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Abstract Maintaining eye contact is a fundamental aspect of non-verbal communication, yet current remote communication tools, such as video calls, struggle to replicate the natural eye contact experienced in face-to-face interactions. This study presents a cutting-edge vision-sharing system for android avatars that enables remote eye contact by synchronizing the eye movements of the operator and the avatar. Our innovative system features an eyeball integrated with a wide-angle lens camera, meticulously designed to mimic human eyes in both appearance and functionality. This technology is seamlessly integrated into android avatars, enabling operators to perceive the avatar’s surroundings as if physically present. It provides a stable and immersive visual experience through a head-mounted display synchronized with the avatar’s gaze direction. Through rigorous experimental evaluations, we demonstrated the system’s ability to faithfully replicate the operator’s perspective through the avatar, making eye contact more intuitive and effortless compared with conventional methods. Subjective assessments further validated the system’s capacity to reduce operational workload and enhance user experience. These compelling findings underscore the potential of our vision-sharing system to elevate the realism and efficacy of remote communication using android avatars.

Maintaining eye contact is a fundamental aspect of non-verbal communication, yet current remote communication tools, such as video calls, struggle to replicate the natural eye contact experienced in face-to-face interactions. This study presents a cutting-edge vision-sharing system for android avatars that enables remote eye contact by synchronizing the eye movements of the operator and the avatar. Our innovative system features an eyeball integrated with a wide-angle lens camera, meticulously designed to mimic human eyes in both appearance and functionality. This technology is seamlessly integrated into android avatars, enabling operators to perceive the avatar's surroundings as if physically present. It provides a stable and immersive visual experience through a head-mounted display synchronized with the avatar's gaze direction. Through rigorous experimental evaluations, we demonstrated the system's ability to faithfully replicate the operator's perspective through the avatar, making eye contact more intuitive and effortless compared with conventional methods. Subjective assessments further validated the system's capacity to reduce operational workload and enhance user experience. These compelling findings underscore the potential of our vision-sharing system to elevate the realism and efficacy of remote communication using android avatars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomical structures forming the eyeball differ among dog breeds, both morphologically and morphometrically. This study was aimed at determining the morphometric values of the eyeball layers of different dog breeds and the morphological structures of these layers using scanning electron microscopy. Thirty‐two eyeballs of 17 dogs belonging to 9 different breeds that died from traffic accidents, falling from a height, and naturally were used. These dog breeds were grouped according to their brachycephalic and mesocephalic skull structures, and morphometric measurements of the eyeballs of each group were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphological structure of the eyeball layers. The studied dogs' eyeballs comprised three layers: outer, middle, and inner. Thickness measurements obtained from three different regions of the eyeball indicated that the equatorial region was the thinnest among all dog breeds. Moreover, the cornea, which is covered by the sclera along its edges, was thicker at the corneal limbus than at the corneal vertex. A positive correlation was observed between lens thickness and the number of ciliary processes, which varied according to the dogs' head structures. Notably, depression was observed in the posterior surface of the lens in brachycephalic dogs. The morphometric values of the eyeball layers in the brachycephalic and mesocephalic dog breeds were also determined. These values will help researchers study this subject, and the determined morphometric and morphological values will contribute to the anatomy literature. Research Highlights: This comprehensive study investigates the morphometric and morphological variations in the eyeball layers of different dog breeds, utilizing scanning electron microscopy to analyze eyeballs. It reveals significant breed‐specific differences, particularly between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs, regarding eyeball layer thickness, corneal structure, lens thickness, and the number of ciliary processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous preparation scheme EPO-Poly-indol-nido-carborane (E-P-INDOLCAB), L100-55-Poly-indol-nido-carborane (L-P-INDOLCAB), RS-Polyindol-nido-carborane (S-P-INDOLCAB), and RL-Poly-indol-nido-carborane (R-P-INDOLCAB) were used to prepare the four types of acrylic resin-coated nido-carborane indole fluorescent polymers. After testing their spectral properties and the fluorescence stability curve trend at various acidic pH values (3.4 and 5.5, respectively), L-P-INDOLCAB and S-P-INDOLCAB were determined to be the best polymers. The stable states of the two polymers and the dispersion of the nanoparticles on the system's surface during Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) test are shown by the zeta potentials of -23 and -42 mV. The dispersion of nanoparticles on the system's surface and the stable condition of the two polymers were examined using zeta potential and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can also confirm these findings, showing that the acrylic resin securely encases the interior to forman eyeball. Both polymers' biocompatibility with HELA cells was enhanced in cell imaging, closely enclosing the target cells. The two complexes displayed strong inhibitory effects on PC-3 and HeLa cells when the concentration was 20 ug/mL, as validated by subsequent cell proliferation toxicity studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vision is an extremely important sense in bats and can influence foraging activities. The present study aimed to evaluate morphometric aspects of the eyeballs of Neotropical bats with different feeding habits. Based on the hypothesis that frugivorous and nectarivorous bats likely possess better visual resolution compared to insectivorous and sanguivorous species due to their foraging modes, we predicted that these bats would have larger eyeballs and internal eye structures comparable to those of insectivorous and blood-eating species. Histological analysis allowed for estimating the thickness of the cornea, choroid, sclera, and retina, as well as counting the number of photoreceptor cells in the external nuclear layer of the retina of two frugivorous species (Artibeus obscurus, A. planirostris), two nectarivorous species (Glossophaga soricina, Anoura geoffroyi), two blood-eating species (Diphylla ecaudata, Desmodus rotundus), and one insectivorous species (Nyctinomops laticaudatus). Macroscopic measurements were obtained in four of these species. There is a statistically significant relationship between the type of diet and the morphological differences of the eyeball, confirming our predictions regarding fruit bats, which presented the highest means of ocular parameters while the insectivorous N. laticaudatus and the nectarivorous G. soricina exhibited the lowest. These latter two species had a thinner cornea, indicating a possible lower refractive power and, consequently, lower visual acuity. The blood-eating species showed divergent results. Additionally, the insectivorous N. laticaudatus also had a smaller number of photoreceptor cell nuclei in the outer nuclear layer of the retina, possibly indicating less transduction of light signals by the retina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate gender differences in orbital morphology using large MRI datasets. Methods: Using a deep learning-based approach, the orbit and eyeball were automatically segmented from high resolution 3D MRI images of the IXI and OASIS3 datasets. Orbital and eyeball morphological parameters, including orbital volume, eyeball volume, effective orbital volume (EOV, defined as the orbital cavity volume excluding the eyeball), and coronal orbital dimensions and shape, were quantitatively assessed. The volume index was defined as the ratio of orbital volume to eyeball volume. Results: This study included 1926 subjects with a mean age of 63.9 ​± ​15.3 years. The mean volumes of the eyeball and orbit were 7.1 ​± ​1.0 ​ml and 25.9 ​± ​3.5 ​ml, respectively. Significant gender differences (all P ​

Abstract Background The aim of this study, which was based on this hypothesis, was to estimate sex and age by using a machine learning algorithm (ML) and artificial neural networks (ANN) with parameters obtained from the eyeball. The study was conducted on corneal topography images of 155 women and 155 men aged between 6 and 87 who did not have surgical intervention or pathology in their eyeballs. In the study, the individuals were divided into four different age groups 6–17, 18–34, 35–55, and 56–87. Sex and age estimation was carried out by using the numerical data of parameters obtained as a result of corneal topography imaging in ML and ANN inputs. Results As a result of our study, in sex determination, a 0.98 accuracy rate (Acc) was obtained with the logistic regression algorithm, one of the ML algorithms, and 0.94 Acc was obtained with the MLCP model, one of the ANN algorithms; in age estimation, 0.84 Acc was obtained with RF algorithm, one of the ML algorithms. With the SHAP analyzer of the Random Forest algorithm, through which the effects of parameters on the overall result are evaluated, the parameter that made the highest contribution to sex estimation was found to be corneal volume, and the parameter that made the highest contribution to age estimation was found to be pupil Q parameter. Conclusion As a result of our study, it was found that parameters obtained from the eyeball showed a high accuracy in sex and age estimation.

Abstract Diabetic patients are at high risk of developing lacrimal gland dysfunction, and the antimalarial drug artesunate (ART) was recently used to induce experimental-induced diabetes mellitus. This study’s objective is to investigate the lacrimal gland alteration and the effect of ART on experimentally induced diabetes rat models and its related mechanisms. Forty rats were divided into five groups (8 rats/group): healthy control group (HC), diabetic group (DM), 50 mg/kg ART intervention diabetic group [DM + ART (50 mg/kg)], 100 mg/kg ART intervention diabetic group [DM + ART (100 mg/kg)] and 6 U/kg Insulin intervention diabetic group (DM + INS). The morphology of the eyeball and lacrimal gland tissues was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, external lacrimal glands were harvested for electronic microscopic examination, NFκB1, and TNF-α protein expression evaluation by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analysis by RT-PCR. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes suggest ART intervention has an improved structural effect. Protein expression of NFκB1 in the DM + ART (100 mg/kg) group was decreased. TNF-α significantly decreased in the DM + ART (50 mg/kg) and insulin groups. We concluded that ART improves structural changes in a lacrimal gland in diabetic rats. The present study provides further evidence of the therapeutic effect of ART on the lacrimal gland of diabetic rats by decreasing the expression of NFκB1 and TNF-α.

Background: The aim of this study, which was based on this hypothesis, was to estimate sex and age by using a machine learning algorithm (ML) and artificial neural networks (ANN) with parameters obtained from the eyeball. The study was conducted on corneal topography images of 155 women and 155 men aged between 6 and 87 who did not have surgical intervention or pathology in their eyeballs. In the study, the individuals were divided into four different age groups 6–17, 18–34, 35–55, and 56–87. Sex and age estimation was carried out by using the numerical data of parameters obtained as a result of corneal topography imaging in ML and ANN inputs. Results: As a result of our study, in sex determination, a 0.98 accuracy rate (Acc) was obtained with the logistic regression algorithm, one of the ML algorithms, and 0.94 Acc was obtained with the MLCP model, one of the ANN algorithms; in age estimation, 0.84 Acc was obtained with RF algorithm, one of the ML algorithms. With the SHAP analyzer of the Random Forest algorithm, through which the effects of parameters on the overall result are evaluated, the parameter that made the highest contribution to sex estimation was found to be corneal volume, and the parameter that made the highest contribution to age estimation was found to be pupil Q parameter. Conclusion: As a result of our study, it was found that parameters obtained from the eyeball showed a high accuracy in sex and age estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic patients are at high risk of developing lacrimal gland dysfunction, and the antimalarial drug artesunate (ART) was recently used to induce experimental-induced diabetes mellitus. This study's objective is to investigate the lacrimal gland alteration and the effect of ART on experimentally induced diabetes rat models and its related mechanisms. Forty rats were divided into five groups (8 rats/group): healthy control group (HC), diabetic group (DM), 50 mg/kg ART intervention diabetic group [DM + ART (50 mg/kg)], 100 mg/kg ART intervention diabetic group [DM + ART (100 mg/kg)] and 6 U/kg Insulin intervention diabetic group (DM + INS). The morphology of the eyeball and lacrimal gland tissues was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, external lacrimal glands were harvested for electronic microscopic examination, NFκB1, and TNF-α protein expression evaluation by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analysis by RT-PCR. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes suggest ART intervention has an improved structural effect. Protein expression of NFκB1 in the DM + ART (100 mg/kg) group was decreased. TNF-α significantly decreased in the DM + ART (50 mg/kg) and insulin groups. We concluded that ART improves structural changes in a lacrimal gland in diabetic rats. The present study provides further evidence of the therapeutic effect of ART on the lacrimal gland of diabetic rats by decreasing the expression of NFκB1 and TNF-α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) implantation in the treatment of silicone oil-dependent eyes. Methods The clinical data of patients who had undergone FCVB implantation for silicone oil dependent eyes in Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University from April 2021 to February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The effect of FCVB implantation was evaluated. Results A total of 104 eyes of 104 patients were included in this study including 74 males and 30 females. The mean age was (36.00±18.25) years (range, 3~68 years). All the eyes were silicone oil dependent, including 94 eyes with ocular trauma (90.4%), 3 eyes with acute retinal necrosis, and 7 eyes with complex retinal detachment. The mean follow-up time was (337.50±102.03) days (180~550 days). All the patients underwent 25 G vitrectomy combined with FCVB implantation, and the residual retina were successfully reattached. There were no significant differences in intraocular pressure, axial length and best corrected visual acuity before and after the surgery. FCVBs were successfully implanted in all the eyes without serious complications such as endophthalmitis, drainage valve exposure and capsula rupture. Fourteen eyes (13.5%) had worse corneal opacity after surgery. Fifteen eyes (14.4%) had hyphema after the implantation and underwent anterior chamber irrigation. Five eyes (4.8%) underwent anterior chamber reshaping surgery due to FCVB anterior displacement. Conclusions FCVB implantation can maintain the shape of the eyeballs in silicone oil-dependent eyes and prevent them from atrophy after short-term follow-up. However, its long-term effect needs further study with long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Personalized medicine and patient-tailored drug dosing have been substantiated through thousands of clinical studies, demonstrating their safety and efficacy. The principle: “as much as necessary, as little as possible” is widely spread. Quantities and doses are therefore adjusted individually. This is not the case for intravitreal injections in the context of retinal diseases. Intravitreal injections are not adjusted in relation to the vitreous volume. The vitreous body is described as “approx. 4 cm3” in the literature. Methods In this retrospective observational study, we included 72 eyes of patients who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbit and biometry measurements of the anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length. After segmentation of the volume data, the vitreous volume was extracted by voxel integration, and a simple prediction model was derived to determine the vitreous volume from the axial length (AL) measurement with AL3·π/6·(0.76 + 0.012·(AL-24). This is the volume of a sphere AL3·π/6 and a correction term 0.76 + 0.012·(AL-24) to account for the portion of the vitreous in the entire globe and the proportional increase of the vitreous portion for long (myopic) eyes. Results Emmetropic eyes with an axial length of 22.50–23.50 mm had a vitreous volume of around 4.5–5.5 cm3. Myopic eyes with an axial length of 30.00 mm had a calculated vitreous volume of 9.0–10.0 cm3. Hypermetropic eyes with an axial length of 20.00 mm showed a vitreous volume of 3.0–4.0 cm3. Conclusions By implementing the new calculation formula on the IOLCON website, it will be easy to get the exact individual vitreous volume. The data could be used by retinal surgeons prior to surgery. The knowledge of anatomical dimensions and exact individual vitreous volume seems to be important for gas and silicone oil fillings. With the newly derived knowledge, multicentric studies can evaluate the impact of the dose in intravitreal therapies. Patient-tailored dosing could prevent side effects and improve effectiveness.

Introduction: Personalized medicine and patient-tailored drug dosing have been substantiated through thousands of clinical studies, demonstrating their safety and efficacy. The principle: "as much as necessary, as little as possible" is widely spread. Quantities and doses are therefore adjusted individually. This is not the case for intravitreal injections in the context of retinal diseases. Intravitreal injections are not adjusted in relation to the vitreous volume. The vitreous body is described as "approx. 4 cm3" in the literature. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we included 72 eyes of patients who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbit and biometry measurements of the anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length. After segmentation of the volume data, the vitreous volume was extracted by voxel integration, and a simple prediction model was derived to determine the vitreous volume from the axial length (AL) measurement with AL3·π/6·(0.76 + 0.012·(AL-24). This is the volume of a sphere AL3·π/6 and a correction term 0.76 + 0.012·(AL-24) to account for the portion of the vitreous in the entire globe and the proportional increase of the vitreous portion for long (myopic) eyes. Results: Emmetropic eyes with an axial length of 22.50–23.50 mm had a vitreous volume of around 4.5–5.5 cm3. Myopic eyes with an axial length of 30.00 mm had a calculated vitreous volume of 9.0–10.0 cm3. Hypermetropic eyes with an axial length of 20.00 mm showed a vitreous volume of 3.0–4.0 cm3. Conclusions: By implementing the new calculation formula on the IOLCON website, it will be easy to get the exact individual vitreous volume. The data could be used by retinal surgeons prior to surgery. The knowledge of anatomical dimensions and exact individual vitreous volume seems to be important for gas and silicone oil fillings. With the newly derived knowledge, multicentric studies can evaluate the impact of the dose in intravitreal therapies. Patient-tailored dosing could prevent side effects and improve effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop the design of a thermoelectric system (TPS) for thermal action on the anterior segment of the human eyeball, as well as to conduct its field studies.Method. The study is based on the methods of thermodynamic analysis, natural and computational modeling of processes and life support facilities.Result. The design of TPP for thermal impact on the anterior segment of the human eyeball is presented. Its fullscale studies were carried out in accordance with the existing methods of thermophysical measurements. Curves of changes in the temperature of the surface of the gelatin model of the human eyeball over time during cooling and heating were obtained for the supply currents of the thermoelectric module (TEM) included in the TPP, equal to 2.5 A, 3 A, 3.5 A, A and 1 A, 1 .2 A, 1.4 A, as well as changes in the temperature of the object of influence over time when changing the cooling mode to heating and vice versa. To assess the possibilities of heat removal from the hot junctions of TEMs in the system, data were obtained on the change in their temperature over time during the cooling effect for various values of the module supply current.Conclusion. It has been established that standard modules produced by domestic firms can be used as TEMs in the system. The duration of entering the TPP mode is about 230 s. The refore, it seems appropriate to bring the TPP to the operating mode before the actual procedures are carried out. It has been established that the duration of TPP switching from cooling to heating mode and vice versa is 230 s, which requires further optimization of the design and operating modes of the device through the use of more advanced types of TEMs and the use of forced operation of thermal modules in the transient mode.

Scleral cartilage biocalcium (SCBC) powder from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) eyeball scleral cartilage (STESC) was produced using hexane and isopropanol (1:1) for defatting, followed by protein removal using alcalase at different concentrations (1.5–4.5%) for various times (0–180 min). Calcined scleral cartilage (CSC) was also prepared and characterized. The lowest fat remaining in STESC was attained after 6 cycles of defatting (P < 0.05). The use of 1.5% alcalase for 90 min resulted in the highest soluble protein removal, while showed the lowest loss in hydroxyproline. Higher value of calcium (39.90%), phosphorus (18.97%) and L* (87.97) were detected in the CSC powder, compared to SCBC powder (23.28%, 10.99% and 81.77, respectively) (P < 0.05). However, a*, b*, and ∆E* of CSC powder were lower than SCBC counterpart. The mean particle sizes of both powders had a negligible difference (P > 0.05). XRD-diffractogram of both powders confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite. CSC showed the loss of water, amide I, II, III, and other organic functional group peaks in Fourier transform infrared spectra. Also, smaller number and abundance of volatile compounds were found in CSC powder. STESC showed a higher calcium solubility in gastrointestinal tract than CSC (P < 0.05). Therefore, scleral cartilage of tuna eyeball could be used as an alternative source for producing biocalcium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Lakhimi breed cattle weighing approximately 80kg was presented in the veterinary clinical complex, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science with an almond sized blood clot at the centre of the left eyeball. Physical examination confirmed the case as traumatic rupture of eye ball along with complete loss of vision. Exenteration of eyeball with tarsoraphy was done under local anaesthesia. Uneventful progressive recovery could be noticed within a period of 15 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There are few publications describing the use of advanced diagnostic imaging techniques in turtle ophthalmology. However, adequate knowledge of the anatomy of the eye and its associated structures, given their adaptations to be able to develop in the aquatic environment and also in the terrestrial one, could be an important tool to deepen the ophthalmological anatomy, lifestyle, and pathology of these animals. The short bibliography referring to the anatomy and pathology of the eyeball of turtles poses a challenge for veterinarians and conservationists given the increasing presence of this type of turtle in veterinary and wildlife centres. Although they nest on land, these animals spend a large part of their lives in the ocean, which entails a series of eye adaptations such as well-developed nictitating membranes, palpebral scales, highly sensitive corneas, or sclerotic rings to protect the eye. In our study, we performed a morphometric analysis of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) eyeball and its internal structures using advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT). To the best of the authors' knowledge, there have been no studies published that describe the CT intraocular measurements of presumed normal loggerhead turtle eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a biopolymer of enormous value aggregation for in general industry. The vitreous humor of the eyeball from Nile tilapia contains appreciable amounts of hyaluronic acid. In this sense, the aim of this work was to extract and characterize hyaluronic acid from the eyeball of the Nile tilapia for biomedical applications, adding value to fish industry residues. The characterization by infra-red (FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed that hyaluronic acid was obtained. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the obtained material presents a low molecular mass (37 KDa). Thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the materials present a thermal stability superior to the commercial hyaluronic acid from Streptococcus equi , with a partially crystalline character. The cytotoxicity assay (MTT method) with fibroblast cells (L929) demonstrated that the extracted biopolymer besides not being cytotoxic, was able to stimulate cell proliferation. Therefore, the hyaluronic acid extracted from this source of residue constitutes a product with biotechnological potential, which has adequate quality for wide biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • HA of low molecular mass (37 KDa) was isolated of the eyeball Nile Tilapia. • HA was confirmed and characterized with FTIR, 13C NMR and HPLC. • The contents of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur were revealed. • Extracted HA was able to stimulate cell proliferation in fibroblast cells. • Extracted HA is a product with adequate quality for wide biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the fact that in the specialized literature the data regarding the comparative morphology of the eyeball in birds are summary, being only details regarding the general structure, size and color, for a limited number of species, we considered it necessary to make a complex table, which includes all the anatomical elements from the level of the eye, especially those integrated to the artistic anatomy, a field of great importance for professional taxidermists. Following a laborious study, carried out on different reference materials, we managed to draw up this original table, which is intended to be a useful tool for the correct and easy choice of artificial eyes used in professional taxidermy. Based on this table, top manufacturers can be ordered to manufacture complex artificial eyes that present all the anatomical elements characteristic of a certain bird species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correction of penile curvature or "chordee" is a major component in the management of hypospadias. Accurate assessment and management of penile curvature influence both short- and long-term outcomes of surgery. [Display omitted] The objective of this study is to investigate the accuracy of eyeball measurement and how does it compare to objective measurement by standard goniometry (SG) and smartphone app goniometry (AG). A Dropbox file request link was shared with paediatric urologists on various social media platforms requesting participants to upload a picture of their index finger showing what they thought 30 degrees of curvature look like using their proximal inter phalangeal joint as the point of maximal curvature., The images were assessed using SG to measure the angle of curvature. The images were also assessed using AG by the principal investigator, a physician, a scrub nurse and a paediatric urology consultant., Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistics software version 26 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). A one sample t-test and a one-way chi squared test were used to evaluate significant frequency differences. Pearson correlation was used to compare AG measurements to test intra- and inter-observer reliability and to compare AG measurements vs SG measurements. Assuming 5-degree variability in goniometer measurements and 2-degree difference between the sample and population, the number of participants needed was calculated to be 49. Fifty-two responses were received.32.7% of respondents simulated 30° accurately (17/52). A significant proportion (23/52, 44.2%) overrepresented the degree of curvature and 23.1% (12/52) underrepresented it (p = 0.01). Compared with objective measures, eyeball estimates differed by an average of 10° ± 1.5 SE. Measurements obtained by AG were comparable to measures obtained by SG and showed excellent intra-observer and inter-observer correlation (R = 0.983, P < 0.001). We demonstrated a significant discrepancy between eyeball assessment of curvature and objective measurements in a cohort of hypospadiologists. This can be very relevant to intraoperative decision making. The limitation of the study is the use of a simulated model rather than assessment of curvature in patients with hypospadias. Another limitation is the lack of standardization of the way the pictures were taken. We demonstrated a tendency among hypospadiologists to overestimate or underestimate curvature by an average of 10° on eyeball assessment. The use of App Goniometry shows excellent interobserver reliability and is comparable to standard goniometry in curvature assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Light is a significant component of housing environment in commercial poultry industry. This study was conducted to investigate whether Pekin ducks perform better under monochromatic lights than under white light with respect to their growth performance, carcass quality, eyeball development, oxidation resistance, and cecal bacterial communities. Methods A total of 320 one-day-old male Pekin ducklings were randomly distributed into five rooms with different light treatments, white, red, yellow, green, and blue light. Each room consisted of 4 replicated pens with 16 ducklings per pen. Results Blue light significantly decreased fat deposition by decreasing abdominal fat. Long wavelength light, such as red, green, and yellow light, considerably increased the back-to-front eyeball diameter and the red light potentially enlarged the side-to-side eyeball diameter. Besides, the blue light had adverse effects on the oxidation resistance status in terms of increasing the product malonaldehyde of lipid oxidation and decreasing the plasma concentration of total superoxide dismutase. The phyla of Firmicutes had the greatest abundance in the green and blue treatments, while Bacteroidetes in blue treatment was the least. The genus of Faecalibacterium was significantly lower under the red light. Conclusion The high risk of cecal health status and decreased anti-oxidation activity were observed under blue light. Red, yellow, and green light might increase the risk of oversized eyeball and cecal illness. Therefore, monochromatic lights compared to white light did not show advantages on the performance of housing ducks, it turns out that the white light is the best light condition for grow-out ducks.

The anatomy and features of the histological structure of the components of the eye of a one-humped camel were investigated. Ultrasound examinations of the eye, determination of the iridocorneal angle with a gynoscope were carried out on live animals in the clinic after the introduction of eye drops (xylocaine 2%, atropine sulfate 3%). The condition of the eye membranes was determined by histological methods. The studies were carried out on twenty eyeballs from ten clinically healthy adult camels, selected during slaughter in a meat processing enterprise. The anatomical and topographic features of the organ, its membranes and structures, absolute and relative mass, and linear measurements were determined. Thin histological sections of the eye wall were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, impregnated with silver nitrate, followed by examination under a microscope. In a one-humped camel, the eyelashes of both eyelids are very thick and long. The internal architectonics of the eyeball of a one-humped camel is similar to that of other animal species. The lens was found to be a transparent biconvex structure located inside the eyeball just behind the iris. The cornea of the eye occupies almost the entire visible part of the eye. The ciliary body is located behind the iris near the lens. The main functions of the ciliary body are the formation of intraocular fluid (aqueous humor), which fills the front of the eye. The ciliary body contains muscles that enable the eye to focus on objects located at different distances. A feature of the camel’s eye is the very open iridocorneal angle. The retina is built up by nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye. The retina perceives light, generates impulses that pass through the optic nerve and are sent to the brain. The histological structure of the membranes of the eye was studied after applying routine methods. It has been established that the eyes are built by various types of tissues, in particular, epithelial (epithelium of the conjunctiva), dense loose connective tissue (the corneal substance itself), loose connective tissue and pigment tissue (choroid) and nervous tissue with a layer of melanocytes and keratinocytes.

The short bibliography referring to the anatomy and pathology of the eyeball of turtles poses a challenge for veterinarians and conservationists given the increasing presence of this type of turtle in veterinary and wildlife centres. Although they nest on land, these animals spend a large part of their lives in the ocean, which entails a series of eye adaptations such as well-developed nictitating membranes, palpebral scales, highly sensitive corneas, or sclerotic rings to protect the eye. In our study, we performed a morphometric analysis of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) eyeball and its internal structures using advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there have been no studies published that describe the CT intraocular measurements of presumed normal loggerhead turtle eyes.

The continuous preparation scheme EPO-Poly-indol- nido -carborane (E-P-INDOLCAB), L100-55-Poly-indol- nido -carborane (L-P-INDOLCAB), RS-Poly-indol- nido -carborane (S-P-INDOLCAB), and RL-Poly-indol- nido -carborane (R-P-INDOLCAB) were used to prepare the four types of acrylic resin-coated nido-carborane indole fluorescent polymers. After testing their spectral properties and the fluorescence stability curve trend at various acidic pH values (3.4 and 5.5, respectively), L-P-INDOLCAB and S-P-INDOLCAB were determined to be the best polymers. The stable states of the two polymers and the dispersion of the nanoparticles on the system's surface during Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) test are shown by the zeta potentials of -23 and -42 mV. The dispersion of nanoparticles on the system's surface and the stable condition of the two polymers were examined using zeta potential and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can also confirm these findings, showing that the acrylic resin securely encases the interior to form an eyeball. Both polymers' biocompatibility with HELA cells was enhanced in cell imaging, closely enclosing the target cells. The two complexes displayed strong inhibitory effects on PC-3 and HeLa cells when the concentration was 20 ug/mL, as validated by subsequent cell proliferation toxicity studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Mao, Feng, Wang and Jin.)

This study was aimed to investigate the main morphological components of the eyes in local Iraqi buffalos. Ten pairs of eyeballs were collected from a local slaughterhouse for anatomical observations. The Biomedical measurements were recorded and then these spacemen were fixed in 10% formalin. The rostral surface of the buffalo eyeball was protected by upper and lower eyelids, lined by thin, moist pink mucous membrane, conjunctiva. The cartilage of the third eyelid has a wing-like shape piece cartilage. The eyeball of buffalo is semispherical in shape, with a flat posterior surface. The sclera is penetrated by the optic nerve at the posterior part ventral to the median plane. The cornea is elliptical, the medial end is wider than the lateral end; the horizontal corneal diameter is longer than the vertical corneal diameter and the thickness of the cornea was more in central than in peripheral. The choroid is a thin dark or black-pigmented membrane located between the sclera and retina and continuous rostrally as iris and ciliary body. A well-developed metallic shiny bluish teptum lucidium was formed the dorsal half of the choroid. The retina was thin and easy to lose during fixation. The iris is a delicate diaphragm that has a central foramen by the pupil. The vertical axis of the pupil is shorter than horizontal axis. The posterior surface of the lens is more convex than the cranial surface. The lacrimal gland of buffalo appears as amass of glandular tissue located in dorso-lateral angle of the eye inserted between bony orbit and eyeball. The muscles responsible for move the eyeball are the rectus group; dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral muscles, the dorsal and ventral oblique muscle, the retractor oculi muscle also is appears surrounded by the optic nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this investigation, the anatomy of the bulbus oculi was studied in 12 Akkaraman sheep. The bulbus oculi's specific morphological features of this breed were introduced in the study. In the border of the cornea and sclera, the limbus cornea ended at the point where it entered under the sclera. In the eyes examined, the existence of the rima cornealis sclera was not observed. Based on the observations made, the center of the cornea was thinner in comparison with its periphery. In Akkaraman sheep, it was determined that the cornea did not reach back to the iris and that an angle did not exist between them. Therefore, it is suggested anatomically, to name this an "iridoscleral angle" instead of an "iridocorneal angle". The diameter of spaces forming the schlemm canal was measured between 40 µm-170 µm. It is hoped that the research findings will provide a source for a sheep model to improve diagnosis and treatment methods in eye diseases and vision problems and to aid in future anatomical and clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laila T Ababneh,1 Hasan Mohidat,1 Heba Abdelnabi,1 Mohammed F Kana’an,2 Nour A Tashtush,2 Omar S El-Mulki,1 Abdelwahab J Aleshawi2 1Department of Special Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 2Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanCorrespondence: Laila T AbabnehDepartment of Special Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid 22110, JordanTel +962799770699Fax +962 2 7201064Email ababneh_laila@yahoo.comBackground: Specific morbidities as blindness is a serious complication that commonly results from patients with ocular traumas and can significantly impair the patient’s social and occupational abilities. This study is conducted due to the current lack of data on ocular injuries in developing countries and places near war regions and aims to investigate and evaluate the impact of ocular trauma.Material and methods: After Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, we retrospectively identified 112 patients who were admitted due to eye trauma from January 2015 until October 2018. Information about demographics, diagnostic modalities, prognostic impact, and treatment interventions were retrieved, analyzed.Results: One-hundred and twelve patients were included in the study. The majority of patients were males. The mean age for patients was 22.2. Road traffic accident (RTA) constituted the most common cause of trauma (60.7%). Gunshots and blast injuries were observed in 12.5% of patients. Workplace injuries were infrequent (8.1%). The gunshot was significantly associated with injury to two or more eyeball structures while the RTA was significantly related to one eyeball structure injury. RTA was associated with intact globe while gunshot was significantly associated with ruptured globes. The mean duration of admission was 8.1 days. Associated truncal injury is the most important independent factor affecting the duration of admission.Conclusion: Majority of trauma cases occurred in young males involved in RTAs. The location of Jordan near the Syrian war increases the appearance of gunshot ocular trauma in specific and ocular trauma in general. Educating the public is essential if we wish to prevent eye injuries.Keywords: eyeball, lens, globe, gunshot, road traffic accident

AIM: To compare the effect of fixation and select the optimal fixation solution and condition for PAS staining of guinea pig eyes among three different fixation solution: 4% paraformaldehyde solution, 4% glutaraldehyde solution and Davidson solution. METHODS: Totally 30 healthy guinea pigs were divided into 6 groups: Group I-II were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution and 4% glutaraldehyde solution for 24h, respectively; Group III-V were fixed in Davidson solution for 3, 6 and 24h, respectively; and Group VI were fixed in Davidson solution for 3h and then transferred into 10% neutral formaldehyde solution for 48h. All groups were sectioned by routine section method and undergone PAS staining, and then observed by light microscope. RESULTS: It was found that the group which was fixed by Davidson solution for 3h, remained the most complete structure for PAS staining(Group III). While the effect of fixation for the group which was transferred into 10% neutral formaldehyde solution for preserving for 48h after fixing in Davidson solution for 3h was also acceptable for PAS staining(Group VI). The retinal cells remained clear and in order for both groups which was mentioned above. CONCLUSION: The best fixation condition for PAS staining for eyes of guinea pigs is fixation in Davidson solution for 3h among these fixation conditions, while it is also suitable to transfer the eyes into neutral formaldehyde solution after fixing in Davidson solution for 3h for preserving for long periods, which is not severely reduced the effect of fixation for PAS staining.

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm most commonly occurring in the distal extremities of adult patients. It is a low-grade neoplasm with high rate of local recurrence but low rate of metastasis. We describe a case of MIFS of eyeball in an infant. An enucleation surgery was performed, and on the basis of histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation, a diagnosis of MIFS was rendered. Till date more than 400 cases of MIFS have been reported with only a single case report of MIFS in an adult in iris. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first case of MIFS in the eye in a child. Considering its rarity in children and especially in an infant (this seems to be the youngest patient in the literature), close follow-up is essential as the biology of these lesions cannot be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with deficiency hands and feet, especially people with multiple disabilities has difficulty for navigation. Therefore, this research proposed an approach to help them using an electric wheelchair and control it using their eyeball movements. However, eyeball movement detection is still a problem due to the lack of standardized methods such as low accuracy for several gazes especially for downward and forward movements that caused by failure tracking mechanisms. Failure tracking mechanism mostly caused by failure pupil detection and tracking processes. According to the conducted research, there is a relation between eyeball movement and eyelid movement. Due to the relation, it can be concluded that the movement of the eyeball can be detected by utilize the eyelid movement without using the tracking mechanism. Hence, in this research, we propose an approach to detect the five movements of the eyeball using Eye-mark based on contour and edge detection. Our proposed method produces a brisk result with 91,2% of accuracy and better computational time compared with other marking methods. Accordingly, it is interesting on how to relate between eyeball movements and electric wheelchair navigation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is diagnosed in 50% of the total number of patients suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetes duration of over 10 years and in 75-90% of patients with diabetes duration over 15 years. Purpose. To ground the possibility of using arginine for correction of vascular changes in the eye at early stage of DR. Materials and Methods. The study involved outbred white Wistar rats divided into three groups: Group 1, unexposed animals served as controls (Control group); Group 2, animals with a diabetes mellitus model (DM group); Group 3, diabetic animals which received 7% arginine solution (DM+arginine group). Results. Glucose test revealed no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 3 (р=0.14) while the difference was highly significant between Groups 2 and 3 (р=0.0019). Histological study of the eyeball tissues showed that fibers were not combined into the homogeneous mass, separate fibers could be defined. In the photoreceptor layer, structural elements were pale stained but had high density of distribution. The outer granular layer of the retina was characterized by nuclei with rather dense distribution to each other. The nuclei were relatively large, round, and brightly stained. The inner granular layer corresponded to the description of the outer granular layer. In the ganglion cell layer, neuron nuclei were round, well-stained and distributed rather evenly. Conclusions. Arginine enabled to preserve the structure and functions of vessels and to reduce the disease severity.

Objective: to study the volumetric data of the bone of the orbit and its soft tissues in children is normal.Material and methods. A research into CT scans of 50 children (80 orbits) without orbital abnormality was conducted. The computed tomography imaging was performed routinely, with both axial and frontal sections obtained. Section thickness measured 1.0 mm at intervals of 1.00 mm.Results. The article presents volume measurements for normal bony orbits and orbital soft tissue (extraocular muscle, retrobulbar tissue, optic nerve, and lacrimal gland) in children in vivo, with regard to age peculiarities. The orbital tissue volume ratios presented in the article allow for conclusions about age-specific changes in the anatomy and topography of the orbit in children.Conclusion. The growth of a child is accompanied by a continuous steady increase in the bony orbit and orbital soft tissue volume, which reaches 21.93 cm3 and 14.87 cm3 respectively by the age of 15 to 16 years. With age, the volume of orbital soft tissues shows a greater increase than the volume of the bony orbit, which leads to a change in topographic ratio of orbital tissues (the muscle “cone” widens, the eyeball protrudes forward).

Abstract Although methods are in place through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife (USFWS) program for ploidy testing of feral caught Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), no guidelines exist for carp hauled across state lines. Using 1200 Grass Carp purchased by undercover Ohio law enforcement during 2015–2016, we developed a standardized protocol for discriminating ploidy by using two parameters, nuclear size and DNA content. Bead standards at 2 μm or 4 μm were used to establish nuclear size from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), known diploid (n = 20) and triploid (n = 20) Grass Carp blood, and cells derived from eyeballs of purchased field carp. The control for establishing DNA content was cryopreserved or fresh tilapia blood (2.40 pg). Time postmortem indicated nuclear size was similar over 4 days, but DNA quality from triploids was best at 24 h. Occasionally, only size or DNA content was measurable. Tilapia mean nuclear size (n = 501 samples) was 4.61 μm (SE 0.05) (R2 = 0.94). Known diploid and triploid blood nuclear sizes, compared with tilapia size, were 3.62 μm (SE 0.13) (R2 = 0.96) and 7.58 μm (SE 0.27) (R2 = 0.96), respectively. Mean field carp eye nuclear size was 5.83 μm (SE 0.13). Mean DNA content of cells from field carp eyes (n = 698 fish) was 3.51 pg (SE 0.06). No diploid Grass Carp were detected in the USFWS certified triploid Grass Carp transports. This standard protocol reliably discriminates ploidy and can be used for enforcement of regulations that differ among state jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order for the iris to develop, a specification of the peripheral layer of the optic cup to a non-neuronal target is required, as well as the migration of periocular mesenchymal cells. Our aim was to recognize the histological changes of peripheral derivatives of the optic cup and periocular mesenchyme, as well as recognize the presence of the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the layers constituting the outline of the iris. 15 female mice (Mus musculus) pregnant young adults were used. Euthanasia was performed with sodium thiopental. Embryos and fetuses of 12, 14.5 and 17 days post-coital (dpc) were processed with histological and immunohistochemical technique with anti-Shh antibody (scbt, H-160, rabbit) with dilution 1:100 in PBS. At 12 dpc, an optic cup showing internal and external retinal layers is observed, and the iris is not observed. Between the lens and the superficial ectoderm, 4 layers of mesenchymal cells are identified. At 14.5 dpc, the iris contains two epithelial layers (internal and external) that are continued with the neural and pigmentary layers of the retina. 8 layers of mesenchymal cells are observed. At 17 dpc, the inner epithelial layer of the iris presents a more elongated segment with positive immunostaining to Shh and another part that constitutes an epithelium of simple cylindrical cells negative to this antibody. The outer epithelial layer presents the same immunonegative epithelium. The layers of the retina are also positive, as well as the periphery of the lens. The iris is not formed nor is the ciliary body.The immunopositivity in the lens, in the first segment of the inner layer of the iris outline and in the retinal ganglion layer at 17 dpc, is related to the late differentiation of the iris and the closed eyes of the offspring at birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although guidelines for facial approximations, including those for the eye, are in use in South Africa, limited data on African populations exist to confirm its validity. As precise placement of the eyes in facial approximations is of importance for facial recognition, this study tested established guidelines by measuring specific instrumental dimensions. Forty-nine cadavers from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and the University of Pretoria were dissected to determine the position of the canthi and the size and position of the eyeball in the orbit. Thirty cone beam computer tomography scans and 30 computer tomography scans from the Oral and Dental and Steve Biko Hospitals respectively were used to determine the size of the eyeball. Results from this study were compared to the published guidelines. The most prominent discrepancies included a more rectangular shape of the orbit, an oval shaped eyeball and a different position of the canthi. In African faces, the medial canthus was found to be located higher than the lateral canthus. The distance between the endocanthion and superior orbital margin was 17.7mm and the exocanthion and superior orbital margin 19.5mm. Inter-population differences may have an effect on facial approximations and its accuracy as is often demonstrated in practice. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration when designing population specific guidelines for reconstruction of the eye in South Africans of African ancestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: clinical and experimental study in the diagnosis of ophthalmic forms and severity of diverticular disease Physiological and pathological research methods conducted.Materials and Methods: according to the original method (Russian Federation patent № 2087943) a model of diverticulosis of the colon was applied to 40 animals (rabbits). Animals were divided into 4 groups.At the clinic were examined 64 patients with diverticular disease, without comorbidity: local diverticulosis (17.2%), subtotal (57.7%), total (9.4%), and chronic complications (18.7%).All patients took a biochemical test (Russian Federation patent № 2119168)Results: in diverticular disease of the colon in 100% of cases, violations of the visual analyzer are detected, due to violation of local hemodynamics, as well as the activation of the lipid peroxidation (LPO).Proved the effectiveness of ophthalmic examination in the diagnosis of patients with forms of diverticular disease and especially its chronic complications.Summary: the changes of the eyeball identified by experimental and clinical research are typical only for diverticular disease and reflect the severity of its course.