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Tewodros Yosef,1 Dejen Nureye,2 Eyob Tekalign3 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Tewodros YosefDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, P.O.Box: 260, Mizan Teferi, EthiopiaEmail tewodrosyosef47@mtu.edu.etBackground: Poor glycemic control is a major public health issue among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a significant risk factor for the progression of diabetic complications. This study aimed to assess the magnitude and contributing factors of poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients on follow-up at Adama Hospital Medical College (AHMC) in East Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 245 type 2 diabetes patients on follow-up at AHMC from March 1 to 30, 2020. All type 2 diabetes patients on follow-up at AHMC and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires and reviewing the patient chart. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. The level of significance was declared at a p-value of < 0.05.Results: Of the 245 type 2 diabetes patients included in the study, 157 (64.1%) had poor glycemic control. The factors associated with poor glycemic control were being male (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.24– 4.21]), not attending formal education (AOR = 3.12, 95% CI [1.53– 6.35]), monthly income of < 136 USD (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI [1.17– 3.91]), overweight (AOR = 2.60, 95% CI [1.32– 5.10]) and obesity (AOR = 3.44, 95% CI [1.44– 8.21]), and chewing khat (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI [1.04– 7.33]).Conclusion: The proportion of poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients at AHMC was remarkably high. Therefore, more effort should be taken to strengthening and disseminating health education programs for diabetes patients at each follow-up visit on the importance of achieving optimal body weight, avoiding khat chewing, and maintaining regular physical exercise to prevent and mitigate the complications resulting from poor glycemic control.Keywords: type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, AHMC, Ethiopia

Atnafu Bushen,1 Eyob Tekalign,2 Mengistu Abayneh2 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Mizan-Aman, SNNPR, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi Universities, Mizan-Aman, SNNPR, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mengistu AbaynehDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi Universities, Mizan-Aman, SNNPR, EthiopiaTel +251-913256673Email menge.abay@gmail.comBackground: In Ethiopia, the precise attribution of animals and their food products as the sources of resistant strains and the consequences of it on human health have not yet been seriously evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the drug- and multidrug-resistance pattern of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from chicken droppings at Jimma University poultry farm, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, southwest of Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April, 2018 to June, 2018. A total of 140 fresh chicken dropping samples were collected and transported to Jimma University Medical Microbiology Laboratory for analysis. All samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Gram stain and relevant biochemical tests were done for identification of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method.Results: Out of 140 chicken dropping samples, 61 (43.6%) showed bacterial growth. Of these, E. coli accounts for 39.0% followed by K. pneumoniae (22.0%), P. mirabilis (19.3%), and Salmonella species (17.7%). With regard to antibiotic resistance pattern, E. coli demonstrated a high rate of resistance against ampicillin (91.7%), tetracycline (75.0%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.8%). K. pneumoniae showed a high resistance rate against ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, with a resistance rate ranging from 76.9% to 85.6%. P. mirabilis and Salmonella spp. also showed high resistance against ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with a resistance rate ranging from 72.7% to 83.3%. All isolates relatively showed lower resistance rates with a range of 20.8% to 41.7% against third-generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime and ceftriaxone), ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. Totally, 32 (52.5%) of the isolates showed MDR against three or more antibiotics.Conclusion: Antibiotic resistant isolates against commonly prescribed single and multiple drugs were common. This highlights that chickens in the farm may serve as the reservoirs of antibacterial resistant bacteria that might infect humans through the food chain. Therefore, emphasis on the usage of antibiotics in chicken farms has to be considered.Keywords: drug- and multidrug-resistance, Enterobacteriaceae, chicken droppings, Ethiopia

The artemisinin partial resistance is believed to be spread to artemisinin-based combination therapy partner drugs. As a result, new antiplasmodial compounds are required to treat resistant malaria infections. In the invention of antimalarial substances, claimed medical plants are precious resources. So, the current study was designed to assess the antiplasmodial effects of

Background Raw meat is one of the commonly consumed traditional diets in Ethiopia. However, unhygienic processing and distribution practices are risky for contamination of meat leading to human infection. This study was conducted to assess the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli with special emphasis on E. coli O157:H7 from meat of cattle and swab samples at abattoir houses and butcher shops in Jimma town, Southwest district of Ethiopia. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to July, 2018. The isolation and identification processes passed through enrichment of samples with modified tryptone soy broth (mTSB), streaked onto MacConkey agar and Cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, biochemical testing (indole and TSI), followed by latex agglutination testing. Results Out of 505 samples, 102 (20.2%) and 27 (5.4%) were positive for E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Of these, 55 (19.3%) and 47 (21.4%) of E. coli and 17 (6.0%) and 10 (4.5%) of E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from the abattoir and butcher shop samples, respectively. A significant difference in the occurrences was observed among sample sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that, 92.2% to 96.1% of E. coli and 85.5% to 96.3% of E. coli O157:H7 were susceptible to third generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. About 91.2% and 97.1% of E. coli and 88.9% and 92.6% of E. coli 0157:H7 were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, respectively. A total of 57 (44.2%) E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. All abattoir and butcher shop workers did not have any formal education or training certificates on food safety, and unhygienic practices were also observed. Conclusion The presence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 including multi-drug resistant isolates in raw meat highlights how the current meat processing and distribution practice was unhygienic. Therefore, strategies in the prevention and control of food-borne infections that could be caused by multi-drug resistant strains will depend greatly on hygienic processing and distribution practices of meat.

PurposePoor sleep and cognitive deficits are often associated with increased drug use. However, no study has addressed the relationship between poor sleep, substance dependence, and metacognitive deficit in polysubstance users.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling involving community-dwelling polysubstance users (n = 326, age = 18–43 years) in Mizan, Ethiopia. Participants completed a brief sleep questionnaire, severity of dependence on khat (SDS-Khat), a brief meta-cognition questionnaire, and a socio-demographic survey.ResultsMajority (56.4%) of the polysubstance users had sleep disturbance. Chronic health conditions [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–4.85], chronic conditions in the family (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.40–5.20), illiterate-primary level of educational status (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.30–4.04), higher SDS-Khat score (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.13–1.72), and lower meta-cognition score (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84–0.97) predicted poor sleep in the polysubstance users. Moreover, low metacognition score and high SDS score also predicted additional sleep disturbances like chronic sleep insufficiency, lethargy and restlessness after nighttime sleep, socio-occupational dysfunctions, and daytime disturbances in polysubstance users.ConclusionPoor sleep, severe khat dependence, and metacognitive deficits are common in community polysubstance users. Moreover, poor sleep is associated with higher khat dependence, lower metacognitive ability, lower educational status, and the presence of chronic conditions in polysubstance users or their families.

Dejen Nureye,1 Eyob Tekalign,2 Nebeyi Fisseha,1 Tarekegn Tesfaye,1 Workineh Woldeselassie Hammeso1 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Southwest Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Southwest EthiopiaCorrespondence: Workineh Woldeselassie Hammeso Email workinehws@yahoo.comBackground: Since drug resistance makes controlling malaria parasites a major challenge, these pioneering researchers explore and discover new novel drugs from a variety of sources. As a result, this study aimed to assess the anti-plasmodial activity of hydroalcoholic crude extract and solvent fractions of Zehneria scabra roots in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei.Methods: The antimalarial activity and safety profile of Zehneria scabra extracts were tested in a mouse model using four-day suppressive, prophylactic, and rane’s tests against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei. Mice were divided into five groups at random: group I received distilled water (10 mL/kg), group II, III, and IV received 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, and group V received chloroquine (25 mg/kg). The antimalarial activity of the extract was determined using parasitemia levels, survival time, rectal temperature, and weight variation.Results: At all dose levels, the crude extract and solvent fractions of Zehneria scabra showed significant (p< 0.05 to p< 0.001) chemosuppression, with the crude extract and butanol fraction showing the highest chemosuppression (73.09% and 74.09%, respectively). Apart from suppressing parasitemia, the extract also increased survival time and secured packed cell volume reduction substantially (p< 0.05 to p< 0.001), while the crude extract had no significant impact on body weight or rectal temperature reduction in four-day suppressive and prophylactic models.Conclusion: The result designated that Zehneria scabra is endowed with significant antimalarial activity. These results thus support the traditional use of Zehneria scabra, for the treatment of malaria.Keywords: malaria, Plasmodium berghei, Zehneria scabra, Swiss albino mice

Background The evolution of resistance to currently used malaria medicines together with the severe economic burden of malaria initiates the search for novel antimalarial drugs. Thus, the present experiment was intended to assess the in vivo antiplasmodial effect of Gardenia ternifolia based on the traditional claims and in vitro antimalarial effect of the plant. Methods For the crude extraction of stem barks of G. ternifolia, a cold maceration method using hydromethanol as a solvent was employed. The hydroalcoholic extract was then fractionated by three solvents (chloroform, n-butanol, and aqueous solvent) with different polarity indexes. Swiss albino mice infected with the chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasite (Plasmodium berghei) were used in this study. Acute oral toxicity study was done according to standard protocols. Four-day suppressive (hydromethanolic crude extract and solvent fractions), Rane's (crude extract), and repository (crude extract) tests were used to examine the antiplasmodial effects of the study plant. Results The chemosuppressive study revealed that all doses of the crude extract and its fractions displayed a significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of parasitemia compared with the vehicle (negative control). The crude extract's highest dose (600 mg/kg) showed the maximum (57.84%) parasitemia suppression during the chemosuppressive test. The crude extract also produced significant (P < 0.001) curative and prophylactic effects at all doses in Rane's and repository tests compared with the negative control. In the 4-day test, the n-butanol fraction produced parasitemia suppression higher than the chloroform fraction but lower than the crude extract. Of these, water fractions demonstrated the lowest chemosuppressive effect. Anthraquinone, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were qualitatively detected in the plant material. Conclusion The current results showed that the hydromethanolic extract and fractions of G. ternifolia stem barks have antiplasmodial action with a high curative effect. Chloroform and n-butanol fractions were more active among the fractions, indicating that the nonpolar and semipolar constituents of the plant are responsible for the antimalarial effects.

Background. The evolution of resistance to currently used malaria medicines together with the severe economic burden of malaria initiates the search for novel antimalarial drugs. Thus, the present experiment was intended to assess the in vivo antiplasmodial effect of Gardenia ternifolia based on the traditional claims and in vitro antimalarial effect of the plant. Methods. For the crude extraction of stem barks of G. ternifolia, a cold maceration method using hydromethanol as a solvent was employed. The hydroalcoholic extract was then fractionated by three solvents (chloroform, n-butanol, and aqueous solvent) with different polarity indexes. Swiss albino mice infected with the chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasite (Plasmodium berghei) were used in this study. Acute oral toxicity study was done according to standard protocols. Four-day suppressive (hydromethanolic crude extract and solvent fractions), Rane’s (crude extract), and repository (crude extract) tests were used to examine the antiplasmodial effects of the study plant. Results. The chemosuppressive study revealed that all doses of the crude extract and its fractions displayed a significantP<0.001inhibition of parasitemia compared with the vehicle (negative control). The crude extract’s highest dose (600 mg/kg) showed the maximum (57.84%) parasitemia suppression during the chemosuppressive test. The crude extract also produced significantP<0.001curative and prophylactic effects at all doses in Rane’s and repository tests compared with the negative control. In the 4-day test, the n-butanol fraction produced parasitemia suppression higher than the chloroform fraction but lower than the crude extract. Of these, water fractions demonstrated the lowest chemosuppressive effect. Anthraquinone, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were qualitatively detected in the plant material. Conclusion. The current results showed that the hydromethanolic extract and fractions of G. ternifolia stem barks have antiplasmodial action with a high curative effect. Chloroform and n-butanol fractions were more active among the fractions, indicating that the nonpolar and semipolar constituents of the plant are responsible for the antimalarial effects.

Mengistu Abayneh Sebsibe, Eyob Tekalign Asfaw School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mengistu Abayneh Sebsibe Email menge.abay@gmail.comBackground: Raw meat is one of the commonly consumed traditional diets in Ethiopia. However, unhygienic processing and distribution practices are risky for contamination of meat leading to human infection. This study was conducted to assess the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli with special emphasis on E. coli O157:H7 from meat of cattle and swab samples at abattoir houses and butcher shops in Jimma town, Southwest district of Ethiopia.Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to July, 2018. The isolation and identification processes passed through enrichment of samples with modified tryptone soy broth (mTSB), streaked onto MacConkey agar and Cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, biochemical testing (indole and TSI), followed by latex agglutination testing.Results: Out of 505 samples, 102 (20.2%) and 27 (5.4%) were positive for E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Of these, 55 (19.3%) and 47 (21.4%) of E. coli and 17 (6.0%) and 10 (4.5%) of E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from the abattoir and butcher shop samples, respectively. A significant difference in the occurrences was observed among sample sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that, 92.2% to 96.1% of E. coli and 85.5% to 96.3% of E. coli O157:H7 were susceptible to third generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. About 91.2% and 97.1% of E. coli and 88.9% and 92.6% of E. coli 0157:H7 were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, respectively. A total of 57 (44.2%) E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. All abattoir and butcher shop workers did not have any formal education or training certificates on food safety, and unhygienic practices were also observed.Conclusion: The presence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 including multi-drug resistant isolates in raw meat highlights how the current meat processing and distribution practice was unhygienic. Therefore, strategies in the prevention and control of food-borne infections that could be caused by multi-drug resistant strains will depend greatly on hygienic processing and distribution practices of meat.Keywords: multi-drug resistant E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, abattoir and butcher shops, Jimma town

Background: Raw meat is one of commonly consumed traditional diets in Ethiopia. However, unhygienic processing and distribution practices were risky for contaminations of meat leads to human infection. This study was conducted to assess the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 in meats, ceacal content, and swabs samples of different contact surfaces at abattoir and butcher shops in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to July, 2018. The isolation and identification processes passed through enrichment of samples with modified tryptone soy broth (mTSB), streaked onto MacConkey agar and Cefixime- tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, biochemical testing (indole and TSI), followed by latex agglutination test. Results: Out of 505 samples, 102(20.2%) and 27(5.4%) were positive for E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Of these, 55(19.3%) and 47 (21.4%) of E. coli and 17 (6.0%) and 10 (4.5%) of E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from the abattoir and butcher shop samples, respectively. A significant difference in the occurrences was observed among sample sources. Antimicrobials susceptibility test result showed that, 92.2% to 96.1% of E. coli and 85.5% to 96.3% of E. coli O157:H7 were susceptible to third generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. About 91.2% and 97.1% of E. coli and 88.9 % and 92.6% of E. coli 0157:H7 were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, respectively. A total of 98 (76.0%) E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to two or more classes of antibiotics. All abattoir and butcher shops workers were not have any formal education and training certificate on food safety and unhygienic practice were also observed.Conclusion: The presence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 including multi-drugs resistant isolates in raw meat highlights how the current meat processing and distribution practice was unhygienic. Therefore, strategies in the prevention and control of food borne infections that could be caused by multi-drug resistant strains will depends much on hygienic processing and distribution practices of meat.

Background Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection is a significant public health problem in Ethiopia, and has wide distribution in the country. The impact of the disease is particularly high on school-age children. Nationwide 385 endemic districts were identified, whereby control and elimination interventions are underway using school-based annual mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel. The national elimination program targets endemic districts as a whole. The aim of this study was to identify the transmission foci of Schistosoma mansoni and determine prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in Abeshge district. Methods The study was conducted from April to May, 2019 among school-age children randomly selected from public elementary schools in Abeshge district, South-central Ethiopia. Demographic information and data on risk factors of S. mansoni infection were gathered using pre-tested questionnaire. Moreover, a stool sample was collected from each child and examined using Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The data were analyzed using STATA_MP version 12. Results A total of 389 school-age children from five public elementary schools were included in the study. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni and STHs was 19.3% (75/389) and 35% (136/389), respectively. The prevalence of S. mansoni was 60.6% in Kulit Elementary school, while it was zero in Geraba. The prevalence of S. mansoni was significantly higher among males (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.1), those with habit of swimming and/or bathing in rivers (AOR = 2.9, 95%CI 1.3–5.1) and involved in irrigation activities (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.0–8.3). Overall, the prevalence of S. mansoni was significantly higher among school children attending Kulit Elementary School compared to those attending the remaining schools (AOR = 12.5, 95%CI 6.2–25.1). Conclusion A wide variation of S. mansoni prevalence was observed among the school children in the different schools. Control interventions better identify and target foci of S. mansoni transmission, instead of targeting the district homogenously.

Background The incidence of resistance among currently available antimalarial drugs, as well as the high economic cost of malaria, has prompted researchers to look for novel antimalarial molecules. As a result, the current study was proposed to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity (in vivo) of Maytenus gracilipes based on the plant's traditional claims. Methods A cold maceration procedure using 80% methanol as a solvent was employed to obtain a crude extract from M. gracilipes leaves. Chloroform, n-butanol, and pure water were used to fractionate the hydromethanolic extract. Standard procedures were followed for an acute oral toxicity test. The antimalarial effects of the plant at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg doses were investigated using three rodent malaria models (4-day suppressive, rane's, and repository tests). Thirty mice were utilized in each experiment (3 treatment and 2 control groups, each with six mice). Parasitemia, survival time, body weight, temperature, and packed cell volume were all used to assess the extracts' antiplasmodial activity. To compare results between groups, a one-way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tukey's HSD was used. Results In a 4-day suppressive investigation, all doses of the crude extract and fractions suppressed parasitemia significantly (P < 0.001) as compared to the negative control. The crude extract had the greatest chemosuppressive effect (74.15%) at 600 mg/kg dose. Chloroform had the greatest parasitemia suppression among the fractions; however it was less than the crude extract. In Rane's test, all doses of the crude extract produced substantial (P < 0.001) curative effects as compared to the negative control. Conclusion According to this study, the crude extract and solvent fractions of M. gracilipes leaves contain antimalarial activity with a substantial suppressive effect. The antiplasmodial effects were more active in the chloroform and n-butanol fractions, indicating that the plant's non-polar and medium polar constituents are responsible. Nonetheless, further analysis is required to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for the study plant's antimalarial activity., In vivo; Antiplasmodial activity; Maytenus gracilipes; Extract; Fraction.

Background. Helminths are significant contributors to global health problems. Subgroup soil-transmitted helminths are among the listed neglected tropical diseases. The rural inhabitants often suffer from heavy infection, particularly children and pregnant women. Objective. The study aimed at determining the magnitude and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infection and associated risk factors in the study area where the prevalence and intensity of the infection are yet unknown at the community level. Method. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2016 on 377 individuals. Systematic random sampling was utilized to select the households. Lottery method was used for study subject selection in the households. Sociodemographic and risk factor data were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Parasitological tests were processed using Kato-Katz thick smear and duplicate direct wet mount analysis of the stool sample. Results. A total of 377 subjects aged from 2 to 55 years were enrolled in the study, of which 211 were female (56%) and 166 were male (44%). The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths was 265 (70.3%). The females shared more (36.6%, 138) as compared to males (33.7%, 127) at P<0.05. Of all identified soil-transmitted helminths, Trichuris trichiura was the predominant infectious agent (66.8%, 252) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (16.4%, 62) and hookworm (14.1%, 53). Gender (AOR: 1.67 (95% CI: 1.034–2.706)), lack of fruit washing before consumption (AOR: 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1–2.6)), open defecation habit (AOR: 1.75 (95% CI: 0.921–3.338)), and drinking untreated water (AOR: 1.994 (95% CI: 1.019–3.90)) were significantly associated with soil-transmitted helminth infection. Conclusion. High prevalence of STH infection was still an important health issue of the community even after the implementation of the health extension program. Hence, intervention considering all population of the residents as eligible to deworm and health education are mandatory.