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BACKGROUND: Increasing an individual's ability to focus on concrete, specific detail, thus reducing the tendency toward overly broad, decontextualised generalisations about the self and world, is a target within cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). However, empirical investigation of the impact of within-treatment specificity on treatment outcomes is scarce. We evaluated whether the specificity of patient dialogue predicted a) end-of-treatment symptoms and b) session completion for CBT for common mental health issues. METHODS: This preregistered (https://osf.io/agr4t) study trained a deep learning model to score the specificity of patient dialogue in transcripts from 353,614 internet-enabled CBT sessions for common mental health disorders, delivered on behalf of UK NHS services. Data were from obtained from 65,030 participants (n = 47,308 female, n = 241 unstated) aged 18-94 years (M = 34.69, SD = 12.35). Depressive disorders were the most common (39.1 %) primary diagnosis. Primary outcome was end-of-treatment score on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Secondary outcome was number of sessions attended. RESULTS: Linear mixed-effects models demonstrated that increased patient specificity significantly predicted lower post-treatment symptoms on the PHQ-9, although the size and direction of the effect varied depending on the type of therapeutic activity being completed. Effect sizes were consistently small. Higher patient specificity was associated with completing a greater number of sessions. LIMITATIONS: We are unable to infer causation from our data. CONCLUSIONS: Although effect sizes were small, an effect of specificity was observed across common mental health disorders. Further studies are needed to explore whether encouraging patient specificity during CBT may provide an enhancement of treatment attendance and treatment effects.

Simple coupled-wave theory accounts for depletion of the pump beam due to energy transfer (i.e., amplification) to the probe beam. Ignoring absorption, the probe gain g can be expressed as g = I sub 1(z) divided by I sub 1(O) = 1+r sub pp divided by 1+r sub pp e to the -Gamma z where I sub 1(O) is the incident probe intensity, Gamma is the two-beam-coupling coefficient and r sub pp is the incident pump-to-probe beam ratio given by r sub pp = I sub 2(O) divided by I sub 1(O) with I sub 2(O) being the incident pump intensity. Equation (1) remains valid even when the pump-to-probe ratio r sub pp is not sufficiently large (only the approximation for the probe gain g approximates e to the gamma L becomes invalid when r sub pp is not much greater than e to the gamma l). Similarly, the pump depletion d can be expressed as d = I sub 2(z) divided by I sub 2sO) = 1+r sub pp divided by r sub pp + e to the gamma z. These expressions for the probe gain and pump depletion have proven inadequate in describing the two-beam-coupling process, particularly when the coupling coefficient IF is very large (recently, r's exceeding 60/cm have been reported., This article is from 'Organization of the Optical Society of America Photonic Science Topical Meeting Series. Volume 14. Photorefractive Materials,Effects, and Devices Held in Beverly, Massachusetts on 29-31 July 1991,' AD-A253 001, p43-46.

The electro-optic effect is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical approach is based upon W.A. Harrison's 'Bond-Orbital Model'. The separate electronic and lattice contributions to the second-order, electro-optic susceptibility are examined within the context of this model and formulae which can accommodate any crystal structure are presented. In addition, a method for estimating the lattice response to a low frequency (dc) electric field is outlined. Finally, experimental measurements of the electro-optic effects in TeO2 and tl3AsAs3 have been performed and the results of these measurements are presented. (Author)