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Empirical studies have shown that exposure to ambient air pollution can impair lung function (LF). However, knowledge regarding the length of exposure necessary to detect a measurable effect of a specific air pollutant on LF remains limited. By reviewing recent studies, this paper aims to identify the exposure period necessary for detecting a significant effect of specific air pollutants on LF. We searched the PubMed database and selected studies according to pre-defined inclusion-exclusion criteria. Studies were analyzed to identify the preferred exposure period leading to a significant decrease in LF. A total of 32 studies were included in our analysis. The analysis shows that out of the five air pollutants considered (NOX, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, O3), an exposure assessment period of at least 2 years was associated with a significant effect on lung function for NOX and PM2.5. No preferred exposure assessment period was found for the other pollutants evaluated. The findings suggest that for NOX and PM2.5, an assessment period of at least 2 years is recommended for air pollution studies to find a significant effect on lung function. This may be attributable to the pathophysiology and characteristic deposition of these pollutants along the airways.

The toxic effect of Abrus precatorius seeds powder against the wheat weevil Sitophilus granarius adults over a period of 14 days was studied. Data confirmed that, at all concentrations, the mortality percentage increased as the exposure period was prolonged and also as the applied concentration was increased. Seven days post-treatment the LC50 value was 0.12% (w/w). The correspondent value at 14 days was significantly decreased being 0.05% (w/w). Hence, A. precatorius seeds powder was toxic against S. granarius. The powder proved, also, that it had a repellent effect against the tested insect. The phytochemical investigation of A. precatorius seeds illustrated that it was rich in tannins, saponins and phenols. The LC50 and two higher concentrations of A. precatorius powder seeds were evaluated, also, against thirty-six adult males of Rattus rattus over a period of 30 days. Rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups 9 rats/ group. Rats of the first group were fed on grains mixed with LC50 (0.12%)of powder. The second group fed on grains mixed with 5% powder. The third group was on grains mixed with 10% powder. While the fourth group was fed on untreated grains as control. Three replicates were used in each group. Blood samples were obtained for haematological and biochemical analysis. Specimens of the liver, kidney, spleen, testis, and stomach were, also, taken for histopathological studies. The whole results showed that the powder of A. precatorius seedshas potential toxicity as shown by the effects it caused on the serum chemistry as well as on the changes noted on the studied organs.

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is recognised and promoted as a simple and low-cost method for water quality improvement and diarrhoea prevention. However, there is potential for underexposure and incomplete disinfection due to the uncertainty arising from variable weather/exposure period. This study presents a probabilistic methodology for obtaining exposure periods from time series of historical solar energy data capable of resolving this uncertainty. To do this, SODIS exposure period was interpreted and computed in agreement with the underlying physical processes that govern geometric distribution. The methodology was illustrated by using geometric distribution to predict monthly exposure periods at 5% exceedance probability for 324 locations in Southeastern Nigeria. The parameter of the geometric distribution was estimated from solar radiation data obtained from NASA geo-satellite database. The results revealed both spatial and temporal variation of exposure period. Two days of exposure would ensure complete disinfection 95% of the days in November to May in virtually all the locations of the region. June to September is the least favourable period for SODIS application in Southeastern Nigeria, mostly requiring more than 2 days of exposure to ensure treatment. Performance validation of the model using confusion matrix showed an overall prediction accuracy of 83%, suggesting a reliable model for the prediction of exposure period. The exposure periods were presented in the form of monthly maps to serve as a tool for guarding against underexposure.

No other crime affects more students, faculty, and staff on the university campus than theft. While it is common for campus officials and community members to implement anti-theft strategies, few of these efforts are ever examined empirically, let alone experimentally, making it difficult to rule out alternative explanations for any changes observed. The present study employed a completely randomized experimental design to test the effect of retrofit anti-theft solutions proposed by the situational crime prevention, design against crime, and broken windows literatures. Fifty-two classrooms were randomly assigned to receive either five dry erase markers made to appear old and used or five unaltered dry erase markers. Results show that old and used appearing targets were approximately 36% more likely to remain in the classrooms at the end of the exposure period compared to those not receiving the treatment.

PURPOSE: In pharmacoepidemiology, correctly defining the exposure period of pharmacological treatment is a challenging step when information on the time in treatment is missing or incomplete.METHODS: In this review, we describe several methods for defining exposure to pharmacological treatments using secondary data sources that lack such information.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Several methods for assessing the duration of redeemed prescriptions and combining them into temporal sequences are available. We present a set of considerations to make researchers aware of the potentials and pitfalls of these methods that may aid in minimizing biases in research using these methods. Additionally, we highlight that, to date, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Thus, the choice of method should be based on their area of applicability combined with a careful mapping to the research scenario under investigation.

The analysis of degradation mechanisms of photovoltaic (PV) modules is key to ensure its current lifetime and the economic feasibility of PV systems. Field operation is the best way to observe and detect all type of degradation mechanisms. This paper presents the main signs of degradation on 56 m-Si PV modules caused by outdoor exposure after a period of 22 years in Seville, Spain. Results are compared with other research works conclusions that analyse the degradation of identical PV cells and same manufacturer, after an exposure period of 12, 15 and 17 years. The analysis was conducted by visual inspection, infrared thermography, electroluminescence (EL) and electrical performance evaluation. The mean peak power degradation has been 30,9% in the 22 operation years, equivalent to 1,4% per year, which corresponds mainly to a loss in short-circuit current and, in a less degree, to loss in fill factor and open circuit voltage. The most significant defects found were severe browning, milky pattern and oxidation of the metallization grid. Those defects seem turns severe failures when exposure period is more than about 20 years and could explain the high degradation rate based on a comparison performed with other research works.

Combined action of various inert dusts (diatomaceous earth DE and zeolite) and microbial insecticides (abamectin and spinetoram) was evaluated against Trogoderma granarium Everts at Grain Research Training and Storage Management Cell, department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2018–19. Doses were 750 ppm in case of inert dusts and 1 ppm in case of insecticides. Efficacy was checked on wheat, rice and maize at three different temperatures (15, 25 and 35 °C) and two relative humidity levels (55 and 75%). Mortality data was taken 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after treatments. Factorial under Completely Randomized Design was used for analysis. In all combinations tested, complete mortality (100%) of the insects was achieved at 35 °C + 55% R.H. after 14 days of exposure. But in general, mortality was higher at increased temperature and decreased R.H. With an increase in exposure period, mortality was also increased. Wheat was most susceptible as compared to rice and maize regarding the mortality of insects except in cases of 100% mortality. Results suggested that both DEs and zeolites can be combined with insecticides in order to achieve complete control of this specie but certain factors like dose, temperature, R.H., commodity and exposure time are important in affecting their efficacies which should be kept in mind for the integrated control of this insect. This is first report in which zeolite is used in combination with insecticides against Trogoderma granarium.

Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), presents a major threat to Australian fruit production and trade. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly employed to manage Q-fly. Quality of sterile males released in SIT programs, and hence program efficacy, can be affected by pre- and post-production processes, such as mass rearing, packing, irradiation, transportation, and release. Given long distances from rear-out facilities to release sites, adult flies are usually chilled to reduce metabolism and stress during transportation. To guide SIT procedures, it is important to understand the impact of such practices on performance of sterile Q-fly. The present study assesses the effect of chilling temperature and exposure period on quality parameters of sterile Q-fly. We considered the effects of two temperature regimes (4 and 6°C) and six exposure periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h) on chill-coma recovery time, flight ability, survival under nutritional stress, and longevity of both males and females. Flies chilled at 4°C took longer to recover than that those chilled at 6°C. Flight ability, survival under nutritional stress, and longevity all decreased as chilling period increased but did not differ between the two tested temperatures. We recommend that periods of chilling during transportation from rear-out facilities to release sites be minimized in order to retain quality of sterile Q-fly and that increased release rates be considered when longer chilling periods are required.

The effects of the latex extract of Jatropha curcas on mortality rate, opercular ventilation rate and some behavioural responses of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles were investigated under laboratory conditions over a 96 hours exposure period. Juveniles of Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas) were exposed in plastic aquaria to 0.00mg.l-1 (control), 10mg.l-1, 15mg.l-1, 20mg.l-1, 25mg.l-1 and 30mg.l-1. Their opercular beats per minute, tail fin beats per minute, mortality and probit kill were determined. Symptoms of toxicosis observed include agitated swimming, loss of equilibrium, air gulping, periods of quiescence and death. Within 24 hours the opercular ventilation beats and tail fin beats of the exposed fish were significantly higher than in control fish (p

Vismia gracilis extracts were tested against Aedes aegypti to assess mortality and behavioural effects. The leaf hexanic extract (L-Hex) presented increased larvicidal activity with exposure period: LC50 46.48 µg/mL (24 h) and LC50 20.57 µg/mL (48 h). Eight compounds were annotated/isolated from the L-Hex active extract, 4 benzophenones and 4 anthraquinones. Considering chemometric findings, the benzophenone moiety, tested as the commercial benzophenone, promoted larval mortality (LC50 16.35 µg/mL). Both the L-Hex extract and benzophenone induced intestinal damage in larvae. Benzophenone also promoted toxicity and behavioural effects in female adults. These findings highlighted the potential use of this class of compounds for developing vector-control products.

35 years have passed since the Chernobyl NPP accident, 10 years – since the «Fukushima-1» NPP accident. At the present time extensive activities on the remediation of the consequences of two major large-scale radiation disasters are performed in the Belorussia, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Japan. Releases of radiologically significant radionuclides after the Chernobyl NPP accident correspond to 14 exaBecquerel – higher up to an order of magnitude compared to 3 emergence power units of the «Fukushima-1» NPP. The significantly lower release rate and deposition of 80% of the radionuclides released into the atmosphere on the surface of the Pacific Ocean lead to lower up to several orders of magnitude radioactive contamination of the Japanese territory compared to the territories of the former USSR and neighboring countries after the Chernobyl NPP accident. Collective dose to the public due to the Chernobyl NPP accident is higher up to several orders of magnitude compared to the dose to the Japanese population after the «Fukushima-1» accident. No statistically reliable long-term medical consequences are expected for all groups of the Japanese public, additionally exposed due to «Fukushima-1» accident. 134 emergency workers have developed acute radiation sickness due to the Chernobyl NPP accident. Emergency workers with doses higher than 150 mSv had increased radiation-induced morbidity with leukemia and solid cancers. Among the individuals, that were kids or adolescents in the exposure period after the Chernobyl NPP accident and residing on the territories of Belorussia, Ukraine and four most radioactively contaminated regions of the Russian Federation, morbidity with thyroid cancer is increase by a factor of 10 compared to the pre-accidental levels. The following lessons of the Chernobyl NPP and «Fukushima-1» NPP can be derived: faults in the NPP design and lack of response after the recognition of the faults; lack of timely full-scale prophylactic with iodine; unjustified resettlement of the residents of the radioactively contaminated territories several years after the accident.

Purpose: We classified the articles published in the journal Hip & Pelvis and analyzed the relationship between study characteristics and citation rates. Materials and Methods: All articles published in Hip & Pelvis from 2009 to 2019 were included. We classified the articles according to the type, language, listing in PubMed Central (PMC), treatment modality, material, design, anatomical focus, number of authors, and number of cases. We analyzed the citation rate according to this classification, with yearly citation rate reflecting the exposure period until March 2020. Results: The yearly citation rate increased significantly after the language of the journal was changed from Korean to English in June 2014 (mean=0.96 vs. 1.63, P

Scope: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) share a major part of the total deaths (about 46%) in Saudi Arabia. There are indications of an association between the bioactive components in Hibiscus sabdariffa, in affecting the atherosclerosis biomarkers, the major cause of (CVDs). An intervention study aimed to see the effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea extracts on regulating CD36 gene expression in human to prevent atherosclerosis. Methods and results: The blood sample were twice collected. In addition, anthropometric measurements were determined at baseline, and a usual diet was followed while consuming the H. sabdariffa tea twice a day for six consecutive weeks. Following termination of exposure period blood samples were withdrawn. The results revealed that the OxLDL levels were significantly decreased (P=0.013, PP= 0.003, PP=0.05, P≤ 0.05). There was an obvious positive correlation between the CD36 gene expression and the OxLDL. Conclusion: In conclusion, a possible effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea extracts has potential in affecting the atherosclerosis biomarkers evidently rejected by regulating the CD36 gene expression. Further evaluation is suggested to examine the effect of pure anthocyanins glucoside.

The present work aimed to verify the efficiency of the accelerated aging test in the evaluation of the vigor of lettuce and arugula seeds. Two lots of lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L) and two lots of arugula seeds (Eruca sativa M) were used, submitted to germination and accelerated aging tests, using the exposure periods of 48, 72 and 96 hours, at a temperature of 42ºC, with and without the use of saturated solution and saline solution of NaCl, the experimental design used was a completely randomized design (DIC), composed of three replications in a 2x3x3 factorial scheme for the studied cultivars. The accelerated aging test is efficient to demonstrate the vigor of lettuce and arugula seeds, and the exposure period of 48 hours in saline solution for lettuce and in water solution for arugula is sufficient to check the quality.

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between flood severity and risk of hospitalisation in the Vietnam Mekong River Delta (MRD).MethodsWe obtained data on hospitalisations and hydro-meteorological factors during 2011–2014 for seven MRD provinces. We classified each day into a flood-season exposure period: the 2011 extreme annual flood (EAF); 2012–2014 routine annual floods (RAF); dry season and non-flood wet season (reference period). We used province-specific Poisson regression models to calculate hospitalisation incidence rate ratios (IRRs). We pooled IRRs across provinces using random-effects meta-analysis.ResultsDuring the EAF, non-external cause hospitalisations increased 7.2% (95% CI 3.2% to 11.4%); infectious disease hospitalisations increased 16.4% (4.3% to 29.8%) and respiratory disease hospitalisations increased 25.5% (15.5% to 36.4%). During the RAF, respiratory disease hospitalisations increased 8.2% (3.2% to 13.5%). During the dry season, hospitalisations decreased for non-external causes and for each specific cause except injuries.ConclusionsWe observed a gradient of decreasing risk of hospitalisation from EAF to RAF/non-flood wet season to dry season. Adaptation measures should be strengthened to prepare for the increased probability of more frequent extreme floods in the future, driven by climate change.

While monolingual speakers can use contrastive pitch accents to predict upcoming referents, bilingual speakers do not always use this cue predictively in their L2. The current study examines the role of recent exposure for predictive processing in native German (L1) second language learners of English (L2). In Experiment 1, participants followed instructions to click on two successive objects, for example,Click on the red carrot/duck. Click on the green/GREEN carrot(where CAPS indicate a contrastive L + H* accent). Participants predicted a repeated noun following a L + H* accent in the L1, but not in the L2, where processing was delayed. Experiment 2 shows that after an exposure period with highly consistent prosodic cues, bilinguals engaged in predictive processing in both their L1 and L2. However, inconsistent prosodic cues showed different effects on bilinguals’ L1 and L2 predictive processing. The results are discussed in terms of exposure-based and resource-deficit models of processing.

Stress is an unavoidable part of human life that affects a majority of people: In 2018, 55% of Americans reported experiencing stress (Gallup Global Emotions, 2019). Various factors contribute to the emergence of nervous stress among individuals, including environmental, physical, and psychological stimuli. Physical and psychological issues arise as a result of stress, which is the subject of our research study, giving it significant practical value. Here, we have tested the possible correlation between increase in oxidation species and severe psychological issues at a community level. To understand any possible connections between these two parameters, tests were conducted on 200 rats that were divided into three general groups based on the duration of stress exposure. Each group was further divided into five smaller groups with 10-20 rats. Treatments were setup with or without vitamin E with periods of stress immobilization. Samples were then collected to conduct necessary analyses from control, experimental, and treatment groups. Immobilization stress types, i.e., acute and chronic stress, caused noticeably different physiological changes, especially with respect to nature and severity of response. Chronic stress induced different responses depending on the exposure period as well. Furthermore, vitamin E appeared to have a protective role due to its antioxidant nature, which highlights the need for investigations on oxidative stress-related disease treatment and prevention.

The coronavirus pandemic has not only gripped the scientific community in the search for a vaccine or a cure but also in attempts using statistics and association analysis—to identify environmental factors that increase its potency. A study by Ogen (Sci Total Environ 726:138605, 2020a) explored the possible correlation between coronavirus fatality and high nitrogen dioxide exposure in four European countries—France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Meanwhile, another study showed the importance of nitrogen dioxide along with population density in determining the coronavirus pandemic rate in England. In this follow-up study, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) was introduced in conjunction with other variables like nitrogen dioxide and population density for further analysis in fifty-four administrative regions of Germany, Italy and Spain. The AOD values were extracted from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites while the nitrogen dioxide data were extracted from TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) sensor onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. Regression models, as well as multiple statistical tests were used to evaluate the predictive skill and significance of each variable to the fatality rate. The study was conducted for two periods: (1) pre-exposure period (Dec 1, 2019–Feb 29, 2020); (2) complete exposure period (Dec 1, 2019–Jul 1, 2020). Some of the results pointed towards AOD potentially being a factor in estimating the coronavirus fatality rate. The models performed better using the data collected during the complete exposure period, which showed higher AOD values contributed to an increased significance of AOD in the models. Meanwhile, some uncertainties of the analytical results could be attributed to data quality and the absence of other important factors that determine the coronavirus fatality rate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s41748-020-00176-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Fish blood is being used for assessing the health of the fish to changing environmental conditions due to heavy metals which are regularly released by anthropogenic activities. This study assesses the effects of lead (Pb) on the Differential Leucocyte Counts (DLC) of fresh water teleost Heteropneustes fossilis. The acclimatized fish were exposed to different concentrations of lead [2.25ppm (Group B), 2.65ppm (Group C), and 2.85ppm (Group D)] and the values were compared with the control (Group A). The time interval of examination was 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post exposure. DLC showed changes in small lymphocytes resulting in the fall of 41% to 31% at 2.65 ppm of Pb during 28 days of exposure period. The large lymphocyte counts also decreased of 39% to 27% at maximum concentration and maximum exposure period (2.85 ppm Pb; 28 days). The neutrophils increased (14%) to maximum (26%) at 2.65 ppm of Pb during 28 days exposure period. The monocyte counts increased 3% to 7% during 7 and 28 days exposure period at 2.65 ppm of Pb. The counts of eosinophils increased against the toxicity of lead from 2% to 6% at maximum concentration (2.85 ppm) during 14 and 28 days exposure period. Basophils increased (1%) to 3% at 2.65 ppm of Pb at 28 days exposure period. Our studies indicated that exposure to lead results in altered leucocyte counts.

Corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in kaolinite clay was studied for a two year exposure period. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarisation (POL) revealed a ...

I-joists manufactured using wood composites are intended for dry service condition. Situations arise where I-joists are exposed to excessive weather conditions. This exposure to moisture can degrade structural properties of I-joists. In a follow-up to a previous published study (King et al 2014) looking at the short-term exposure to moisture (138 d), this study extends the exposure days further to 1351 d (approx. 3.5 yr) to gain an insight into property changes and fine-tune the degradation model presented by King et al (2014). Long-term exterior exposure was associated with continued declines in maximum load and deflection at maximum load, but the rate of property loss decreased as the exposure period was extended. Bending failure modes shifted back from web buckling to shear type failures at the web-web and web-flange joints.

Depolanmış ürün zararlıları ile mücadelede yoğun şekilde sentetik fümigantlar kullanılmaktadır. Kullanılan bu fümigantların içinde fosfin gazı (PH3) önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada fosfin gazının düşük sıcaklıklarda ki toksik etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Pirinç biti [Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus, 1763 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], Un biti [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)] ve Kırma biti [Tribolium confusum Jaquelin Du Val, 1868 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)]’nin erginleri 4, 9 ve 24 saatlik uygulama sürelerinde 150, 300 ve 600 ppm fosfin gaz konsantrasyonları ile 1 °C ve 2.5 °C’lik düşük sıcaklık koşularında ölüm oranları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada T. castaneum ve T. confusum için 150 ppm dozda 4 saatlik uygulama süresinde ve 1 °C sıcaklık koşullarında sırasıyla % 61.06 ve % 78.15’lik ölüm oranı elde edilmiştir. Buna karşın bu değerde aynı koşularda S. oryzae için % 0.20’lik ölüm oranı elde edilmiştir. Çalışmalar 2019 yılı Zirai Mücadele Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Depolanmış Ürün Zararlıları laboratuvarında yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışma ile düşük sıcaklık altında fosfin gazı toksisitesinin uygulama süresi ve doz artışına paralel olarak arttığı ve her üç böcek türünde de mutlak ölümün sağlandığı ortaya konmuştur.

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata Saunders (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a very deleterious insect pest for fruits of many horticultural hosts. Boric acid had tested as a safe and friendly-environmental insecticide againstthe pest as baits for adults. Five formulations of baits (water, sugar solution at 5 and 10 % as well as Buminal solutions at 2.5 and 5 %) were applied at 4 concentrations of boric acid (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 %)for the newly emerged, 24 hrs old starved flies and 48 hrs old starved flies. The mortality percentages were recorded after 24 hrs and 48 hrs of application. The mortality percentages significantly ranged between 30- 90.67 for the newly emerged flies after 24 hrs and 34.67- 100 after 48 hrs. Also, the ranges of mortality for 24 hrs starved flies significantly were 42.33- 88.67 % after 24 hrs and 55- 100 % after 48 hrs, whereas that recorded for 48 starved flies significantly were 70.33- 93.67 % after 24 hrs and insignificantly 96- 100 % after 48 hrs. Also, results revealed that the mortality percentages increased with the increase of boric acid concentrations, exposure period of application and starvation duration. According to these results, it is recommended to use boric acid in control of peach fruit fly as effective partial bait or mass trapping techniques that ensure no direct contact with the plants.

The control of stored grain pests requires effective materials that are save for humans and environment, low cost, available and easy to obtain and do not need trained labor. Therefore, the current study suggested testing three silica forms in the form of nanoparticles, these were Aerosil 200, chemical and bio-silica for controlling Callosobrochus maculatus F. (Col., Bruchidae), Rhythopertha dominica fab, and Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val). The obtained results showed that the percent mortality increased with the increasing of concentration and exposure period. Moreover, all the tested materials of nanoparticles had detrimental induction on mortality and offspring of the three tested insects. In addition the adults of C.maculatus were more susceptible followed by R.dominica and T.confusum with the three tested materials at the all concentrations used. Data obtained revealed that the activity of chemical silica had the first rank followed by Aerosil 200 and bio-silica where the LC50 of chemical silica ranged between 0.14-1.54 one day posttreatment with significant distinction compared to Aerosil 200 (0.15-2.65) and bio-silica (2.43-7.35)g/kg grain. The findings obtained showed that the three forms of silica had deterrent action on the all tested immature stages at the all levels of concentrations. Also results clarified the egg stage was the most susceptible compared to larvae and pupae ones. The all treatments reduced the emerged adults and the losses of grain weight. Consequently the present study explained that the three used forms of silica are promising materials for controlling the tested insects as safe alternatives to the synthetic insecticides.

The air pollution in the garbage dump gave the bad effect for the environmental health , NH3, H2S and the other polluted gases were the causes of air pollution that could give the bad effect for health, especially respiratory disorders. The garbage dump of bukit pinang was located in samarinda and still used open dumping method that could cause environmental pollution. Research design used cross sectional approach. The sample of NH3 and H2S was taken at 3 points and there were 34 respondents that were chosen using purposive sampling. Data collection included in the measurement of NH3 and H2S, interview, and observation of respiratory disorders. Data analysis used t-independent test with 95% of confidence level.Result of the study showed that the concentration of NH3 and H2S at garbage dump of Bukit Pinang at sample points I, II, and III was still under quality standard. Result of T - Independent showed that there was relationship among concentration of NH3 (?-value= 0,005), concentration H2S (?-value=0,042), exposure period of NH3 and H2S (?-value=0,000), and Risk Quotient NH3 (?-value=0,000), H2S (?-value=0,000) with the respiratory disorders of the people around the garbage dump of bukit pinang. Result of Mann-Whitney test showed that there was no relationship between exposure frequency of NH3 and H2S (?-value=0,284) with the respiratory disorders of the people around the garbage dump of bukit pinang

Elevated industrial production and broaden applications of indium oxide materials have increased concerns over the occupational exposure of industry workers. Respirable In2O3 particles have been identified in the workplaces and lung of indium-processing workers. The aim of this study was to assess the indium distribution in vivo and organs injury induced by nano-In2O3 particles. More than 50% of nano-In2O3 particles were accumulated in the lungs after 8-week exposure period and caused serious pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and pneumonia. The migration of nano-In2O3 particles from lungs to the other organs was very low and dose not steadily increase the indium burden in those organs except kidney and liver. The repeated intratracheal instillations of nano-In2O3 particles into the lungs of Wistar rats were dose-dependent increased the concentrations of serum indium.

Cereal production has always been an important component of Tunisian agriculture. However, insect pests are considered as a serious biosecurity threat to Tunisian cereals’ production and industry. Several methods such as fumigation have been used in storage. However, their use is controverted due to human and environmental worries. The main objective of this study was to introduce an ecologically safe method for managing the rust–red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The insecticidal activities of Laurus nobilis have been extensively investigated. Therefore, the L. nobilis leaf essential oil chemical composition, and its insecticidal activity against T. castaneum adults were evaluated. Thus, a preliminary screening tests were designed to assess fumigant toxicity of Laurus nobilis essential oil against T. castaneum adults and to determine median effective concentrations (LC50 value). A second experiment was aimed to test the impact of spaces occupation with semolina and the storage period on essential oil effectiveness. T. castaneum adults were treated with the LC50 concentration and mortalities were assessed after 30, and 60 days of storage under 50% and 100% spaces occupied with semolina. Furthermore, the qualitative contamination of semolina by T. castaneum and the effect of essential oil on semolina characteristics and rheological dough properties were elucidated. Results indicated that the oil exhibited strong fumigant potentialities that depend on the exposure period and percentage of space occupation. The LT50 values for T. castaneum ranged from 70.48 h for 50% space occupation with semolina to 43.44 h for 100% space occupation with semolina. Moreover, we investigated the essential oil impact on semolina characteristics (protein, ash, gluten, and moisture) and rheological dough. Results indicated that the oil exhibited strong fumigant potentialities that depend on the exposure period and percentage of space occupation. It was also revealed that essential oil treatment slightly modified semolina characteristics but did not affect rheological properties that still conformed with ISO standards. The results of this study can be interested in further phytochemical and insecticidal activities of L. nobilis essential oil as alternative fumigants for control of stored semolina without negative effect on the quality of semolina.

An infectious trigger for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is hypothesized and we assessed the association between the rate, type, and critical exposure period for infections and the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We conducted a matched case-control study using administrative databases to evaluate the association between the rate of infections and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed between the ages of 2-14 years from Ontario, Canada and we used a validated approach to measure infections. In 1600 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 16 000 matched cancer-free controls aged 2-14 years, having >2 infections/year increased the odds of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by 43% (odds ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.13-1.81) compared to children with ≤0.25 infections/year. Having >2 respiratory infections/year increased odds of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by 28% (odds ratio =1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.57) compared to children with ≤0.25 respiratory infections/year. Having an invasive infection increased the odds of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by 72% (odds ratio =1.72, 95% confidence interval 1.31-2.26). Having an infection between the age of 1-1.5 years increased the odds of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by 20% (odds ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.39). Having more infections increased the odds of developing childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and having an infection between the ages of 1-1.5 years increased the odds of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

In preclinical populations, binge consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) initiated during either adolescence or adulthood increases the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of cocaine, whereas ad lib HFD consumption initiated during adulthood reduces or fails to influence cocaine intake. From this, it appears that binge exposure is a sufficient condition to increase cocaine IVSA and that such effects occur independent of the exposure period. It is not clear, however, if ad lib exposure would be sufficient to affect the IVSA of cocaine if initiated during adolescence, a developmental period associated with high-risk behavior. To investigate this question, the present experiment evaluated the effects of consumption of a HFD given throughout adolescence and adulthood on cocaine IVSA (0.75 mg/kg/infusion). Specifically, male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on either a HFD (n = 24) or chow diet (n = 15) beginning on postnatal day (PND) 21 and as adults underwent cocaine IVSA [Fixed Ratio (FR) 1, FR 5, FR 10, FR 20, Progressive Ratio (PR) and cue- and drug + cue-induced responding] from PNDs 77-126. Under all of these conditions, animals maintained on the HFD displayed higher rates of cocaine IVSA than those given access to chow. The present data demonstrate that under these specific conditions long-term exposure during the risk period of adolescence and extended throughout adulthood is capable of impacting the subsequent likelihood of cocaine self-administration and suggest that diet type and the duration of exposure may be important factors influencing the vulnerability to drug intake. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Industrial and urban development, together with population growth, has contributed to the increase of atmospheric pollution, and causes the air of urban centers to present more and more substances that are harmful to living beings. In southern Santa Catarina, Morro da Fumaça and Sangão are the highlights in the production of red ceramics (bricks and tiles), these industries use combustion processes for the manufacture of their product and releases air pollutants.The exposure period of the organism was from June to October 2015, at Points A and B in Morro da Fumaça and C, D and E in Sangão. Collections of the young inflorescences of the exposed plants were carried out weekly. After collection, inflorescences were fixed in ethanol / glacial acetic acid solution (3: 1) for 24 hours, transferred to 70% ethanol solution and stored under refrigeration. These were submitted to staining with acetic carmine and the number of micronuclei in 300 tetrads was quantified for each inflorescence, and blades with 5 inflorescences / week were made for each point studied. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and median and range. In the present study it can be verified that the bioindicator Tradescantia pallida shows to be a highly sensitive plant and an excellent test organism, considered an essential tool in the biomonitoring of polluted environments. The results show that in the month of August, the frequency of micronuclei was significantly higher in the plants of the sampling points.