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Among French Jewish intellectuals who rejected Zionism in the early twentieth century was Rene Worms, a sociologist who used sociological theories as well as 'franco- judaisme,' the French-Jewish model of assimilation, to oppose it. In 1920-21, during debates organized by the Societe de sociologie de Paris on the future of Palestine and Zionism, Worms used various theories to counter Jewish nationalism. Influenced by biology and race science, he began by denying the existence of a Jewish race, emphasizing the racial heterogeneity of modern Jews. His understanding of the evolution of modern religions toward universalism, influenced by Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, also discredited Zionism. Finally, his sociology of nationality, interwoven with Ernest Renan's conception of the nation, precluded any national claim to Judaism. This article examines the arguments Worms made and compare them to those of other speakers in debates between sociologists in Paris. Key words: French Judaism, Rene Worms, sociology, Zionism, From the 1890s until World War I, a period referred to as a 'time of contempt,' the majority of French Jews rejected Zionism, while a small segment of the country's [...]

Introduction The genus Aeromonas is currently known to comprise exclusively mesophilic species except for the species salmonicida. Indeed, Aeromonas salmonicida has the particularity of being composed of mesophilic and psychrophilic [...], All the 36 known species to date of the genus Aeromonas are mesophilic except the species Aeromonas salmonicida, which includes both psychrophilic and mesophilic subspecies. For 20 years, more and more mesophilic A. salmonicida strains have been discovered. Only A. salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica has officially been classified as a mesophilic subspecies. Most mesophiles have been isolated in hot countries. We present, for the first time, the characterization of two new mesophilic isolates from Quebec (Canada). Phenotypic and genomic characterizations were carried out on these strains, isolated from dead fish from a fish farm. Isolates 19-K304 and 19-K308 are clearly mesophiles, virulent to the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, a surrogate host, and close to strain Y577, isolated in India. To our knowledge, this is the first time that mesophilic strains isolated from different countries are so similar. The major difference between the isolates is the presence of plasmid pY47-3, a cryptic plasmid that sometimes presents in mesophilic strains. More importantly, our extensive phylogenetic analysis reveals two well-defined clades of mesophilic strains with psychrophiles associated with one of these clades. This helps to have a better understanding of the evolution of this species and the apparition of psychrophilic subspecies. Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, mesophile, phylogeny, Dictyostelium discoideum, pathogenesis, plasmid

1. Introduction Polygonatum Mill is a perennial herb, which is widely used as traditional Chinese medicines and functional foods in China for thousands of years. It is distributed in warm-temperate [...], Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is a traditional Chinese herb medicine, and it is widely distrihuted in China. The intrageneric taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships within Polygonatum have long heen controversial due to their morphological similarity and lacking special DNA barcodes. In this paper, the complete chloroplast genome is a relatively conserved quadripartite structure including a large single copy region of 84 711 bp, a small single copy region of 18 210 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats region of 26142 bp. A total of 342 simple sequence repeats were identified, and most of them were found to be composed of A/T, including 126 mono-nucleotides and 179 di-nucleotides. Nucleotide diversity was analyzed and eight highly variable regions (psbl~trnT-CGU, atpF~atpH, trnT-GGU~psbD, psaJ~rps20, trnL-UAG~ndhD, ndhG~ndhl, ndhA, and rpl32~ccsA) were identified as potential molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole chloroplast genome showed that P. cyrtonema, within the family Asparagaceae, is closely related to Polygonatum sibiricum and Polygonatum kingianum. The sequence matK, trnT-GGU & ccsA, and ndhG~ndhA were identified as three DNA barcodes. The assembly and comparative analysis of P. cyrtonema complete chloroplast genome will provide essential molecular information about the evolution and molecular biology for further study. Key words: Polygonatum cyrtonema, chloroplast genome, phylogenetic analysis, DNA barcodes

Individual fish movement patterns and behaviors influence population-level traits, and are important for understanding their ecology and evolution. Understanding these behaviors is key for managing and conserving migratory animal populations, including Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus), that support an economically important recreational fishery. Using acoustic telemetry, we tracked individual movement patterns of M. atlanticus inhabiting the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the southeast coast of the US over successive years. Net-squared displacement models revealed considerable individual-level variation in movement patterns with high individual-level repeatability in the timing of migrations and migratory pathways. Although distinct migratory subgroups existed, M. atlanticus generally migrate northward in the spring and summer to putative foraging grounds and remain in these areas for, on average, four months and then migrate southward in the fall. Subadult M. atlanticus exhibited similar migratory patterns as adults, while large juveniles exhibited either resident or nomadic behaviors. For migratory individuals, fish size did not influence movement patterns. Given that distinct migratory subgroups seasonally mixed in southern Florida for spawning activity, our study indicates that M. atlanticus along the eastern Gulf of Mexico and southeastern coast of the US should be considered a single interconnected stock. With that in mind, using M. atlanticus angler and guide knowledge, we assessed the vulnerability of M. atlanticus to potential threats across their range and along migratory pathways. Collectively, the far-ranging nature of M. atlanticus and their diversity in movement patterns highlights the need for more uniform and cohesive management and conservation efforts., Author(s): Lucas P. Griffin [sup.1] , Jacob W. Brownscombe [sup.2] , Aaron J. Adams [sup.3] [sup.4] , JoEllen K. Wilson [sup.3] , Grace A. Casselberry [sup.1] , Peter E. Holder [...]

Notre recherche s'interesse a l'evolution de l'identite d'apprenant et des preferences d'apprentissage, en cherchant a identifier les caracteristiques de ces evolutions. Grace a une etude de cas multiples (Stake, 2006), realisee au Quebec aupres d'eleves du secondaire au moment de l'introduction de la discipline theatrale dans le cursus, puis a la fin de la meme annee scolaire, nous cherchons a determiner si leur identite d'apprenant et leurs preferences d'apprentissage, dans le contexte theatral et dans le contexte global du secondaire, evoluent conjointement. L'analyse du corpus de notre etude de cas multiples revele des evolutions conjointes et coherentes de l'identite d'apprenant et des preferences d'apprentissage des eleves dans les deux contextes, suggerant ainsi un lien entre la facon dont les eleves se definissent et leurs preferences d'apprentissage, tant dans leurs dimensions conatives que dans leurs dimensions cognitives. Mots-cles : identite d'apprenant, preferences d'apprentissage, theatre Our research aims to understand the evolution of students' learning identity and learning preferences, by identifying the characteristics of these evolutions. We carried out a multiple case study (Stake, 2006) with Quebec secondary school students, just after the introduction of drama in their curriculum, and then at the end of the school year. We seek to determine whether their learning identity and their learning preferences, in the theatrical context and in the overall high school context, evolve correspondingly. Our analysis of the corpus reveals joint and consistent changes in learning identity and learning preferences in both contexts, suggesting a link between the way students define themselves and their learning preferences, both in their conative and their cognitive dimensions. Keywords: learning identity, learning preferences, drama, Introduction et problematique Notre recherche pose la question du lien entre l'identite d'apprenant et les preferences d'apprentissage, alors que les cursus sont en partie communs aux eleves. Les differentes facons [...]

Upper canines do not usually appear in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)) and their occasional appearance represents the expression of a tooth, as a rudimentary canine, which has been suppressed in the evolution of the group. These dental anomalies could be potentially useful for tracing ancestral genes in local ecotypes and populations. We studied the skulls of 517 adult roe deer males from seven Iberian Peninsula hunting populations looking for canine occurrence and the variations depending on region and ecomorphological variety. A total of 18 specimens had canines (3.48%), but a relationship was detected between the geographic origin and the canine presence. We found upper canines in three populations that were located in the Tagus River Basin, with 6.08%, 10.91%, and 20% prevalences, respectively. In the population with the highest prevalence, we also found a case of duplicated canines on either side of the upper jaw. Here, the high prevalence of upper canines against the evolutionary trend may be a sign of atavistic populations, possibly adapted to a less fibrous diet, in a geographical area connected through the Tagus River Basin, and probably regarding one of the glacial refuges of the Iberian Peninsula. Key words: Mediterranean roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, dental formula variations, tooth numbering, upper canines, Spain Les canines supérieures n'apparaissent généralement pas chez le chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)), et leur apparition occasionnelle représente l'expression d'une dent, une canine rudimentaire, effacée au fil de l'évolution du groupe. Ces anomalies dentaires pourraient étre utiles pour cerner des genes ancestraux au sein de populations et d'écotypes locaux. Nous avons étudié les cranes de 517 chevreuils males adultes de sept populations visées par la chasse de la péninsule Ibérique pour recenser la présence de canines et ses variations selon la région et la variété écomorphologique. Un total de 18 spécimens présentaient des canines (3,48 %), mais une relation a été relevée entre l'origine géographique et la présence de canines. Nous avons trouvé des canines supérieures dans trois populations, soit celles situées dans le bassin versant du fleuve Tage, á des prevalences de 6,08 %, 10,91 % et 20 %, respectivement. Dans la population á la plus forte prévalence, nous avons également relevé un cas de canines doubles de chaque cóté de la machoire supérieure. Cette forte prévalence de canines supérieures, contraire á la tendance évolutive, pourrait indiquer des populations ataviques, possiblement adaptées á un régime alimentaire plus faible en fibres, dans une région géographique reliée par le bassin du Tage et concernant probablement un des refuges glaciaires de la péninsule Ibérique. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés: chevreuil, Capreolus capreolus, variations du systeme dentaire, numérotation des dents, canines supérieures, Espagne, Introduction Quantitative changes in dentition are used in systematic research where special consideration has been given to the upper canine teeth. The presence or absence of upper canines is widely [...]

Natural selection is generally considered to be a process exclusive to the domain of biotic systems. In this paper, a universal, five phase set of dynamics are identified as a framework underpinning the natural selection that occurs in all processes, governing every interaction at every scale, from the quantum to the intergalactic. The theoretical model describes a two-tendency universe, where the tensions that exist between syntropy and entropy provide the context for functional synergies from which all matter and material systems emerge, supporting a theory of general, biotic and cognitive evolution., Author(s): Miles W. Furnell [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Poggio Murella, 58014, Manciano, GR, Italy A Universe of Emergent Flow Networks > There can be little doubt about the utility of [...]

Sesbania tomentosa (Fabaceae) is an endemic flowering plant primarily adapted to coastal strand and dry lowland habitat in the Hawaiian Islands. Previous studies have attempted to delineate distinct taxa from among the extant populations. In the most recent treatment of Hawaiian Fabaceae, however, S. tomentosa was recognized as a single polymorphic species with two forms. To readdress issues of taxonomy, the present study utilized microsatellite marker variation and DNA sequencing to discriminate Hawaiian Sesbania populations. While there was no DNA sequence variation among species for ITS or TRPT gene regions, microsatellite analysis found a highly differentiated population structure at the nine loci sampled. Bayesian genetic clustering assignments and associated private alleles occurred in a distinct phylogeographic pattern. As a result, three distinct genetic groups were identified corresponding to islands of origin: populations from Nihoa, Kaua'i, and O'ahu (group 1), populations from Maui, Kaho'olawe, and Moloka'i (group 2), and populations from Hawai'i Island (group 3). The extremely varied yet randomly overlapping morphologies among the populations suggest widespread convergent evolution has occurred and precludes any subspecific taxonomic designations. We interpret the high levels of genetic marker and morphologic differentiation exhibited by Hawaiian Sesbania to be a product of the plant's reproductive ecology and its influence in substructuring populations on a small geographic scale. Efforts toward preservation of the wide range of distinctive appearing morphotypes should continue, facilitated by the natural tendency of the plant to maintain a more or less fixed state of certain traits within populations. Keywords: biogeography, evolution, Fabaceae, Hawai'i, population genetics,, THE BOUNDARIES OF SPECIES that have recently and rapidly diverged are difficult to determine when species-specific traits have not had sufficient time to coalesce (Glor 2010). Even if the morphology [...]

As a scientific theory, evolution by natural selection is a historic success. Its use in human affairs has a murkier history. In Darwin's time, evolutionary theory was distorted by philosophers [...]