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The monograph is devoted to the study of one of the "eternal" philosophical problems: the soul as a metaphysical essence of Russian culture, its structure, functioning and genesis. Special emphasis is placed on the analysis of the turning point for the modern Russian history of the Silver Age, which set the direction of events up to the present time. The study is the result of many years of work by the author, which is reflected in the books "The Genesis of spiritual life", "Soul: the metaphysics of self-determination", "Homo nudes", "The Heartbreaker". It is addressed to teachers, graduate students, students and anyone interested in the metaphysics of the existence of Russian culture.

A number of morphophysiological parameters of the candidate crop Lactuca sativa L. for growing in space after influence of the combined action of proton irradiation and clinostating were assessed. It was found that the effect of simulated space conditions reduces the surface area of leaf blades, the mass of roots and shoots of lettuce plants, was not change the number of true leaves. After 20 days of cultivation of L. sativa after irradiation and clinostating, the values of the parameters of the length of shoots, roots, and chlorophyll fluorescence were at the level of control plants. The results obtained contribute to the development of space crop production. Key words: GROWING PLANTS IN SPACE, SALAD CROPS, SOWED LETTUCE, IRRADIATION, PROTONS, STRESS, CLINOSTAT

The article features a publication of material on the Mellia-Tamak V burial ground. Starting with the 1970s, the Early Bolgar Archaeological Expedition headed by the author of the article has discovered and researched the unique sites of the Stone Age in the Trans-Kama areas of Tatarstan, such as Minnarovo, Russkii Shugan and Mellia-Tamak burial grounds, as well as the Izmeri site. Of particular significance are the Minnarovo and Mellia-Tamak V burial grounds. The author distinguishes the necropoleis of the Mellia-Tamak type located in the Trans-Kama region and the Southern Urals. They are characterized by abundant and unique burial inventories indicating the foreign nature of the population they were established by. It allowed the author to attribute these sites to a new Mellia-Tamak archaeological culture. Its chronological classification remains problematic, although many groups of the stone inventory have preserved evident Mesolithic traditions.

The monograph is devoted to the study of one of the "eternal" philosophical problems: the metaphysical essence of man and its such a mixed implementation history. Addressed to master's degrees (studying the course "Issues of modern philosophy") graduate students, faculty, and students, and everyone interested in the metaphysics of human existence

Based on the author's cultural-chronological stratigraphy of the antiquities of the early and pre-Mongol Volga Bulgars in the 8th through to 13th centuries, the stages of their migration from the north-eastern provinces of the Saltov culture territory to the Middle Volga region have been singled out. It is assumed that in the history of the Middle Volga region, there were two main waves of Turkification: the first was associated with the population of the post-Hunnish circle (the Khazars, the Oghuz, the Bulgars), while the second wave was represented by the Late Turkic (Kipchak?) population. However, the interaction of Volga Bulgaria with its ancestral home in the framework of the Saltov culture and the Khazar Khaganate had lasted for several centuries, and during that time, a number of migration waves on a smaller scale, in particular after the defeat of Khazaria, occurred in the Middle Volga region. For about 600 years, the Bulgars had been maintaining contacts with the Ugrians, the Volga-Uralic Finns, and the Slavs.

The obituary is dedicated to the renowned archaeologist Ravil Gabdrakhmanovich Fakhrutdinov (March 14, 1937–March 10, 2014). He was a specialist in medieval archaeology and history, with a wide scale of scientific interests ranging from the Volga Bulgaria, the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde and the Kazan khanate to the cultures of Central Asia. He was particularly interested in problems related to the ethnogenesis of the Tatars. He left a number of exhaustive works on the medieval history of Tatarstan. R.G. Fakhrutdinov was also a remarkable science popularizer: editor of the "Tatar Archaeology" historical and archaeological journal, the author of a number of textbooks and teaching guides, a series of popular scientific essays, and a member of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan.

The study results of 255 10th-century coins, which have been found on the Volga Bulgar unfortified sites, located on Semyonovo Island in the mouth of the Kama River, are offered. The collection includes 251 silver coins, 2 Oriental copper ones, and two Western European coins. A fragment of the older Oriental coin has been identified as a Sassanian drachm dated to the 6th through to the 7th century; the more recent Oriental coin is a dirham of Nuh ibn Mansur of the Samanid dynasty, 366 АН (976/977 AD). The Western European coins originate from Denmark: they have been identified as denarii of Sveyn Estridsson (1047-1075). The chronological structure of the complex is shown in the figure, which demonstrates that within a 60-year period (295-355 AH) the frequency level of dirham findings has been roughly uniform and low; however, later (within a 10-year period corresponding to 361-370 AH), it dramatically increases 10 times. The lack of finds of coins minted after 367 AH (978/979), indicates the end of the settlement existence.