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Studies of magnesium (Mg) isotope ratios in subduction zone lavas have revealed small but significant offsets from the mantle value with enrichments in the heavy isotopes. However, the very high concentration of Mg in the mantle contrasts with much lower concentrations in the subducted igneous crust and oceanic sediments, making these subduction components unlikely vehicles of the Mg isotope anomalies in arc lavas. Only serpentinites, which in various proportions form part of oceanic plates, have high Mg contents comparable to fresh mantle rocks, and they have thus been regarded as a potential source of exotic Mg in the source of arc magmas. In this study we analyzed serpentinite samples from different oceanic settings for their Mg isotopic compositions. The majority of samples are indistinguishable from the depleted mantle (δ26Mg=-0.24 ‰ ± 0.04 ‰) irrespective of their origin. Only a small number of seafloor-weathered serpentinites are slightly enriched in the heavy isotopes (up to δ26Mg=-0.14 ‰ ± 0.03 ‰), implying that bulk serpentinites are unlikely sources of isotopically anomalous Mg in subduction zones. We also developed a partial dissolution method in which 5 % acetic acid for 180 min was shown to fully dissolve the minerals brucite and iowaite while leaving the serpentine mineral chrysotile essentially undissolved. Partial dissolution of 11 bulk serpentinite samples revealed Mg isotopic composition of brucite (± iowaite) that is systematically ∼0.25 ‰ heavier than that of coexisting serpentine. Thus, preferential breakdown of brucite and/or iowaite in a subducted slab prior to serpentine could preferentially release isotopically heavy Mg, which could subsequently be transported into the source region of arc magmas. Such a scenario would require brucite/iowaite breakdown to occur at pressures in excess of 3 GPa and produce fluids with very high concentrations of Mg that could be transported to arc magma source regions. Whether these conditions are met in nature has yet to be experimentally investigated.

Understanding the variability of Antarctic sea ice is still a challenge. After decades of modest growth, an unprecedented minimum in the sea ice extent (SIE) was registered in summer 2017, and, following years of anomalously low SIE, a new record was established in early 2022. These two memorable minima have received great attention as single cases, but a comprehensive analysis of summer SIE minima is currently lacking. Indeed, other similar events are present in the observational record, although they are minor compared to the most recent ones, and a full analysis of all summer SIE minima is essential to separate potential common drivers from event-specific dynamics in order to ultimately improve our understanding of the Antarctic sea ice and climate variability. In this work, we examine sea ice and atmospheric conditions during and before all summer SIE minima over the satellite period up to 2022. We use observations and reanalysis data and compare our main findings with results from an ocean–sea ice model (NEMO–LIM) driven by prescribed atmospheric fields from ERA5. Examining SIE and sea ice concentration (SIC) anomalies, we find that the main contributors to the summer minima are the Ross and Weddell sectors. However, the two regions play different roles, and the variability of the Ross Sea explains most of the minima, with typical negative SIE anomalies about twice as large as the ones in the Weddell Sea. Furthermore, the distribution of SIC anomalies is also different: in the Weddell Sea, they exhibit a dipolar structure, with increased SIC next to the continent and decreased SIC at the sea ice margin, while the Ross Sea displays a more homogenous decrease. We also examine the role of wintertime sea ice conditions before the summer SIE minima and find mixed results depending on the period: the winter conditions are relevant in the most recent events, after 2017, but they are marginal for previous years. Next, we consider the influence of the atmosphere on the SIE minima, which is shown to play a major role: after analyzing the anomalous atmospheric circulation during the preceding spring, we find that different large-scale anomalies can lead to similar regional prevailing winds that drive the summer minima. Specifically, the SIE minima are generally associated with dominant northwesterly anomalous winds in the Weddell Sea, while a southwesterly anomalous flow prevails in the Ross Sea. Finally, we investigate the relative contribution of dynamic (e.g., ice transport) and thermodynamic (e.g., local melting) processes to the summer minima. Our results indicate that the exceptional sea ice loss in both the Ross and Weddell sectors is dominated at the large scale by thermodynamic processes, while dynamics are also present but with a minor role.

BackgroundTorque teno virus load (TTVL) is gaining importance as a surrogate parameter to assess immunocompetence in kidney transplant recipients. Although the dynamics of TTVL have been investigated before, the impact of different induction agents and variations in immunosuppressive maintenance therapies on TTVL remain unknown.MethodsIn this retrospective study, TTVL was quantified in 537 plasma or serum samples from 134 patients transplanted between 2018 and 2021. TTVL was examined pre-transplantation and 30-, 90-, 180-, and 360-days post-transplant. To assess the influence of induction therapy on TTVL, 67 patients receiving anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) induction were matched with 67 patients receiving an interleukin-2 receptor antagonist (IL2-RA) induction in terms of age, sex, and donor modality.ResultsFollowing transplantation, there was a steep increase in TTVL post-transplant for all patients with peak viral loads at 90 days post-transplant (median TTVL [IQR] 7.97×106, [4.50×105–1.12×108]) followed by subsequently declining viral loads. Compared to patients receiving IL2-RA as induction therapy, patients receiving ATG had significantly higher peak viral loads 3 months post-transplant (median TTVL [IQR] 2.82×107 [3.93×106–1.30×108] vs. median TTVL [IQR] 2.40×106 [5.73×104–2.60×107]; P

Abstract Satellite remote sensing is becoming a widely used monitoring technique in coastal sciences. Yet, no benchmarking studies exist that compare the performance of popular satellite-derived shoreline mapping algorithms against standardized sets of inputs and validation data. Here we present a new benchmarking framework to evaluate the accuracy of shoreline change observations extracted from publicly available satellite imagery (Landsat and Sentinel-2). Accuracy and precision of five established shoreline mapping algorithms are evaluated at four sandy beaches with varying geologic and oceanographic conditions. Comparisons against long-term in situ beach surveys reveal that all algorithms provide horizontal accuracy on the order of 10 m at microtidal sites. However, accuracy deteriorates as the tidal range increases, to more than 20 m for a high-energy macrotidal beach (Truc Vert, France) with complex foreshore morphology. The goal of this open-source, collaborative benchmarking framework is to identify areas of improvement for present algorithms, while providing a stepping stone for testing future developments, and ensuring reproducibility of methods across various research groups and applications.

A set of measurements of azimuthal asymmetries in the production of pairs of identified hadrons in deep-inelastic scattering of muons on transversely polarised 6LiD (deuteron) and NH3 (proton) targets is presented. All available data collected in the years 2003–2004 and 2007/2010 with the COMPASS spectrometer using a muon beam of 160GeV/c at the CERN SPS were analysed. The asymmetries provide access to the transversity distribution functions via a fragmentation function that in principle may be independently obtained from e+e− annihilation data. Results are presented, discussed and compared to existing measurements as well as to model predictions. Asymmetries of π+π− pairs measured with the proton target as a function of the Bjorken scaling variable are sizeable in the range x>0.032, indicating non-vanishing transversity distribution and di-hadron interference fragmentation functions. As already pointed out by several authors, the small asymmetries of π+π− measured on the 6LiD target can be interpreted as indication for a cancellation of u and d-quark transversity distributions.

This study examined the impact of experiential education through the utilization of vignettes on graduate student knowledge, skills, and attitudes in the area of written language disorders. Graduate students enrolled in a written language disorders class completed assessment measures designed to examine clinical understanding and confidence when preparing to teach a client exhibiting a written language disorder. The impact of the use of vignettes in the learning process was measured using pre- and post-tests, class surveys, and focus group interviews. Students demonstrated significant improvement in their knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding written language disorders. All pre- and post-course comparisons were significant (p < .01). Therefore, the use of vignettes in a graduate level written language disorders course created learning experiences which resulted in the transformation of factual and theoretical knowledge into active clinical understanding and clinical confidence.

The seasonal cycle of the Antarctic sea ice extent is strongly asymmetric, with a relatively slow increase after the summer minimum followed by a more rapid decrease after the winter maximum. This cycle is intimately linked to the seasonal cycle of the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere, but sea ice processes as well as the exchanges with the atmosphere and ocean may also play a role. To quantify these contributions, a series of idealized sensitivity experiments have been performed with an eddy-permitting (1/4∘) NEMO-LIM3 (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean–Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model version 3) Southern Ocean configuration, including a representation of ice shelf cavities, in which the model was either driven by an atmospheric reanalysis or coupled to the COSMO-CLM2 regional atmospheric model. In those experiments, sea ice thermodynamics and dynamics as well as the exchanges with the ocean and atmosphere are strongly perturbed. This perturbation is achieved by modifying snow and ice thermal conductivities, the vertical mixing in the ocean top layers, the effect of freshwater uptake and release upon sea ice growth and melt, ice dynamics, and surface albedo. We find that the evolution of sea ice extent during the ice advance season is largely independent of the direct effect of the perturbation and appears thus mainly controlled by initial state in summer and subsequent insolation changes. In contrast, the melting rate varies strongly between the experiments during the retreat, in particular if the surface albedo or sea ice transport are modified, demonstrating a strong contribution of those elements to the evolution of ice coverage through spring and summer. As with the advance phase, the retreat is also influenced by conditions at the beginning of the melt season in September. Atmospheric feedbacks enhance the model winter ice extent response to any of the perturbed processes, and the enhancement is strongest when the albedo is modified. The response of sea ice volume and extent to changes in entrainment of subsurface warm waters to the ocean surface is also greatly amplified by the coupling with the atmosphere.

The production of vector mesons in deep inelastic scattering is an interesting yet scarcely explored channel to study the transverse spin structure of the nucleon and the spin-dependence of fragmentation. The COMPASS collaboration has performed the first measurement of the Collins and Sivers asymmetries for inclusively produced ρ0 mesons. The analysis is based on the data set collected in deep inelastic scattering in 2010 using a 160GeV/c μ+ beam impinging on a transversely polarized NH3 target. The ρ0 mesons are selected from oppositely charged hadron pairs, and the asymmetries are extracted as a function of the Bjorken-x variable, the transverse momentum of the pair and the fraction of the energy z carried by the pair. Indications for positive Collins and Sivers asymmetries are observed.

Currently available data-assimilation-based reconstructions of past climate variations have only used statistical proxy system models to make the link between climate model outputs and indirect observations from tree rings. However, the linearity and stationarity assumptions of the statistical approach may have limitations. In this study, we incorporate the process-based dendroclimatic model MAIDEN into a data assimilation procedure using the reconstruction of near-surface air temperature, precipitation and winds in the midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere over the past 400 years as a test case. We compare our results with a data assimilation approach including a linear regression as a proxy system model for tree-ring width proxies. Overall, when compared to instrumental data, the reconstructions using MAIDEN as a proxy system model offer a skill equivalent to the experiment using the regression model. However, knowing the advantages that a process-based model can bring and the improvements that can still be made with MAIDEN, those results are promising.

We introduce PARASO, a novel five-component fully coupled regional climate model over an Antarctic circumpolar domain covering the full Southern Ocean. The state-of-the-art models used are the fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh) v1.7 (ice sheet), the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) v3.6 (ocean), the Louvain-la-Neuve sea-ice model (LIM) v3.6 (sea ice), the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO) model v5.0 (atmosphere) and its CLimate Mode (CLM) v4.5 (land), which are here run at a horizontal resolution close to 1/4∘. One key feature of this tool resides in a novel two-way coupling interface for representing ocean–ice-sheet interactions, through explicitly resolved ice-shelf cavities. The impact of atmospheric processes on the Antarctic ice sheet is also conveyed through computed COSMO-CLM–f.ETISh surface mass exchange. In this technical paper, we briefly introduce each model's configuration and document the developments that were carried out in order to establish PARASO. The new offline-based NEMO–f.ETISh coupling interface is thoroughly described. Our developments also include a new surface tiling approach to combine open-ocean and sea-ice-covered cells within COSMO, which was required to make this model relevant in the context of coupled simulations in polar regions. We present results from a 2000–2001 coupled 2-year experiment. PARASO is numerically stable and fully operational. The 2-year simulation conducted without fine tuning of the model reproduced the main expected features, although remaining systematic biases provide perspectives for further adjustment and development.

We present the study of the production of double J/ψ mesons using COMPASS data collected with a 190 GeV/c π− beam scattering off NH3, Al and W targets. Kinematic distributions of the collected double J/ψ events are analysed, and the double J/ψ production cross section is estimated for each of the COMPASS targets. The NH3 results are compared to predictions from single- and double-parton scattering models as well as the pion intrinsic charm and the tetraquark exotic resonance hypotheses. It is demonstrated that the single parton scattering production mechanism gives the dominant contribution that is sufficient to describe the data. An upper limit on the double intrinsic charm content of the pion is evaluated. No significant signatures that could be associated with exotic tetraquarks are found in the double J/ψ mass spectrum.