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We study the so-called frog model on ${\mathbb{Z}}$ with two types of lazy frogs, with parameters $p_1,p_2\in (0,1]$ respectively, and a finite expected number of dormant frogs per site. We show that for any such $p_1$ and $p_2$ there is positive probability that the two types coexist (i.e. that both types activate infinitely many frogs). This answers a question of Deijfen, Hirscher, and Lopes in dimension one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The margin of appreciation is an important argumentative framework employed by the ECtHR. Through its application, the Court may establish a balanced relationship with the member states. This is why the margin is one of the main sources for the ECtHR's exercise of deference. Deference happens when low intensity of review is applied – or a wide margin. Therefore, to properly know when to act deferentially demands a clear procedure to determine the intensity of review. However, the application of the margin still presents some weak points and lacks consistency. In this paper, I defend the possibility of applying formal balancing to provide a clearer structure for the exercise of the margin of appreciation and, thus, a way to improve deferential practices by the ECtHR. With the clear structure of balancing, factors are employed in a more organized manner and the relationships behind the idea of determining the intensity of review are explicitly justified. Hence, the notion and structure of balancing competences organize the margin of appreciation in a way to free it from its main criticisms and fulfill the argumentative potential it has. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a semilinear elliptic optimal control problem possibly subject to control and/or state constraints. Generalizing previous work, presented in Ahmad Ali, Deckelnick and Hinze (2016) we provide a condition which guarantees that a solution of the necessary first order conditions is a global minimum. A similiar result also holds at the discrete level where the corresponding condition can be evaluated explicitly. Our investigations are motivated by Günter Leugering, who raised the question whether the problem class considered in Ahmad Ali, Deckelnick and Hinze (2016) can be extended to the nonlinearity φ(s) = s|s|. We develop a corresponding analysis and present several numerical test examples demonstrating its usefulness in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A strain energy function for initially stressed Mooney-Rivlin materials is derived. • The strain energy functions for initially stressed Mooney and Neo-hookean materials are given explicitly. • Our constitutive model does not require the a priori knowledge of a virtual stress-free configuration. • The derived strain energy functions can be used to design non-destructive methods to measure the initial stresses. Abstract Initial stresses originate in soft materials by the occurrence of misfits in the undeformed microstructure. Since the reference configuration is not stress-free, the effects of initial stresses on the hyperelastic behavior must be constitutively addressed. Notably, the free energy of an initially stressed material may not possess the same symmetry group as the one of the same material deforming from a naturally unstressed configuration. This work assumes that the hyperelastic strain energy density is characterized only by the deformation gradient and the initial stress tensor, using an explicit functional dependence on their independent invariants. In particular, we consider a subclass of constitutive behaviors in which the material constants do not depend on the choice of the reference configuration. Within this theoretical framework, a constitutive equation is derived for an initially stressed body that naturally behaves as an incompressible Mooney-Rivlin material. The strain energy densities for initially stressed neo-Hookean and Mooney materials are derived as special sub-cases. By assuming the existence of a virtual state that is naturally stress-free, the resulting strain energy functions are proved to fulfill the required frame-independence constraints for this special class of constitutive models. In the case of plane strain, great simplifications arise in the expression of the constitutive relations. Finally, the resulting constitutive relations prove useful guidelines for designing non-destructive methods for the quantification of the underlying initial stresses in naturally isotropic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that all local minimum points of a semistrictly quasiconvex real-valued function are global minimum points. Also, any local maximum point of an explicitly quasiconvex real-valued function is a global minimum point, provided that it belongs to the intrinsic core of the function’s domain. The aim of this paper is to show that these “local min-global min” and “local max-global min” type properties can be extended and unified by a single general local-global extremality principle for certain generalized convex vector-valued functions with respect to two proper subsets of the outcome space. For particular choices of these two sets, we recover and refine several local-global properties known in the literature, concerning unified vector optimization (where optimality is defined with respect to an arbitrary set, not necessarily a convex cone) and, in particular, classical vector/multicriteria optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a new exact method is proposed to solve a problem, say (ILFP)E, of maximizing a linear fractional function over the integer efficient set of multi-objective integer linear programming problem (MOILP). The method is developed through the branch and cut technique and the continuous linear fractional programming, to come up with an integer optimal solution for problem (ILFP)E without having to explicitly list all efficient solutions of problem (MOILP). The branching process is strengthened by an efficient cut as well as an efficiency test so that a large number of non-efficient feasible solutions can be avoided. Illustrative example and an experimental study are reported to show the merit of this new approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes the four types of resource allocation (randomly oriented, relationship-oriented, cooperation oriented, and knowledge-embedded) as its premise and investigates the complex characteristics of knowledge flow network evolution in strategic alliances, taking into account the mutual variance effects of the evolution mechanism. Existing research has neglected the differences in resource allocation types, by and large employed statistical analysis methods, and identified only the linear relationships among experimental variances of cross-sectional data. The present study differs from existing research in the following ways: First, we thoroughly consider the multi-faceted nature of resource allocation. Second, we use the method of multi-agent imitation according to perspective of dynamic system evolution and the principle of phase theory, allowing the explicitly analysis of nonlinear functional logic, forms and patterns in the variance. Finally, we analyze the appropriateness of different resource allocation models. Our paper features several significant findings: (1) The evolution of the knowledge flow network of a strategic alliance can produce a bifurcation phenomenon composed of saddle-node bifurcation and transcritical bifurcation. (2) The number of nodes exhibits a logarithmic growth distribution, the connection intensity and the network gain exhibit exponential growth distributions, and the connectivity and knowledge flow frequency are mutually influential in the form of a power function. (3) Knowledge-embedded resource allocation is most effective for improving the knowledge flow rate of networks and can further supply ample impetus for evolution. (4) Cooperation-oriented resource allocation is most beneficial for quickly propelling the network into the evolution realm. (5) Relationship-oriented resource allocation can aid the network in capturing more profit. Furthermore, this research is beneficial for understanding the key problems of each resource allocation model and the evolution of strategic alliance in knowledge flow networks. Our proposed methods and framework can be more widely applied to the fields of complex networks, knowledge management, and strategic innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study two asymptotic problems for the Langevin equation with variable friction coefficient. The first is the small mass asymptotic behavior, known as the Smoluchowski-Kramers approximation, of the Langevin equation with strictly positive variable friction. The second result is about the limiting behavior of the solution when the friction vanishes in regions of the domain. Previous works on this subject considered one dimensional settings with the conclusions based on explicit computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new parallel explicit emptiness checks for LTL model checking. Unlike existing parallel emptiness checks, these are based on a strongly connected component (SCC) enumeration and support generalized Büchi acceptance, and require no synchronization points or recomputing procedures. A salient feature of our algorithms is the use of a global union-find data structure in which multiple threads share structural information about the automaton checked. Besides these basic algorithms, we present one architectural variant isolating threads that write to the union-find, and one extension that decomposes the automaton based on the strength of its SCCs to use more optimized emptiness checks. The results from an extensive experimentation of our algorithms and their variations show encouraging performances, especially when the decomposition technique is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on first principle investigations about the electrical character of Li-X codoped ZnO transparent conductive oxides (TCOs). We studied a set of possible X codopants including either unintentional dopants typically present in the system (e.g., H, O) or monovalent acceptor groups, based on nitrogen and halogens (F, Cl, I). The interplay between dopants and structural point defects in the host (such as vacancies) is also taken explicitly into account, demonstrating the crucial effect that zinc and oxygen vacancies have on the final properties of TCOs. Our results show that Li-ZnO has a p-type character, when Li is included as Zn substitutional dopant, but it turns into an n-type when Li is in interstitial sites. The inclusion of X-codopants is considered to deactivate the n-type character of interstitial Li atoms: the total Li-X compensation effect and the corresponding electrical character of the doped compounds selectively depend on the presence of vacancies in the host. We prove that LiF-doped ZnO is the only codoped system that exhibits a p-type character in the presence of Zn vacancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute explicitly the oscillation constant for Euler type half-linear second-order differential equation having multi-different periodic coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stress analysis using a mesh-free method on a cracked elastic medium needs a partition of unity for a non-convex domain whether it is defined explicitly or implicitly. Constructing such partition of unity is a nontrivial task when we choose to create a partition of unity explicitly. We further extend the idea of the almost everywhere partition of unity and apply it to linear elasticity problem. We use a special mapping to build a partition of unity on a non-convex domain. The partition of unity that we use has a unique feature: the mapped partition of unity has a curved shape in the physical coordinate system. This novel feature is especially useful when the enrichment function has polar form, f(r,θ)=rλg(θ), because we can partition the physical domain in radial and angular directions to perform a highly accurate numerical integration to deal with edge-cracked singularity. The numerical test shows that we obtain a highly accurate result without refining the background mesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tendon vibration illusion has been extensively used to manipulate the perceived position of one’s own body part. However, findings from previous research do not seem conclusive sregarding the perceptual effect of the concurrent stimulation of both agonist and antagonist tendons over one joint. On the basis of recent data, it has been suggested that this paired stimulation generates an inconsistent signal about the limb position, which leads to a perceived shrinkage of the limb. However, this interesting effect has never been replicated. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of a simultaneous and equal vibration of the biceps and triceps tendons on the perceived location of the hand. Experiment 1 replicated and extended the previous findings. We compared a dual tendon stimulation condition with single tendon stimulation conditions and with a control condition (no vibration) on both ‘upward-downward’ and ‘towards-away from the elbow’ planes. Our results show a mislocalisation towards the elbow of the position of the vibrated arm during dual vibration, in line with previous results; however, this did not clarify whether the effect was due to arm representation contraction (i.e., a ‘telescoping’ effect). Therefore, in Experiment 2 we investigated explicitly and implicitly the perceived arm length during the same conditions. Our results clearly suggest that in all the vibration conditions there was a mislocalisation of the entire arm (including the elbow), but no evidence of a contraction of the perceived arm length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the Itô-Schrödinger model for wave propagation in random media in the paraxial regime. We solve the equation for the fourth-order moment of the field in the regime where the correlation length of the medium is smaller than the initial beam width. In terms of applications we prove that the centered fourth-order moments of the field satisfy the Gaussian summation rule, we derive the covariance function of the intensity of the transmitted beam, and the variance of the smoothed Wigner transform of the transmitted field. The second application is used to explicitly quantify the scintillation of the transmitted beam and the third application to quantify the statistical stability of the Wigner transform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and evaluation of tag recommendation methods has historically focused on maximizing the relevance of the suggested tags for a given object, such as a movie or a song. However, relevance by itself may not be enough to guarantee recommendation usefulness. Promoting novelty and diversity in tag recommendation not only increases the chances that the user will select “some” of the recommended tags but also promotes complementary information (i.e., tags), which helps to cover multiple aspects or topics related to the target object. Previous work has addressed the tag recommendation problem by exploiting at most two of the following aspects: (1) relevance, (2) explicit topic diversity, and (3) novelty. In contrast, here we tackle these three aspects conjointly, by introducing two new tag recommendation methods that cover all three aspects of the problem at different levels. Our first method, called Random Forest with topic-related attributes, or RFt, extends a relevance-driven tag recommender based on the Random Forest (RF) learning-to-rank method by including new tag attributes to capture the extent to which a candidate tag is related to the topics of the target object. This solution captures topic diversity as well as novelty at the attribute level while aiming at maximizing relevance in its objective function. Our second method, called Explicit Tag Recommendation Diversifier with Novelty Promotion, or xTReND, reranks the recommendations provided by any tag recommender to jointly promote relevance, novelty, and topic diversity. We use RFt as a basic recommender applied before the reranking, thus building a solution that addresses the problem at both attribute and objective levels. Furthermore, to enable the use of our solutions on applications in which category information is unavailable, we investigate the suitability of using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to automatically generate topics for objects. We evaluate all tag recommendation approaches using real data from five popular Web 2.0 applications. Our results show that RFt greatly outperforms the relevance-driven RF baseline in diversity while producing gains in relevance as well. We also find that our new xTReND reranker obtains considerable gains in both novelty and relevance when compared to that same baseline while keeping the same relevance levels. Furthermore, compared to our previous reranker method, xTReD, which does not consider novelty, xTReND is also quite effective, improving the novelty of the recommended tags while keeping similar relevance and diversity levels in most datasets and scenarios. Comparing our two new proposals, we find that xTReND considerably outperforms RFt in terms of novelty and diversity with only small losses (under 4%) in relevance. Overall, considering the trade-off among relevance, novelty, and diversity, our results demonstrate the superiority of xTReND over the baselines and the proposed alternative, RFt. Finally, the use of automatically generated latent topics as an alternative to manually labeled categories also provides significant improvements, which greatly enhances the applicability of our solutions to applications where the latter is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stable algorithm to compute the roots of polynomials is presented. The roots are found by computing the eigenvalues of the associated companion matrix by Francis's implicitly shifted QR algorithm. A companion matrix is an upper Hessenberg matrix that is unitary-plus-rank-one, that is, it is the sum of a unitary matrix and a rank-one matrix. These properties are preserved by iterations of Francis's algorithm, and it is these properties that are exploited here. The matrix is represented as a product of 3n -- 1 Givens rotators plus the rank-one part, so only O(n) storage space is required. In fact, the information about the rank-one part is also encoded in the rotators, so it is not necessary to store the rank-one part explicitly. Francis's algorithm implemented on this representation requires only O(n) flops per iteration and thus O(n²) flops overall. The algorithm is described, normwise backward stability is proved, and an extensive set of numerical experiments is presented. The algorithm is shown to be about as accurate as the (slow) Francis QR algorithm applied to the companion matrix without exploiting the structure. It is faster than other fast methods that have been proposed, and its accuracy is comparable or better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the pricing of European-style structured credit pay-off under the Gaussian Copula Model (GCM). When no sudden jump-to-default events occur, the perfect replication of these pay-offs under the GCM is obtained if and only if the underlying single-name credit spreads follow a particular family of dynamics and if the pricing parameters are given by so-called ‘break-even’ correlations. We exhibit a class of Merton-style models that are consistent with this result. We calculate break-even correlations explicitly to price nth-to-default baskets under the GCM. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of this concept as a relative-value tool. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the medieval French vocabulary for translation. Only translater has been previously widely thought to designate translation explicitly. It is accepted that other words, such as trover/controver, traire/retraire, and metre en escrit/romanz, signify processes of textual production, but this research investigates how medieval usage indicates that in addition to these recognised meanings, they may also connote translation. The article subsequently brings into focus three Latin writers whose understanding of translatio was influential upon vernacular writers, thus placing old French concepts of translation within their wider linguistic and literary context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper treats a class of double optimal stopping problems arising in the pricing of integral options. Under certain conditions, we give an explicit form of the double stopping time for such type of optimal stopping problems. The present results are essentially derived by solving a certain nonlinear bilevel programming problem explicitly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The problem of determining completely the spin amplitudes of photoproduction of two pseudoscalar mesons on a nucleón from observables is studied. The procedure of reconstruction of the scattering matrix elements from a complete set of observables is based on the expressions of all observables as quadratic Hermitian forms in the reaction matrix elements which are derived explicitly. Their inversion allows one to find explicit solutions for the reaction matrix elements in terms of observables. Two methods for finding a complete set of observables are presented. In particular, one set was found that does not contain a triple polarization observable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Support is required for operator activity in the correcting abnormalities in chemical plants. A plant alarm system must provide useful information to operators as the third layer of the Independent Protection Layers. Therefore, a method for designing a plant alarm system is important for plant safety. Because plants are modified throughout their plant lifecycles, any alarm systems need to be properly managed throughout the plant lifecycles. To manage the changes, the design rationale of the alarm system should be explained explicitly. Takeda et al. (2013) [3] proposed a logical and systematic alarm system design method that explicitly explains design rationales from know-why information for appropriate management of change throughout the plant lifecycle. For the combined or branched component of a cause-effect (CE) model, multiple alternative modules have been proposed. We propose a method of generating alternative modules for a plant alarm system based on first-out alarm alternative signals for the combined or branched component of a CE model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Within the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle it is explicitly discussed the impact of these inequalities on the theory of integrated photonics at sub-wavelength regime. More especially, the uncertainty of the effective index values in nanophotonics at sub-wavelength regime, which is defined as the eigenvalue of the overall opto-geometric problems in integrated photonics, appears directly stemming from Heisenberg's uncertainty. An apt formula is obtained allowing us to assume that the incertitude and the notion of eigenvalue called effective optical index or propagation constant is inversely proportional to the spatial dimensions of a given nanostructure yielding a transfer of the fuzziness on relevant senses of eigenvalues below a specific limit's volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]