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In the last decade, studies in persons with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have shed light on the significance of persistently high CD8 counts and low CD4/CD8 ratios. A low CD4/CD8 ratio reflects increased immune activation and is associated with an increased risk of severe non-AIDS events. As a result, many clinicians now believe that the CD4/CD8 ratio can help in HIV monitoring, and many researchers now report it as an efficacy marker in interventional studies. However, the topic is more complex. Recent studies have not yielded unanimous conclusions on the ability of the CD4/CD8 ratio to predict adverse outcomes, and only some clinical guidelines recommend monitoring it. Knowledge gaps remain on the best cutoff points, associated clinical events, effects of treatments, and how the CD4/CD8 ratio could improve decision making in the clinic. Here, we critically review the literature, identify knowledge gaps, and discuss the role of the CD4/CD8 ratio as a marker for HIV monitoring.

The current health system must be revolutionized to meet the specific and real requirements of the largest population attended, older adults, and tailor the hospital to their needs, not the other way round. This is the goal of Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor: senior-friendly hospital. The project was established as a business process management system integrated into the management's hospital map. Four subprocesses were defined, as were all activities and tasks to be performed. The subprocesses are health care (delirium and functional decline prevention and the identification of frail older patients), training, the environment and its structures, and patient and family involvement. The leadership corresponds to the geriatricians who coordinate a multidisciplinary team of the project's referents. Actions must be scientific, evidence-based, rigorous, and evaluable, and they should be audited. The final aim is to change established mentalities, routines, and habits to convert the hospital to a friendlier place for older adults.

Background: HIV infection has been postulated as a model of accelerated aging. Previous studies have suggested a link between aging, frailty, and gut dysbiosis, but there is a knowledge gap in this field regarding the HIV population. Our objective was to explore the gut dysbiosis in older people with HIV (PWH) compared to non-HIV controls and to assess its possible link with frailty. Methods: A total of 36 fecal samples were submitted to a metataxonomic analysis. 24 were from PWH > 55 years and the other 12 were non-HIV healthy controls. Results: Alpha diversity was significantly higher in the control group than in the HIV group (Shannon index,3.74 [3.65-3.94] and 3.56 [3.32-3.69]], respectively; p < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of the genus Blautia was higher in the HIV group. Presence of Blautiawas also higher in PWH patients with depression, whereas the contrary was observed for the genus Bifidobacterium. Conclusions: Our study shows significant shifts in the composition of the bacteriome of PWH when compared to that of healthy controls. To our knowledge, this is the first study suggesting a potential link between depression and gut dysbiosis in the HIV population.

In recent decades, the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients has increased considerably, to the extent that the disease can now be considered chronic. In this context of progressive aging, HIV-infected persons have a greater prevalence of comorbid conditions. Consequently, they usually take more non-antiretroviral drugs, and their drug therapy are more complex. This supposes a greater risk of drug interactions, of hospitalization, falls, and death. In the last years, deprescribing has gained attention as a means to rationalize medication use. Review of the different therapeutic approach that includes optimization of polypharmacy and control and reduction of potentially inappropriate prescription. There are several protocols for systematizing the deprescribing process. The most widely used tool is the Medication Regimen Complexity Index, an index validated in HIV-infected persons. Anticholinergic medications are the agents that have been most associated with major adverse effects so, various scales have been employed to measure it. Other tools should be employed to detect and prevent the use of potentially inappropriate drugs. Prioritization of candidates should be based, among others, on drugs that should always be avoided and drugs with no justified indication. The deprescribing process shared by professionals and patients definitively would improve management of treatment in this population. Because polypharmacy in HIV-infected patients show that a considerable percentage of patients could be candidates for deprescribing, we must understand the importance of deprescribing and that HIV-infected persons should be a priority group. This process would be highly feasible and effective in HIV-infected persons.

Aim: To evaluate the association between DNA methylation and frailty in the HIV-infected population and to investigate the usefulness of assessing frailty as a clinical marker to identify age acceleration. Methods: Frailty was assessed according to Fried's frailty phenotype. DNA methylation was analyzed in 10 frail patients, and compared with 10 robust control patients, all with HIV. Predicted age was inferred using the Weidner's formula. Age acceleration was assessed using the difference between predicted and chronological age. Results: HIV-infected frail patients had significantly higher biological predicted ages than chronological ages (mean acceleration: 10.3 years; p = 0.012). Conclusions: We link age acceleration and frailty in an older HIV population. Frailty could be used in this population for implementing specific clinical approaches.

The current health system must be revolutionized to meet the specific and real requirements of the largest population attended, older adults, and tailor the hospital to their needs, not the other way round. This is the goal of Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor: senior-friendly hospital. The project was established as a business process management system integrated into the management's hospital map. Four subprocesses were defined, as were all activities and tasks to be performed. The subprocesses are health care (delirium and functional decline prevention and the identification of frail older patients), training, the environment and its structures, and patient and family involvement. The leadership corresponds to the geriatricians who coordinate a multidisciplinary team of the project's referents. Actions must be scientific, evidence-based, rigorous, and evaluable, and they should be audited. The final aim is to change established mentalities, routines, and habits to convert the hospital to a friendlier place for older adults.

Purpose of review Older adults account for the majority of people with HIV (PWH) in high-income countries and have increasingly complex clinical profiles related to premature aging. Frailty is an important geriatric syndrome affecting a minority of PHW. Frailty negatively affects PHW's clinical status and quality of life. This review will update care providers on the current state of frailty that limits the healthspan of PWH. Recent findings Ongoing low-level HIV replication in treated PWH leads to immune activation and chronic inflammation contributing to the destabilization of normally autoregulated physiologic systems in response to environmental and biologic challenges characteristic of frailty. Understanding these underlying mechanisms will determine potential intervention options. Potentially reversible risk factors that promote progression to and reversion from the dynamic state of frailty are being studied and will help prevent frailty. Simple assessment tools and treatment strategies for frailty are being adapted for aging PWH. Summary Insight into underlying biologic mechanisms and adapting proven geriatric principles of interdisciplinary care will inform the healthy aging of PWH.

© 2020 The Author(s)., [Objectives]: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters., [Methods]: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs)., [Results]: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22–0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71–1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43–0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86–1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02–0.17; p < 0.001)., [Conclusions]: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situation., IJ has received honoraria for participating in an advisory board from Gilead Sciences, and for educational activities from ViiV. JB has received research grants from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, Merck, and ViiV, and honoraria for being a speaker or advisory board participation from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Merck, and ViiV. JRA received fees for participating in an advisory board, being a speaker, and research grant support from Viiv, Janssen, Gilead, MSD, Teva, Alexa and Serono. PR is involved as speaker or advisory board participant for Gilead Sciences, AbbVie and ViiV. JR-B, JP, JC and MY have no conflicts of interest to declare. SAM-COVID was funded by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20/01031) co-funded by European Union (ERDF/ESF, “Investing in your future”) and Fundación SEIMC/GeSIDA. In addition, Juan Berenguer, Jesús Rodríguez-Baño, Inmaculada Jarrín, Jordi Carratalá, Jerónimo Pachón, and José R Arribas received funding for research from Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013-2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – co- financed by European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”, Operative program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020 through the networks: Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) [RD16/0025/0017 (JB), RD16/0025/0018 (JRA), RD16/0025/00XX (IJ)] and Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI)[RD16/0016/0001 (JRB), RD16/0016/0005 (JC), and RD16/0016/0009 (JP).

REIPI-SEIMC COVID-19 group and COVID@HULP group., [Background] The clinical presentation of COVID-19 in patients admitted to hospital is heterogeneous. We aimed to determine whether clinical phenotypes of patients with COVID-19 can be derived from clinical data, to assess the reproducibility of these phenotypes and correlation with prognosis, and to derive and validate a simplified probabilistic model for phenotype assignment. Phenotype identification was not primarily intended as a predictive tool for mortality., [Methods] In this study, we used data from two cohorts: the COVID-19@Spain cohort, a retrospective cohort including 4035 consecutive adult patients admitted to 127 hospitals in Spain with COVID-19 between Feb 2 and March 17, 2020, and the COVID-19@HULP cohort, including 2226 consecutive adult patients admitted to a teaching hospital in Madrid between Feb 25 and April 19, 2020. The COVID-19@Spain cohort was divided into a derivation cohort, comprising 2667 randomly selected patients, and an internal validation cohort, comprising the remaining 1368 patients. The COVID-19@HULP cohort was used as an external validation cohort. A probabilistic model for phenotype assignment was derived in the derivation cohort using multinomial logistic regression and validated in the internal validation cohort. The model was also applied to the external validation cohort. 30-day mortality and other prognostic variables were assessed in the derived phenotypes and in the phenotypes assigned by the probabilistic model., [Findings] Three distinct phenotypes were derived in the derivation cohort (n=2667)—phenotype A (516 [19%] patients), phenotype B (1955 [73%]) and phenotype C (196 [7%])—and reproduced in the internal validation cohort (n=1368)—phenotype A (233 [17%] patients), phenotype B (1019 [74%]), and phenotype C (116 [8%]). Patients with phenotype A were younger, were less frequently male, had mild viral symptoms, and had normal inflammatory parameters. Patients with phenotype B included more patients with obesity, lymphocytopenia, and moderately elevated inflammatory parameters. Patients with phenotype C included older patients with more comorbidities and even higher inflammatory parameters than phenotype B. We developed a simplified probabilistic model (validated in the internal validation cohort) for phenotype assignment, including 16 variables. In the derivation cohort, 30-day mortality rates were 2·5% (95% CI 1·4–4·3) for patients with phenotype A, 30·5% (28·5–32·6) for patients with phenotype B, and 60·7% (53·7–67·2) for patients with phenotype C (log-rank test p, [Interpretation] Patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 can be classified into three phenotypes that correlate with mortality. We developed and validated a simplified tool for the probabilistic assignment of patients into phenotypes. These results might help to better classify patients for clinical management, but the pathophysiological mechanisms of the phenotypes must be investigated., [Funding] Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and Fundación SEIMC/GeSIDA., Funding: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and Fundación SEIMC/GeSIDA.

People living with HIV-1 experience an accelerated aging due to the persistent and chronic activation of the immune system. This phenomenon conduces to immune exhaustion and precipitate immunosenescence. In general, frailty is defined as a syndrome of physiological degeneration in the elderly. Circulating naive and memory T cells were studied by flow cytometry in non-frail and frail HIV-1-infected groups. Thymopoiesis, cell activation, senescence and cell proliferation were analyzed by CD31, HLA-DR/CD38, CD28/CD57 and Ki-67 expression, respectively. Plasma levels of sCD14 and MDA were measured by ELISA. Frail infected individuals showed a reduced number of memory T cells, both CD4+ and CD8+ populations. Activated CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells were lower in frail individuals, and directly correlated with CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ and CD8M cells. Senescent CD8+CD28-CD57+ cells were reduced in frail HIV-1 infected individuals and inversely correlated with CD8RTE, CD8N and CD3+CD4+HLA-DR+. Higher plasma levels of sCD14 and MDA were found in HIV-1 infected frail individuals. Our data show association among frailty, markers of immune activation and oxidative stress. Understanding the immune mechanisms underlying frailty status in HIV-1 population is of high relevance not only for the prediction of continuing longevity but also for the identification of potential strategies for the elderly.

To evaluate differences between older women and men with HIV regarding HIV variables, comorbidity, physical function, and quality of life (QOL).The Modena HIV clinic.Prospective cohort study. Cross-sectional analysis. Patients50 years were included, stratified by sex. We recorded sociodemographic data, comorbidities, variables related to HIV infection, frailty, data on body composition, physical function, physical activity, and QOL.We evaluated 1126 older adults with HIV, of which 284 (25.2%) were women. Median age was 55 (IQR 6) years. There were significant differences between women and men in the median current CD4 T-cell and the mean CD4/CD8 ratio. There were differences regarding alcohol consumption, cardiovascular (CV) disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and renal failure. Sarcopenia and slower gait speed were found more prevalent among men, but without significant differences. Significant differences were found regarding lower extremity strength measured by the chair stand test and in the short physical performance battery score. Short physical performance battery9 was detected for 11.1% women vs. 5.6% men (P = 0.002). EQ5D5L score was 0.87 in women vs. 0.89 in men (P = 0.002).In our cohort, older women represented one in 4 of the total patients. Despite the fact that women have better immunological recovery measured by CD4 T-cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio, and fewer CV disease and CV risk factors than men, their physical function and their QOL are worse. Therefore, older HIV-infected women have special characteristics, and the assessment of physical function in this group seems to be crucial.

The scenario of people living with HIV has dramatically changed, and nowadays older adults with HIV constitute almost half of the HIV population—and the percentage is growing. Frailty and geriatric syndromes have been highly demonstrated among older adults with HIV; therefore, the application of geriatric medicine principles to their approach has become essential. Geriatric-HIV Medicine, specific, collaborative work between HIV specialists and geriatricians, is a young discipline that has the goal of ensuring a global and specific approach to older patients that is focused on function and the continuum of care. The geriatrician’s role adds value to the care of older people living with HIV through Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for those patients who can benefit but goes beyond the clinical approach and involves generating scientific evidence that impacts and changes the current model of care.

Thanks to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-related mortality has been drastically reduced and HIV infection has become a chronic disease. The HIV-infected population is ageing prematurely. Despite good immunovirological control, HIV causes chronic inflammation and accelerated immunosenes-cence. This clinically manifests as an increased prevalence of age-related comorbidity and frailty occurring earlier than in the general population. The heterogeneity of older HIV-infected adults highlights the rele-vance of identifying those who are at risk of poor health, and frailty may be an effective indicator. The rela-tionship between ageing, HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, comorbidities and frailty still needs to be clarified. Elderly HIV-infected adults are complex patients who require a specific, global and multidisci-plinary approach.

The HIV-infected population is aging due to the success of combination antiretroviral therapy, which prolongs survival, as well as the growing number of newly diagnosed cases in adults 50 years old and over. HIV-infected individuals suffer from an accelerated aging due to the persistent and chronic activation of the immune system that leads to immune exhaustion and accelerated immunosenescence, even when on optimal immuno-virological control treatment. The clinical expression of the immunosenescence state is an increased prevalence of aging-related non-HIV associated comorbidities and a rising prevalence of frailty occurring earlier than in the general population. Thus, HIV-infected patients are biologically older than their chronological age, and they suffer from aging-related problems, such as frailty, which should be assessed.

Background and objectives HIV patients have seen accelerated ageing. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of frailty, to evaluate factors associated with frailty and to evaluate physical function in older HIV-infected adults. Design this was a cross-sectional study. Setting outpatient clinics of two public university hospitals in Madrid (Spain). Methods frailty was defined according to the criteria of Fried: shrinking, weakness, poor endurance and energy, slowness and low physical activity level, being frail those who met at least three criteria, prefrail one or two criteria and robust when they met no criteria. Physical function was assessed using standardised methods. Results we evaluated 117 HIV-infected patients. Mean age was 61.3 ([standard deviation] 6.87) years. All patients were on antiretroviral therapy. Median current CD4+ T-cell count was 638 (144-1871) cells/μl, and median CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.79 (0.00-3.62). The prevalence of frailty was 15.4%, and that of prefrailty was 52.1%. In the multivariate analyses depressive symptoms (OR [95% CI], 9.20 [2.17-39.05]) and CD4/CD8 ratio (OR 0.11 [0.02-0.61]) were associated with frailty. Even though 100% of the patients were able to walk and perform basic activities of daily life independently, functional impairment was high (20% slow gait and 55% Short Physical Performance Battery ≤9). Conclusions HIV-infected patients aged ≥55 years have a high prevalence of frailty and a high burden of functional impairment. Optimal management of this population requires close collaboration between infectious diseases specialists and geriatricians.

To evaluate numerous publications that question the bone and extraosseous benefits of vitamin D diet supplementation based on results, which often transcend to public opinion, but are not well interpreted. This may have negative consequences on compliance of patients under vitamin D supplementation. Critical appraisal of several articles on vitamin D supplementation and its relationship with fractures, falls, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer incidence. Such publications have certain limitations (i.e. patients excluded because of a diagnosis of osteoporosis, or at a higher risk for fractures and falls, or because they have a vitamin D deficiency, etc.), and conclusions and/or subsequent recommendations should be approached with caution. Our research shows that patients with osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, and at high risk of fractures and falls should not discontinue vitamin D supplementation (often associated with calcium). It is becoming increasingly evident that patients with hypovitaminosis D are those that gain a maximal benefit from vitamin D supplementation.

The recent and rapid demographic changes affecting people living with HIV (PLWH) produced a subset of older adults demanding a prompt response both in clinical practice and research setting. The scientific community had to properly design studies that include older adults living with HIV (OALWH), aged 50 years, or geriatric PLWH, aged 65 years to explore the interaction between aging and HIV itself, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and non-infectious co-morbidities (NICM). Choosing between these two types of cohorts may represent a trap, but also a possibility to measure different outcomes and obtain different evidence. The aim of this paper is to describe ongoing aging HIV cohorts that include older or geriatric PLWH and present the key results obtained in those studies.So far, in Europe, there are ongoing cohorts that comprise OALWH or geriatric PLWH: AGEhIV, POPPY, GEPPO, FUNCFRAIL and COBRA. We will summarize crucial findings from each study published up to now, which will be categorized as results related to HIV and ART, NICM and geriatric syndromes.Existing aging HIV cohorts are pointing out unmet medical needs of OALWH but are still not representative of the entire European HIV aging epidemic. Moreover, there are no studies designed to detect best ART strategies in this population and various outcomes that go beyond the viro-immunological success are still not routinely part of aging cohorts.Results from aging cohorts with outcomes that go beyond the undetectability will pave the way to health care providers to encounter unmet needs of OALWH.

The aim of this paper is to describe ongoing aging HIV cohorts that include older (> 50 years) or geriatric (> 65 years) people living with HIV and present the key results obtained in those studies. Existing aging HIV cohorts are pointing out unmet medical needs of OALWH. However, there are no studies designed to detect best ART strategies in this population and various outcomes that go beyond the viro-immunological success, such as frailty, geriatric syndromes, physical function, disability, quality of life and healthy aging are still not routinely part of aging cohorts. The already present demographic transition affecting PLWH are not paralleled by significant changes in the clinical management. In order to better describe aging trajectories in this population, it is essential to collect and measure immunological biomarkers. Results from aging HIV observational studies can also inspire randomized clinical trials. The recent and rapid demographic changes affecting people living with HIV (PLWH) produced a subset of older adults demanding a prompt response both in clinical practice and research setting. The scientific community had to properly design studies that include older adults living with HIV (OALWH), aged > 50 years, or geriatric PLWH, aged > 65 years to explore the interaction between aging and HIV itself, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and non-infectious co-morbidities (NICM). Choosing between these two types of cohorts may represent a trap, but also a possibility to measure different outcomes and obtain different evidence. The aim of this paper is to describe ongoing aging HIV cohorts that include older or geriatric PLWH and present the key results obtained in those studies. So far, in Europe, there are ongoing cohorts that comprise OALWH or geriatric PLWH: AGEhIV, POPPY, GEPPO, FUNCFRAIL and COBRA. We will summarize crucial findings from each study published up to now, which will be categorized as results related to HIV and ART, NICM and geriatric syndromes. Existing aging HIV cohorts are pointing out unmet medical needs of OALWH but are still not representative of the entire European HIV aging epidemic. Moreover, there are no studies designed to detect best ART strategies in this population and various outcomes that go beyond the viro-immunological success are still not routinely part of aging cohorts. Results from aging cohorts with outcomes that go beyond the undetectability will pave the way to health care providers to encounter unmet needs of OALWH.

PurposeThe medical morbidity and mortality associated with neck of femur fractures is well-documented, whereas there is limited data for patient-reported outcomes. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of neck of femur fractures on activities of daily living and patient-reported health-related quality of life.MethodsDesign and participants: Multicentric prospective cohort study. Consecutive sample patients with fragility hip fracture over 50years old admitted in 48 hospitals in Spain.Outcomes: daily living activity function (Barthel Index) and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) pre-fracture, admission to hospital and at 1- and 4-month follow-up post-fracture.Statistics: Barthel and EQ-5D over time are described as mean (SD) and median (interquartile range).ResultsA total of 997 patients were recruited at baseline with 4-month outcomes available for, and 856 patients (89.5%). Barthel Index fell from 78.77 (23.75) at baseline to 43.62 (19.86) on admission to hospital with the fracture. Scores partially recovered to 54.89 (25.40) and 64.09 (21.35) at 1- and 4-month post-fracture, respectively. EQ-5D fell from a median of 0.75 (0.47-0.91) to -0.01 (-0.03 to 0.51) on admission. Partial recovery was observed again to (0.51 (-0.06 to 0.67)) and (0.60 (0.10 to 0.80)) at 1- and 4-month post-fracture, respectively.ConclusionsHip fracture results in a large decline in the ability to perform activities of daily living and patient-reported health-related quality of life with only partial recovery amongst survivors 4-month post-fracture., This work has been sponsored by an unrestricted grant of AMGEN to the Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Investigation (IMIM).

Hip fractures (HF) are prevalent and involve high morbidity and mortality so improving their management is important. HF registries are a good way to improve knowledge about this condition and its quality of care, while at the same time reducing clinical variability, optimizing efficiency, improving outcomes, and reducing costs. Hip fractures (HF) are a prevalent fragility fracture secondary to osteoporosis that involves high morbidity and mortality. They are low-impact fractures, resulting from a fall from a standing or sitting height. Despite numerous Clinical Practice Guidelines that establish uniform recommendations for their care, great variability persists regarding clinical and healthcare outcomes. Fracture registries can help detect deficits and establish measures to improve care. The objective of this work is to analyze the contents that a HF registry should have and to compare the characteristics of some national HF registries. A literature search was conducted on several national hip fracture registries, and those that contain relevant information on the variables and their outcomes were selected. The selected HF registries were compared using the parameters they measure as well as the outcomes in the different countries. The variables collected in the majority of the databases and those that give useful information are as follows: sociodemographic variables (age, sex, place of residence), clinical variables (function before and after HF, anesthesia risk as measured by the ASA score, type of fracture, type of surgery and anesthesia, and in-hospital and 1-month mortality), and healthcare variables (pre-operative and overall stay, presence of collaboration with orthogeriatrics or with any clinician in addition to the surgeon, secondary prevention of new fractures by assessing the fall risk, and need for osteoporosis treatment). The recording of HF cases in different countries improves knowledge about handling this condition and its quality of care, while at the same time reducing clinical variability, optimizing efficiency, improving outcomes, and reducing costs. The debate on the variables that should be recorded is timely, such as organizing how to collect each measurement, and even trying to unify the national and international registries or using a current proposal such as the one from the Fragility Fracture Network.

One in six new HIV diagnoses in Europe occur among people over 50 years of age. As in the general population, the aging process is not homogeneous among older adults with HIV, and some of them exhibit impaired physical function, higher frailty and more frequent geriatric syndromes. These illness reflect a higher biological age independently of their chronological age. After starting antirretroviral treatment, people living with HIV (PLWH) older than 50 exhibit a poorer immunological recovery than younger PLWH. Moreover, older adults with HIV present early onset of comorbidities and functional impairment caused by persistent and chronic activation of the immune system, which leads to immune exhaustion and accelerated immunosenescence despite optimal suppression of HIV replication. The evidence of poorer immunological response to ARV, linked with early immunosenescence in PLWH and its prematurely deleterious effect in physiological functions and its clinical consequences, are the basis to accept the cut-off of 50 years of age to define an “older adult with HIV”.

The scenario of people living with HIV has dramatically changed, and nowadays older adults with HIV constitute almost half of the HIV population-and the percentage is growing. Frailty and geriatric syndromes have been highly demonstrated among older adults with HIV; therefore, the application of geriatric medicine principles to their approach has become essential. Geriatric-HIV Medicine, specific, collaborative work between HIV specialists and geriatricians, is a young discipline that has the goal of ensuring a global and specific approach to older patients that is focused on function and the continuum of care. The geriatrician's role adds value to the care of older people living with HIV through Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for those patients who can benefit but goes beyond the clinical approach and involves generating scientific evidence that impacts and changes the current model of care.

Thanks to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-related mortality has been drastically reduced and HIV infection has become a chronic disease. The HIV-infected population is ageing prematurely. Despite good immunovirological control, HIV causes chronic inflammation and accelerated immunosenes-cence. This clinically manifests as an increased prevalence of age-related comorbidity and frailty occurring earlier than in the general population. The heterogeneity of older HIV-infected adults highlights the rele-vance of identifying those who are at risk of poor health, and frailty may be an effective indicator. The rela-tionship between ageing, HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, comorbidities and frailty still needs to be clarified. Elderly HIV-infected adults are complex patients who require a specific, global and multidisci-plinary approach.

Hip fracture is a major health care problem worldwide. Business process management systems (PMSs) have made significant contributions in health care environments to improve patient care standards. The effectiveness of PMS applied to hip fracture in older adults in the acute phase has been demonstrated. Fragility fracture is a major health care problem worldwide. Business PMSs have made significant contributions in health care environments to improve patient care standards. It is a new way of management that defines a homogeneous application procedure involving eliminating steps that add no value and developing explicit supervision criteria, in addition to identifying the appropriate managers. The aim of our trial was to assess the effectiveness of the PMS applied to hip fracture versus the orthogeriatric co-management model in the acute phase. All consecutive patients aged ≥ 65 who were admitted to Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2016, for acute hip fracture surgery were included. We compared the effectiveness indicators in the acute phase between the preprocess period (orthogeriatric co-management) and the process period. One thousand two hundred twenty-two patients were included (76.6% women). Mean age (SD) was 83.9 (6.4) years. Effectiveness management indicators are the following: length of hospital stay, time to admission to the ward from the emergency department, preoperative stay, surgery in

The analysis of the available databases related to HIV/AIDS confirms a paradigm shift in the patient's life expectancy: now HIV has become a chronic disease, so patients are aging. However, this advance is accompanied by a negative counterpart: due to the increase in the number of years of life gained, there is a prevalence of comorbidities greater than the general population and at an earlier age. Reducing the risk associated with all the comorbidities that the ageing patient with HIV/AIDS may develop, must now be a health objective; it must be added to the traditional objectives that until now were part of the strategy to reduce the impact of the HIV infection. In the specific case of women, it is also necessary to train peri and postmenopausal women to increase their skills and motivation to care for their health; It is also very important to examine the role that hormone replacement therapy can play in reducing their symptoms.El análisis de las bases de datos disponibles relacionadas con VIH/SIDA confirma un cambio de paradigma en la esperanza de vida del paciente: ahora el VIH se ha convertido en una enfermedad crónica, con la que los pacientes están envejeciendo. No obstante, este avance se acompaña de una contraparte negativa: debido al incremento en el número de años de vida ganados, se da una prevalencia de comorbilidades mayor a la de la población general y a una edad más temprana. Reducir el riesgo asociado a todas las comorbilidades que puede desarrollar el paciente con VIH/SIDA mientras envejece debe ser hoy en día un objetivo de salud, que se suma a los objetivos tradicionales que hasta ahora formaban parte de la estrategia para reducir el impacto de la infección por el VIH. En el caso específico de la mujer, además es necesario formar a las mujeres peri y postmenopáusicas para incrementar sus habilidades y su motivación para el cuidado de su salud; también es muy importante que se examine el rol que puede tener la terapia de reemplazo hormonal en la reducción de sus síntomas.

We have characterised 997 hip fracture patients from a representative 45 Spanish hospitals, and followed them up prospectively for up to 4 months. Despite suboptimal surgical delays (average 59.1 hours), in-hospital mortality was lower than in Northern European cohorts. The secondary fracture prevention gap is unacceptably high at 85%. Purpose To characterise inpatient care, complications, and 4-month mortality following a hip or proximal femur fracture in Spain. Methods Design: prospective cohort study. Consecutive sample of patients >= 50 years old admitted in a representative 45 hospitals for a hip or proximal femur fragility fracture, from June 2014 to June 2016 and followed up for 4 months post-fracture. Patient characteristics, site of fracture, in-patient care (including secondary fracture prevention) and complications, and 4-month mortality are described. Results A total of 997 subjects (765 women) of mean (standard deviation) age 83.6 (8.4) years were included. Previous history of fracture/s (36.9%) and falls (43%) were common, and 10-year FRAX-estimated major and hip fracture risks were 15.2% (9.0%) and 8.5% (7.6%) respectively. Inter-trochanteric (44.6%) and displaced intra-capsular (28.0%) were the most common fracture sites, and fixation with short intramedullary nail (38.6%) with spinal anaesthesia (75.5%) the most common procedures. Surgery and rehabilitation were initiated within a mean 59.1 (56.7) and 61.9 (55.1) hours respectively, and average length of stay was 11.5 (9.3) days. Antithrombotic and antibiotic prophylaxis were given to 99.8% and 98.2% respectively, whilst only 12.4% received secondary fracture prevention at discharge. Common complications included delirium (36.1 %) and kidney failure (14.1%), with in-hospital and 4-month mortality of 2.1% and 11% respectively. Conclusions Despite suboptimal surgical delay, post-hip fracture mortality is low in Spanish hospitals. The secondary fracture prevention gap is unacceptably high at > 85%, in spite of virtually universal anti-thrombotic and antibiotic prophylaxis., Funded in part by CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, FEDER funds. Unrestricted research grant from Amgen S.A. Amgen did not have any role in study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the report, and the decision to submit the report for publication.

The HIV-infected population is aging due to the success of combination antiretroviral therapy, which prolongs survival, as well as the growing number of newly diagnosed cases in adults 50 years old and over. HIV-infected individuals suffer from an accelerated aging due to the persistent and chronic activation of the immune system that leads to immune exhaustion and accelerated immunosenescence, even when on optimal immuno-virological control treatment. The clinical expression of the immunosenescence state is an increased prevalence of aging-related non-HIV associated comorbidities and a rising prevalence of frailty occurring earlier than in the general population. Thus, HIV-infected patients are biologically older than their chronological age, and they suffer from aging-related problems, such as frailty, which should be assessed.

HIV infection is increasingly common in the elderly. This population is a heterogeneous group with particular epidemiologic characteristics and often with associated comorbidities, which frequently delay diagnosis and lead to poor immunological status at the start of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). There are no differences between elderly and young HIV infected patients in the recommended antiretroviral regimens. Tolerance to treatment is good and the virological and immunological response to HAART is positive, although immunological response is slower and lower than in younger patients. Treatment adherence, which has been shown to be the only protective independent factor related to virological failure, is better in the elderly.

The study objective was to analyze the characteristics and the response to therapy in the eldest of the older adults living with human immunodeficiency virus.The study included a cohort of patients with human immunodeficiency virus aged 55 years or more on initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Immunologic and virologic response, morbidity, and mortality were assessed. Patients were categorized as aged less than 65 years and 65 years or more.A total of 112 patients were included (82 patients aged65 years and 30 patients agedor =65 years). There were no differences between the age groups in baseline characteristics, survival, and virologic response. There was a trend toward better adherence and a lower CD4+ cell increase after HAART in the older group.A relationship was found between lower CD4+ cell increase after HAART and advanced age. We found the best adherence to treatment in the eldest of the older adults, and this has been shown to be the only protective independent factor related to virologic failure.

This case report describes an atypical case of duodenal leishmaniasis in an elderly patient not infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Investigation of this 84 year old woman with a constitutional syndrome and dysphagia revealed anaemia of chronic disorder, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed thickening of the stomach wall, which was seen to be inflamed during gastroscopy. Duodenal histology revealed numerous leishmania amastigotes within macrophages. This was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy and leishmania serology. This case report stresses the importance of atypical symptoms and the unusual location of visceral leishmaniasis, not only in immunodepressed patients, but also in elderly immunocompetent patients.

Objective: To describe the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of hip fracture (HF) in patients aged 65 years or over in the various autonomous regions (AR) of Spain from the year 2000 to 2002 and to determine which factors affect in-hospital mortality. Methods: Retrospective, observational study including all patients aged N65 years with acute hip fracture in the 19 AR of Spain from 2000 to 2002. Data were obtained from the National Record of the Minimum Basic Data Set of the Ministry of Health. We analyzed the following: incidence rates (crude and age- and gender-adjusted rates) and incidence of hospital admission by season, length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality. We used regression analysis to identify the factors that influenced in-hospital mortality. Results: There were 107,718 cases of HF in patients aged N65 years; of these, 74% were women, with a mean age of 79 years (SD 14). The crude incidence rate for HF was 511 cases per 100,000 N65-year-old patients per year (265 cases per 100,000 men and 688 per 100,000 women and year). Incidence adjusted for age and gender was 503 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Catalonia had the highest age-adjusted incidence and Galicia the lowest (623 and 317 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year, respectively). Incidence rates increased from spring (24.1%) to winter (25.8%). The mean length of hospital stay was 15 days (SD 13). Seasonal influence and length of stay varied greatly between autonomous regions. While the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 5.3%, the rate for males was double that of females (8.9% and 4.8%, respectively), and in-hospital mortality increased with comorbidity (each point on the Charlson index increased mortality by 34.5%) was higher in winter (11% more risk compared to warmer seasons) and in cold climate regions (15% more risk compared to regions with a warm climate, i.e.: Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, Balearic Islands and Canary Islands). Conclusions: Hip fracture mainly affects elderly women and presents great variability in incidence, seasonality, length of hospital stay and mortality between the different autonomous regions in Spain. Elderly male patients with severe comorbid conditions, who are admitted in winter and in cold climate regions are more at risk of in-hospital mortality.