD-fed females compared to AL-fed females was found. In EOD-fed males, a significantly higher amount of Mo (p p

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the level and factors affecting the perioperative exercise intention in China.Design: This study was a cross-sectional survey in Southwest China.Methods: Four hundred and ninety nine participants were randomly sampled in eight medical centers from November 23, 2020 to November 27, 2020. The survey included sociodemographic information and a 24-item modified questionnaire, which aimed to evaluate the attitude toward daily exercise, perception of perioperative exercise, social support and the perioperative exercise intention. A multivariable linear regression model was used to evaluate the effect of different items on the patients' intention for perioperative exercise.Results: A total of 523 responses (95.09%) were collected and 499 (95.41%) were analyzed. The level of exercise intention of the patients during the perioperative period was: 14.83% planned to exercise every day in the hospital, 21.04% planned to exercise every other day, and 35.87% planned to exercise every week. Intensity of daily exercise (P = 0.016), positive attitude of daily exercise (P < 0.001), positive attitude of perioperative exercise (P < 0.001) and social support (P < 0.001) were positively associated with the intention for perioperative exercise. Female (P = 0.012), non-tertiary center (P = 0.011), and preoperative anxiety (P = 0.023) was negatively associated with it.Conclusions: The intention for perioperative exercise was low in Southwest China. The authors aimed to relieve preoperative anxiety, promote the education of perioperative exercise, design perioperative exercise programs, and provide more social support from medical staff and family for inpatients undergoing elective surgery.

Sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Pacific Northwest of North America rose 1 °C during the last half of the twentieth century. Cannibalism, a behavior observed in diverse taxa, is often associated with low food supplies, which for marine animals can be precipitated by high SSTs. In an 8 year study, we found that in years of higher sea surface temperatures, Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) breeding in a colony in Washington State, Salish Sea, USA, tended to exhibit higher rates of egg cannibalism by males, higher levels of every-other-day clutch-initiation synchrony by females, and longer egg-laying seasons than in years of lower SST. Clutch-initiation synchrony increased the odds that an egg survived cannibalism and may serve as an adaptive response to egg cannibalism. Short-term climate and resource fluctuations associated with El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events may select for behavioral plasticity in marine organisms, allowing long-lived individuals such as marine birds to switch between alternative life history tactics. The implications for long-term SST warming, however, remain unknown.

BackgroundRoutine asymptomatic testing using RT-PCR of people who interact with vulnerable populations, such as medical staff in hospitals or care workers in care homes, has been employed to help prevent outbreaks among vulnerable populations. Although the peak sensitivity of RT-PCR can be high, the probability of detecting an infection will vary throughout the course of an infection. The effectiveness of routine asymptomatic testing will therefore depend on testing frequency and how PCR detection varies over time.MethodsWe fitted a Bayesian statistical model to a dataset of twice weekly PCR tests of UK healthcare workers performed by self-administered nasopharyngeal swab, regardless of symptoms. We jointly estimated times of infection and the probability of a positive PCR test over time following infection, we then compared asymptomatic testing strategies by calculating the probability that a symptomatic infection is detected before symptom onset and the probability that an asymptomatic infection is detected within 7 days of infection.FindingsWe estimated that the probability that the PCR test detected infection peaked at 77% (54 - 88%) 4 days after infection, decreasing to 50% (38 - 65%) by 10 days after infection. Our results suggest a substantially higher probability of detecting infections 1–3 days after infection than previously published estimates. We estimated that testing every other day would detect 57% (33-76%) of symptomatic cases prior to onset and 94% (75-99%) of asymptomatic cases within 7 days if test results were returned within a day.InterpretationOur results suggest that routine asymptomatic testing can enable detection of a high proportion of infected individuals early in their infection, provided that the testing is frequent and the time from testing to notification of results is sufficiently fast.FundingWellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit, Medical Research Council (UKRI)

Methadone is frequently used to prevent withdrawal symptoms secondary to intended therapeutic opiate exposure. Absence of a standardized dose weaning strategy potentially results in increased exposure to narcotics and/or withdrawal symptoms. We sought to quantify the effect of implementing a standardized methadone weaning protocol and withdrawal assessment tool on methadone exposure and opiate withdrawal in pediatric patients receiving 5 or more days of continuous morphine or fentanyl infusions. The preintervention phase included patients weaned off of opiate infusions before implementation of a standardized weaning protocol and withdrawal symptom scoring tool. Patients in the postintervention phase were started on a standardized methadone wean based on total duration and dose of continuous opiate infusion exposure in the 24 hours preceding methadone initiation. Patients received either a 5- or 10-day wean, with the total daily methadone dose reduced by 20% daily or every other day, respectively. Patients in the postintervention phase were monitored for withdrawal using the withdrawal assessment tool (WAT-1). Postintervention patients were compared to preintervention patients treated with methadone. Total methadone duration decreased significantly from a median of 17 (13-22 interquartile range [IQR]) to 5 (5-10 IQR) days ( P = .00001) after implementation of the methadone weaning protocol. Number of morphine boluses administered increased from a median of 3 (0-6 IQR) to 4 (0-5 IQR) doses per patient ( P = .45). Demographic data were similar between both groups. Patients in the postintervention phase had significant reductions in methadone exposure after implementation of a standardized methadone weaning protocol and assessment tool.

Patients were treated at a single institution to a dose of 30 Gy in five fractions delivered every other day using image-guided intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) partial breast irradiation. A total of 34 patients were treated with a median follow-up of 4.6 months. The rate of acute Grade 1 dermatitis was 23.5% (n = 8), and Grade 1 fatigue was 17.6% (n = 6), with no Grade 2 or higher acute toxicities. The rate of chronic Grade 1 dermatitis was 25.0% (n = 6), Grade 1 fat necrosis 4.2% (n=1), with no patients demonstrating other chronic toxicities. Image-guided APBI delivered with IMRT is associated with low rates of acute and chronic toxicity though additional follow-up is warranted.

Water containing organic material has been shown to increase the persistence of the avian pathogenic protozoa, Trichomonas gallinae. We hypothesized that the decrease in dissolved oxygen due to microbes in the organic material could increase persistence of the microaerophilic trichomonads. Using simulated birdbaths, we determined 1) the levels of dissolved oxygen in distilled water with various amounts of organic material, 2) the concentration of the oxygen-scavenging enzyme Oxyrase® needed to achieve the dissolved oxygen levels obtained in organic material contaminated water, and finally, 3) the persistence of two T. gallinae isolates in Oxyrase®-supplemented water. An average of 9.6% dissolved oxygen was obtained with the addition of 15 g organic material to 500 ml of distilled water, whereas organic material-free water had 86.2% dissolved oxygen. The addition of 0.5% and 1.0% (vol/vol) Oxyrase® to organic material-free water yielded dissolved oxygen of 18.6% and 6.9%, respectively. Using 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations of Oxyrase®, we evaluated the persistence of two trichomonad isolates by inoculating ∼1 million trichomonads into 500 ml distilled water in triplicate. At various time-points, 0.5 ml aliquots of trichomonad-inoculated water were obtained and placed into Hollander Fluid media, incubated at 37 °C, and read by light microscopy every other day for 5 days. In our 1% Oxyrase® treatments, the longest recorded persistence of broad-winged hawk 1 increased from the previously reported 4hrs to 30hrs and Cooper's hawk 4 from 16hrs to 30hrs. These results indicate that the mechanism for organic material-mediated trichomonad persistence is associated with decreased dissolved oxygen, further demonstrating the importance of keeping birdbaths free of organic debris to discourage trichomonad persistence., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Low (9.6%) dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were achieved in waterers with addition of organic material (OM). • Addition of 1% Oxyrase resulted in similar DO findings (6.9%) with a pH of 7.24 • Lower DO is likely mechanism of increased Trichomonas gallinae persistence in waterers with OM. • Results underscore the need to keep bird waterers clean to minimize T. gallinae transmission.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of fire needle combined with filiform needle for different clinical stage frozen shoulders, and to choose the best treatment opportunity for clinical treatment of frozen shoulder. Methods 120 patients with frozen shoulders who met the inclusion criteria were numbered according to the visiting order. They were randomized into control group (60 cases) and treatment group (60 cases) according to the random number table. Both groups were treated with filiform needles once every other day and 3 times a week, and a course of treatment included 6 times and 2 courses were taken. The treatment group was treated by applying a fire needling point bloodletting on the local tender points once a week. Jiānyu (肩髃 LI 15), Jiānliao (肩髎 TE 14), Jiānzhēn (肩贞 SI 9), Tiaokŏu (条口 ST 38), and local tender points were taken according to different meridian pains. The clinical efficacy of the frozen shoulder patients in the two groups in different clinical stages was compared. The evaluation indicators were scores of pain, joint activity range and activities of daily living, as well as clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine. Results After treatment, the total scores of hundred-mark five-grade in both groups were significantly higher than those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (Treatment group 82.02 ± 14.23 vs 43.37 ± 22.10, Control group 66.80 ± 18.98 vs 42.67 ± 23.03, both P 0.05). Conclusions Single filiform therapy and the therapy of filiform needle combined with fire needle were effective in treating frozen shoulder patients, and the effect of the filiform needle combined with fire needle was significantly better than single filiform needle. The effect of fire needle combined with filiform needle on the frozen shoulder in frozen stage was significantly better than single filiform needle.

In order to reduce imparai after performing mastectomy, we have proposed a scheme of intravenous drip of Solu - medrol: 125 mg once a day for 3 days, followed by an interval every other day until the ninth day of the postoperative period.The use of this scheme of conservative treatment allowed to stop the clinical manifestations of imparai on the tenth day of the postoperative period.

To investigate the effect of moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) on the immune system in rats with different levels of exhaustive exercise. Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a blank group (n=8), an exhaustive group (n=24), and a moxibustion group (n=24). The exhaustive group was randomly divided into a 1-time exhaustive group, a 4-time exhaustive group and a 7-time exhaustive group, with 8 rats in each group. According to the treatment time, the moxibustion group was randomly divided into a 1-time moxibustion group, a 4-time moxibustion group and a 7-time moxibustion group, with 8 rats in each group. Rats in the exhaustive groups and the moxibustion groups were subjected to replicating the exhaustive swimming models. Rats in each moxibustion group received mild moxibustion for 15 min immediately after the exhaustive modeling, once every other day. Twenty-four hours after the corresponding exhaustive exercise, the rats in each group were tested for the levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, IgM and acid phosphatase (ACP), and the morphological changes of spleen tissues were observed. The level of IgA was detected by immunoturbidimetric assay, and the levels of IgG, IgM and ACP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared with the 1-time exhaustive group, swimming time of rats in the 4-time exhaustive group was significantly prolonged (P

The pork industry is constantly seeking economical and sustainable strategies that will improve production efficiencies and meat quality. Such successful improvements will be of value even here in Botswana to improve food security. The evaluation of pork characteristics after use of these strategies is important. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of a beta-agonist (BA - Ractopamine) and porcine growth hormone (rpGH - Reporcin) on the pork characteristics of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of adult gilts (starting weights of 85+5kg) treated for 27 days under three treatment groups (15 animals per treatment group). The control group was fed a standard commercial diet ad-libitum, while the beta-agonist (BA) group were also fed ad-libitum the standard commercial diet containing Ractopamine (20mg/kg) and the growth hormone (rpGH) group were fed the commercial diet ad-libitum and administered Reporcin (10mg) intramuscularly every other day until the day before slaughter. No significant differences were observed between treatment groups regarding the gilts’ carcass weights after 27 days of treatment (control – 81.98kg; BA – 86.97kg and rpHG – 84.51kg). However, LD muscle from gilts of the growth hormone (1.569%) and Ractopamine (1.502%) groups had significantly lower lipid content compared to the control group at 1.873% (p

Prolactin controls mammary development as well as the lactogenic and galactopoietic processes in sows and increasing prolactin during gestation can augment milk yield. The dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone can increase circulating prolactin concentrations in pigs, but the ideal dose to achieve sustained hyperprolactinemia remains unknown. An experiment was performed to develop a protocol for using domperidone in studies of rapid and sustained hyperprolactinemia in late-pregnant gilts. On day 90 of gestation, gilts were divided into 4 groups: (1) intramuscular (IM) injections of canola oil (3 mL, controls [CTL], n = 9), (2) IM injections with 0.1 mg/kg BW of domperidone (low [LO], n = 8), (3) IM injections with 0.5 mg/kg BW of domperidone (medium [ME], n = 11), and (4) IM injections with 1.0 mg/kg BW of domperidone (high [HI], n = 11). Injections were given daily at 8:05 from days 90 to 109 of gestation. Treated gilts also received domperidone per os (0.5 mg/kg BW) at 8:00 and 20:00 on days 89, 90, and 91 of gestation. Three jugular blood samples were collected from all gilts at 6-h intervals on days 89, 90, and 91 of gestation, then twice daily on days 92, 93, and 94. Thereafter, samples were obtained at 8:00 every other day until day 114 of gestation. Blood was sampled serially from 9 CTL and 11 HI gilts on days 89 and 94 of gestation. On day 89 of gestation, prolactin concentrations for LO, ME, and HI gilts increased within 6 h of domperidone per os (P0.001). From days 89 until 93 of gestation, the area under the curve (AUC) for LO, ME, and HI gilts was greater than that for CTL gilts (P0.001), whereas from days 89 until 114, ME and HI gilts had greater AUC than CTL and LO gilts (P0.05). Results demonstrate that the combination of per os treatment with IM injections of 0.5 mg/kg of domperidone in an oil emulsion leads to the rapid and sustained release of prolactin over 24 d in late-pregnant gilts. Higher doses of domperidone failed to further increase circulating prolactin levels. These findings provide a useful strategy to induce sustained hyperprolactinemia in late-pregnant gilts.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of blue light-emitting diode (LED) on the healing process of third-degree skin burns in rats through clinical and histological parameters. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control (CTR) (n = 20) and blue LED (BLUE) (n = 20), with subgroups (n = 5) for each time of euthanasia (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). LED (470 nm, 1 W, 12.5 J/cm2 per point, 28 s) was applied at four points of the wound (total, 50 J/cm2). Feed intake was measured every other day. It was observed that there were no statistically significant differences in the Wound Retention Index (WRI) of the BLUE group in relation to CTR group (p > 0.05) at the evaluation times. After 14, 21, and 28 days, it was observed that the animals in the BLUE group consumed more feed than animals in the CTR group (p

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus tuina in treating cervical vertigo (CV). One hundred CV patients were randomized into an observation group and an acupuncture group by the random number table, with 50 cases in each group. The acupuncture group received acupuncture at Xiang Ba Zhen (eight acupoints on the nape); the observation group received tuina treatment in addition to the Xiang Ba Zhen acupuncture. The two groups were both treated once every other day for 10 sessions in total. The two groups were examined by transcranial cerebral Doppler (TCD) before and after the treatment, and their therapeutic efficacies were evaluated. After the treatment, the mean velocity (Vm) of vertebral artery (VA) and basilar artery (BA) showed significant improvement in both groups (all P

Catheter dysfunction is an important cause of catheter loss. In order to prevent this, locking solutions with minimal risk of systemic anticoagulation are used to ensure catheter patency. At present the most commonly used solutions are either heparin or sodium citrate. According to the literature use of sodium citrate may be advantageous in reducing bleeding events. We report a case of hemorrhagic shock following hemodialysis catheter lock with heparin, reversed after switching solution to sodium citrate.

Purpose Patients, nowadays, prefer easy, low-risk, day-case procedures under local anesthesia for facial rejuvenation. Therefore, they favor facelift operations applied under local anesthesia. Materials and methods A total of 160 patients who underwent high superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) lamellar facelift under local anesthesia between 2010 and 2020 were included in this study. Patients operated under general anesthesia were excluded from this study. High SMAS lamellar facelift under local anesthesia was performed in all patients, consisting of 145 women and 15 men without any additional disease aged between 38 and 65 years. About 140 of these patients underwent primary facelift, whereas 20 of them had undergone SMAS plication more than 10 years ago. Lidocaine was used as a local anesthetic and the patients were not sedated. The duration of the operation was 80 minutes on average. The patients were left to rest for 1 hour after the operation and then sent home until their follow-up every other day for the first week. Results This study shows that high SMAS facelift operations for the mid-face can easily be performed under local anesthesia under operating room conditions without sedation. However, an important point to keep in mind is that although the results of this surgery satisfy the patients, the outcomes do not entirely match the expectations from total face and neck lift performed under general anesthesia. High SMAS facelift with local anesthesia should be considered as an alternative for patients who do not want to undergo general anesthesia or who are at risk of undergoing general anesthesia. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, local anesthesia was considered much safer for the patients.Level of evidence: Level V.

The Mediterranean Triton Charonia seguenzae (Aradas & Benoit, 1870) is an endangered marine gastropod. Re-establishment of C. seguenzae populations in the depleted habitats requires knowledge of its biology and breeding in captivity. Temperature has been recorded to affect the development in marine gastropods. The present study aims to describe the encapsulated development and study the effect of three temperature regimes, that the embryos are exposed to in the wild (17, 20, 23οC), on it. At the stage of morula (7th Day After Deposition – DAD) 180 egg capsules were separated in three groups of 60 capsules. One group remained at 23 °C and the other two were acclimated at 20 and 17 °C. Two capsules were sampled randomly from each temperature setup (every day during the first 5 days, D1-D5, every other day from D7 to D17 and every other two days from D20 to eclosion), opened and the eggs, embryos or larvae were photographed under stereoscope. Stages of development and shape were assessed and dimensions were measured from microphotographs. All developmental stages were described in relation to temperature and time. At 23οC eclosion of free swimming veligers occurred 49 DAD, 17 days faster than the embryonic development at 20οC. Eclosion at 17 οC was not observed up until the 74th DAD when the last sampling was conducted. An increased amount of larval deformities was observed at 17οC reaching 94% during the last sampling (D74), while at eclosion only 4 and 3% of the hatching larvae were deformed at 20 and 23 οC respectively. In this study temperature appears as a key factor during the development of the marine gastropod Charonia seguenzae, affecting the survival and developmental rate. Although temperature affected the size of intermediate stages, the size of free swimming veligers at 20 and 23 οC did not differ.

The Chankillo Solar Observatory is comprised of the Thirteen Towers and two observing points to the West and East, from which the profiles of the towers spanned the annual sunrise and sunset arcs, respectively. The towers were unquestionably an observing instrument: unlike the architectural alignments upon a single astronomical target (as in many ancient sites), they span the entire annual solar rising and setting arcs, as seen from the two observing points, giving not only direct indications of all four solstitial rising and setting points, but also the means to identify every other day in a year by observing sunrise or sunset against the intervening towers and gaps between them. Chankillo is unique worldwide as a functioning solar calendrical observation device and an extraordinary example of native landscape timekeeping. In addition, Chankillo is one of only two sites known in the ancient world to have incorporated a ‘complete’ solar horizon calendar, using markers to track the progressive passage of the sun along the horizon throughout the whole year. Chankillo also embodies an accumulation of knowledge about natural and astronomical processes and their connection to the solar cult, expressed in the integration of the skyscape to the natural and built environment.

In Ethiopia, home fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders (MNPs) was introduced in 2015 as a new approach to improve micronutrient intakes. The objective of this study was to assess factors associated with intake adherence and drivers for correct MNP use over time to inform scale‐up of MNP interventions. Mixed methods including questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions were used. Participants, 1,185 children (6–11 months), received bimonthly 30 MNP sachets for 8 months, with instruction to consume 15 sachets/month, that is, a sachet every other day and maximum of one sachet per day. Adherence to distribution (if child receives ≥14 sachets/month) and adherence to instruction (if child receives exactly 15[±1] sachets/month) were assessed monthly by counting used sachets. Factors associated with adherence were examined using generalized estimating equations. Adherence fluctuated over time, an average of 58% adherence to distribution and 28% for adherence to instruction. Average MNP consumption was 79% out of the total sachets provided. Factors positively associated with adherence included ease of use (instruction), child liking MNP and support from community (distribution and instruction) and mother's age >25 years (distribution). Distance to health post, knowledge of correct use (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.66–0.81), perceived negative effects (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.54–0.99) and living in Southern Nations, Nationalities and People Region (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.52–0.67) were inversely associated with adherence to distribution. Free MNP provision, trust in the government and field staff played a role in successful implementation. MNP is promising to be scaled‐up, by taking into account factors that positively and negatively determine adherence.

Background Most adults and children in the US do not consume recommended levels of fruit and vegetables (FV). Providing subsidized or cost-offset community supported agriculture (CO-CSA) alongside nutrition education is 1 approach to increase FV intake among rural, low-income families. Objective This analysis assessed change in the frequency and method of FV preparation during and after a CO-CSA plus nutrition education intervention. Study Design, Setting, Participants Participants were caregivers in low-income households ( Measurable Outcome/Analysis Outcomes included monthly frequency of preparing 9 different, seasonal FV for children's snacks and 6 different vegetables for dinner with preparation methods for each. Repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction tested change in FV preparation frequency over time at 95% confidence. Moderation analysis assessed whether changes in FV preparation frequency varied by lesson attendance. Results At baseline, caregivers prepared fruit for snacks and vegetables for dinner almost every day, and vegetables for snacks every other day. Preparation frequency for total snack fruit, celery, cucumber, peppers, other vegetables, total snack vegetables, lettuce, cabbage, greens, squash, and total dinner vegetables all increased during the intervention; and, increases in vegetables for both snacks (celery, cucumber, and total) and dinner (greens and total) were maintained one-year later. At baseline, the majority of participants (>70%) reported using healthy methods to prepare vegetables, and no changes were observed over time. Observed increases in FV preparation frequency were not moderated by lesson attendance. Conclusion CO-CSA plus education was associated with increases in FV preparation frequency, increases in vegetable preparation were maintained 1 year later, but improvements were not associated with attending nutrition education.

The aim of the research was to verify the impact of selected parameters on the efficiency and organization of chipper operations. The paper analyzes chipping operations in Polish forests with a focus on work site location, overnight chipper location, chipper workload per site, fuel consumption, and work shift duration, as all of these factors may affect operating efficiency. The mean chipper travel distance between sites during a shift ranged from 4.74 km to 9.5 km (chippers moved on average every other day). The mean work shift duration was 12.4 h. At the end of a shift, the chippers traveled on average from 4.2 km to 6.3 km to an overnight location. At the beginning of a workday, the chippers were dispatched to sites at a distance of 2.5 km to 4.0 km. The average fuel consumption of the forwarder-mounted chippers was 16 L/h and that of the truck-mounted chipper was 7.7 L/h. It was found that the following actions have a decisive influence on the effectiveness of the operation of the chippers: determination of the size of individual tasks and the deployment of successive forest areas, indication of the proper location of the machine base, and the method of accessing the forest area.

The study aimed at evaluating the possible feeding strategies of selenium (Se) nanoparticles on the performances of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The first group fed the basal diet continuously (control) while the second group offered Se (1 mg/kg diet) every day (R1). The third group fed the basal diet one day then Se diet every other day (R2), and the fourth group basal diet for two days then fed Se diet every two days (R3). The FBW, WG, and SGR were significantly improved in the R1 group than fish in the other groups (P

Daily intake of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract can enhance exercise-induced fat oxidation. It is not known whether habitual dietary anthocyanin intake and body composition affects blackcurrant-induced fat oxidation or if daily intake is required. We examined effects of daily and every-other-day intake of NZBC extract on metabolic and physiological responses during moderate-intensity walking. Sixteen physically active males (age: 24±6 yr, body mass: 78±16 kg, BMI: 24.7±4.2 kg·m-2, body fat: 15.2±5.0%) volunteered. A randomised, cross-over design with a control condition was used and habitual dietary anthocyanin intake quantified. For intake conditions, participants consumed 2 capsules of NZBC extract (210 mg of anthocyanins) daily or every-other-day for 14 days (14-D and 14-EOD) with 14-days washout. Final two capsules were taken 2-hr before the walk (speed: 5.7±0.7 km·hr-1). There was a trend for lower respiratory exchange ratio and carbohydrate oxidation with changes only for 14-D. Fat oxidation was increased only for 14-D (P

Background The lower extremities of the body often suffer from impaired microcirculation, particularly in the elderly or people with underlying conditions such as diabetes. Especially for people suffering from peripheral vascular diseases, skin lesions or wearing an external fixator in one side of limbs, direct contact treatments are not suitable for them to improve microcirculation. Heating the contralateral limb has been reported to improve blood flow in the impaired limb. However, its effect on plantar microvascular responses has not been previously investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how heating by warm bath and infrared radiation affects the circulations in the contralateral foot. Twelve healthy adults participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either placing the left foot in a warm bath or exposing it to infrared radiation for 10 min intervention every other day. The skin temperature (Temp) and skin blood flow (SBF) in the second metatarsal head of the contralateral foot were measured before and after the intervention. Results The results showed that both Temp (Bath: from 29.05 ± 3.56 °C to 31.03 ± 4.14 °C; Infrared: from 29.98 ± 3.86 °C to 31.07 ± 3.92 °C) and SBF (Bath: from 62.26 ± 48.12 PU to 97.76 ± 63.90 PU; Infrared: from 63.37 ± 39.88 PU to 85.27 ± 47.62 PU) in the contralateral foot were significantly increased after heating in both tests (p Conclusions The results of this study show that both heating methods are the effective at increasing contralateral Temp and SBF, but the warm bath has a stronger residual thermal effect.