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The COVID-19 pandemic created a unique set of circumstances in which to investigate collective memory and future simulations of events reported during the onset of a potentially historic event. Between early April and late June 2020, we asked over 4,000 individuals from 15 countries across four continents to report on remarkable (a) national and (b) global events that (i) had happened since the first cases of COVID-19 were reported, and (ii) they expected to happen in the future. Whereas themes of infections, lockdown, and politics dominated global and national past events in most countries, themes of economy, a second wave, and lockdown dominated future events. The themes and phenomenological characteristics of the events differed based on contextual group factors. First, across all conditions, the event themes differed to a small yet significant degree depending on the severity of the pandemic and stringency of governmental response at the national level. Second, participants reported national events as less negative and more vivid than global events, and group differences in emotional valence were largest for future events. This research demonstrates that even during the early stages of the pandemic, themes relating to its onset and course were shared across many countries, thus providing preliminary evidence for the emergence of collective memories of this event as it was occurring. Current findings provide a profile of past and future collective events from the early stages of the ongoing pandemic, and factors accounting for the consistencies and differences in event representations across 15 countries are discussed., Krystian Barzykowski was supported by the French Government Scholarship (`Campus France'), the National Science Centre, Poland (UMO-2019/35/B/HS6/00528) and the Bekker programme from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (no.: PPN/BEK/2019/1/00092/DEC/1). The Washington University in St. Louis collaboration (Dessenberger, Roediger, Tekin, and Uner) was supported by a grant from the James S. McDonnell Foundation to HLR. A. Taylor gratefully acknowledges support from The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Social media exposes people to selective information of what they have previously known. We conducted two laboratory studies to examine in a simulated online context the phenomenon of retrieval-induced forgetting, where information reposted on social media is likely to be later remembered and relevant but not reposted information may be forgotten. Specifically, we examined how exposure to selective information about the COVID-19 vaccine via tweets affected subsequent memory and whether people's attitudes towards vaccination played a role in their memory for the information. Young adults (

Kadina yonelik siddetle mucadele hem dunyada hem ulkemizde bir suredir devam etmesine ragmen kadina yonelik siddet ve kadin cinayetleri artan bir grafik cizmektedir. Bunun sebeplerinden birisinin de siddetle mucadele konusunda etkin bir yontemin bulunamamis olmasi ve uygulanmakta olan yontemlerin islevsiz bir hale gelmesidir. Kadina yonelik siddetle islevsel bir mucadele yonteminin kesfi icin yola cikan bu arastirma siddetin dogasini ve bilesenlerini on plana cikarmis ve bu bilesenlere kadinlarin odagindan yaklasmistir. Bu arastirmada siddete maruz kalan ve siginmaevi deneyimi olan kadinlarin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumlarini ve yardim arama davranislarini feminist sosyal hizmet yaklasimi ile kadinlarin gozunden anlamak amaclanmistir. Bu amac dogrultusunda nitel arastirma deseninde tasarlanan bu arastirmada amacli orneklem yoluyla siginmaevi hizmeti alan on uc kadin ile derinlemesine gorusmeler yapilmistir. Kadinlar ile gerceklestirilen gorusmeler detayli dokum alinarak analiz edilmistir. Arastirmanin analizi sonucunda kadinlarin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumlari ve yardim arama davranislarini destekleyici ve engelleyici bilesenlere ulasilmis ve bir sema haline getirilmistir. Bu semaya istinaden ozellikle yardim arama davranisini engelleyen bilesenlerin cokluguna dikkat cekilmesi ve bu bilesenleri etkisiz hale getirecek calismalarin uygulamaya gecirilmesi siddetle mucadelenin islevselligi acisindan onemli bulunmustur. Arastirmanin en onemli sonucu toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumlari ‘kendilerinden beklenen kadinlik’ ile ortusen kadinlarin yetersiz destek sebebiyle yardim arama davranislarinin ‘gidecek yerleri’ olmadigi algisiyla ‘can havli’ ile ortaya ciktigi gercegini yansitmasidir. Bir baska deyisle toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumlari geleneksel bakis acisina uygun olan, razi gelen ve edilgen olan kadinlar yetersiz destek sebebiyle uzun bir sure boyunca siddete katlanmis ancak kendileri veya cocuklari olumle tehdit edilince aktif bas etme yolu secerek yardim arama davranisinda bulunmuslardir. Arastirmaya katilan kadinlarin kok ailelerinde siddetin en az bir turune maruz kaldiklari ve bu durumun siddetin normallestirilmesine sebep oldugu, evliliklerinde de siddete maruz kalan bu kadinlarin siddet dongusu icinde kaldigi kesfedilmistir. Kok ailelerinde siddete maruz kalan ve siddeti ‘hak/ceza’ kavramlari ile iliskilendiren kadinlar, siddeti normallestiren kultur ogretilerinin de etkisi ile siddete maruz kaldiklarinda kendilerini suclamakta ve siddetin boyutlari artana kadar yardim arama davranisinda bulunmamaktadirlar. Arastirmanin onemli sonuclarindan biri de kadinlarin egitim duzeyleri ile yetistirildikleri bolgelerle toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumlari ve siddete maruz kalmalari arasinda dogrudan bir iliski olmadiginin gozlenmesidir. Kadinlarin toplumsal cinsiyet esitsizligine, bu esitsizligin sonuclarina ve siddet turlerine iliskin farkindaliginin sonradan olustugu anlasilmistir. Kadinlarin ‘son care’ olarak nitelendirdikleri siginmaevi hizmeti surecine ve yeterliligine kadinlarin gozunden bakmak da arastirmanin alt amaclarindan birisiydi. Bu dogrultuda arastirma sonucunda siginmaevi hizmet sunumunda feminist yaklasim ve kadin bakis acisindan uzak ve farkli uygulamalarin olmasinin kadinlarin guclenmesine olumsuz yonde etki yaptigi ve bagimsiz yeni bir hayat kurmalarina engel oldugu anlasilmistir. Bu baglamda da siginmaevi hizmetinde feminist yaklasimin bir gereklilik oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Bununla birlikte kadina yonelik siddetle mucadelede yer alan kamu kurum ve kuruluslarinda gorevli personelin ‘arabuluculuk’ yontemi ve ‘ailenin butunlugu’ anlayisina sahip olmasinin kadinlarin yardim arama davranislarina engel oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Arastirmada feminist yontemin ve feminist sosyal hizmet uygulamalarinin kadina yonelik siddetle mucadelede en etkin yontem olduguna ve ornek uygulamalara da yer verilmistir. Kadina yonelik siddetle mucadelede tutum ve davranis degisikligine odaklanmak uzun vadeli ve islevsel bir cozum yolu olacaktir ve bu yolu geleneksel yontemler degil feminist sosyal hizmet yaklasimi acmaktadir. Bu baglamda kadinlarin yasam deneyimleri, sorun ve gereksinimleri feminist sosyal hizmet yaklasimi kullanilarak ele alinmis ve onerilere coklu duzeylerde yer verilmistir. Arastirma surecinde birden fazla siginmaevi deneyimi olan kadinlarin oldugu, bu kadinlarin farkli uygulamalar ve yaklasimlar sebebiyle bagimsiz yasama gecis sureclerinin olumsuz yonde etkilendigi fark edilmistir. Bu sebeple farkli siginmaevi deneyimi olan kadinlarin memnuniyet ve fayda saglama duzeylerine iliskin yapilacak arastirmalarin da feminist sosyal hizmet yaklasiminin gerekliligine vurgu yapacagi ve hizmet sunumunu islevsel ve kaliteli hale getirecegi dusunulmektedir.

The COVID-19 pandemic created a unique set of circumstances to investigate collective memory and future simulations of events reported during the onset of a potentially historic event. Between early April and late June, 2020, we asked over 4000 individuals from 15 countries across four continents to report on remarkable (a) national and (b) global events that (i) have happened since the first cases of COVID-19 were reported, and (ii) they expect to happen in the future. Whereas themes of infections, lockdown, and politics dominated global and national past events in most countries, themes of economy, a second wave, and lockdown dominated future events. The themes and phenomenological characteristics of the events differed based on contextual group factors. First, across all conditions, the event themes differed to a small yet significant degree depending on the severity of the pandemic and stringency of governmental response at the national level. Second, participants reported national events as less negative and more vivid than global events, and group differences in emotional valence were largest for future events. This research demonstrates that even during the early stages of the pandemic, themes relating its onset and course were shared across many countries, thus, providing preliminary evidence for the emergence of collective memories of this event as it is occurring. Current findings provide a profile of past and future collective events from the early stages of the ongoing pandemic and factors accounting for the consistencies and differences in event representations across 15 countries are discussed.