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5. The south-western Black Forest and the Upper Rhine Graben Main Border Fault: thermal history and hydrothermal fluid flow

Author

Dresmann, H., Keulen, N., Timar-Geng, Z., Fügenschuh, B., Wetzel, A., Stünitz, H., Dresmann, H., Keulen, N., Timar-Geng, Z., Fügenschuh, B., Wetzel, A., and Stünitz, H.

Abstract

The thermal history of the south-westernmost Black Forest (Germany) and the adjacent Upper Rhine Graben were constrained by a combination of apatite and zircon fission-track (FT) and microstructural analyses. After intrusion of Palaeozoic granitic plutons in the Black Forest, the thermal regime of the studied area re-equilibrated during the Late Permian and the Mesozoic, interrupted by enhanced hydrothermal activity during the Jurassic. At the eastern flank of the Upper Rhine Graben along the Main Border Fault the analysed samples show microstructural characteristics related to repeated tectonic and hydrothermal activities. The integration of microstructural observations of the cataclastic fault gouge with the FT data identifies the existence of repeated tectonic-related fluid flow events characterised by different thermal conditions. The older took place during the Variscan and/or Mesozoic time at temperatures lower than 280°C, whereas the younger was probably contemporary with the Cenozoic rifting of the Upper Rhine Graben at temperatures not higher than 150°C

Published
2018

6. Miocene tectonics of the Maramures area (Northern Romania): implications for the Mid-Hungarian fault zone

Author

Tischler, M., Gröger, H., Fügenschuh, B., Schmid, S., Tischler, M., Gröger, H., Fügenschuh, B., and Schmid, S.

Abstract

The interplay between the emplacement of crustal blocks (e.g. "ALCAPA”, "Tisza”, "Dacia”) and subduction retreat is a key issue for understanding the Miocene tectonic history of the Carpathians. Coeval thrusting and basin formation is linked by transfer zones, such as the Mid-Hungarian fault zone, which seperates ALCAPA from Tisza-Dacia. The presented study provides new kinematic data from this transfer zone. Early Burdigalian (20.5 to ∼18.5Ma) SE-directed thrusting of the easternmost tip of ALCAPA (Pienides), over Tisza-Dacia is linked to movements along the Mid-Hungarian fault zone and the Periadriatic line, accommodating the lateral extrusion of ALCAPA. Minor Late Burdigalian (∼18.5 to 16Ma) NE-SW extension is interpreted as related to back-arc extension. Post Burdigalian (post-16Ma) NE-SW shortening and NW-SE extension correlate with "soft collision” of Tisza-Dacia with the European foreland coupled with southward migration of active subduction. During this stage the Bogdan-Voda and Dragos-Voda faults were kinematically linked to the Mid-Hungarian fault zone. Sinistral transpression (16 to 12Ma) at the Bogdan-Voda fault was followed by sinistral transtension (12-10Ma) along the coupled Bogdan-Dragos-Voda fault system. During the transtensional stage left-lateral offset was reduced eastwards by SW trending normal faults, the fault system finally terminating in an extensional horse-tail splay

Published
2018

7. Geochronological evidence for the Alpine tectono-thermal evolution of the Veporic Unit (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

Author

Vojtko, R., Králiková, S., Jerábek, P., Schuster, R., Danišík, Martin, Fügenschuh, B., Minár, J., Madarás, J., Vojtko, R., Králiková, S., Jerábek, P., Schuster, R., Danišík, Martin, Fügenschuh, B., Minár, J., and Madarás, J.

Abstract

Tectono-thermal evolution of the Veporic Unit was revealed by multiple geochronological methods, including 87Rb/86Sr on muscovite and biotite, zircon and apatite fission-track, and apatite (U-Th)/He analysis. Based on the new data, the following Alpine tectono-thermal stages can be distinguished: The Eo-Alpine Cretaceous nappe stacking (~135-95 Ma) resulted in burial of the Veporic Unit beneath the northward overthrusting Gemeric Unit and overlying Jurassic Meliata accretionary wedge. During this process the Veporic Unit reached metamorphic peak of greenschist- to amphibolite facies accompanied by orogen-parallel flow in its lower and middle crust. The subsequent evolution of this crust is associated with two distinct exhumation mechanisms related to collision with the northerly Tatric-Fatric basement. The first mechanism (~90-80 Ma) is associated with internal subhorizontal shortening of the Veporic Unit reflected by large-scale upright folding and heterogeneous exhumation of the Veporic lower crust in the cores of crustal-scale antiforms. This led to juxtaposition of the higher and lower grade parts of basement, all cooled down to ~350 °C by ~80 Ma. The second mechanism is associated with the overthrusting of the Veporic Unit over the attenuated Fatric crust. This led to a passive en-block exhumation of the Veporic crust from ~350 °C to 60 °C between ~80 and 55 Ma followed by erosion (~55-35 Ma). The erosion processes resulted in formation of planation surface before the Late Eocene transgression. After erosion and planation, a new sedimentary cycle of the Central Carpathian Palaeogene Basin was deposited with the sedimentary strata thickness of ~1.5-2.0 km (~21-17 Ma). The early to middle Miocene is characterised by destruction tectonic disintegration and erosion of this basin (~20-13 Ma) and formation of the Neogene Vepor Stratovolcano (~13 Ma). The final shaping of the area has been linked to erosional processes of the volcanic structure since the Late Sarmatia

Published
2016

8. Quantifying the mass transfer from mountain ranges to deposition in sedimentary basins: Source to sink studies in the Danube Basin-Black Sea system

Author

Matenco, L., Andriessen, P., Avram, C., Bada, G., Beekman, F., Bielik, M., ter Borgh, M., Cifci, G., Cvetković, V., Dinu, C., Dombradi, E., Dondurur, D., Ergun, M., Francu, J., Fügenschuh, B., Garcia- Castellanos, D., Götz, J., Horváth, F., Houseman, G., Knežević, S., Kovac, M., Kralikova, S., Krijgsman, W., Kucuk, M., Legosteva, O., Lericolais, G., Jipa, D., Maximov, G., Melinte, M., Minar, J., Munteanu, I., Munt, I.J., Olariu, C., Otto, J.C., Panin, N., Plašienka, D., Reiser, M., Rundić, L., Rupprechter, M., Safanda, J., Schmid, S., Schrott, L., Schuster, R., Starostenko, V., Steel, R.J., Stephenson, R., Stovba, S., Sokoutis, D., Stankoviansky, M., Stoica, M., Stojadinović, U., Toljić, M., Tomljenović, Bruno, ter Voorde, M., and Wong, H.K.

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Aardwetenschappen, Source to sink systems, Danube River Basin, Black Sea, coupled orogen, basin evolution, Sediment, Structural basin, Sedimentary basin, Oceanography, Basin evolution, Sink (geography), Paleontology, Tectonics, Black sea, Analogue modelling, Mass transfer, Drainage, Geology
Abstract

A source to sink system describes the natural link between mountains, plains and deltas, by analysing the (re)distribution of material at shallow crustal depth and at the Earth's surface, exploring the links between coupled tectonic and surface processes. Sediment fluxes are the product of erosion and movement of material in and from sources (mountains), the transport and movement of sediments and solutes by river systems to the plains, and deposition and storage in sink zones. The ESF-EUROCORES TOPO-EUROPE SourceSink programme is a fully integrated research effort to significantly advance our predictive capabilities on the quantitative analyses of coupled active and past drainage systems by means of step-wise 4D reconstructions of sediments mass transfer, integrating geophysics, geology, geomorphology, state of the art high-resolution dating, and numerical and analogue modelling. The area selected for this programme is the Danube River Basin–Black Sea source to sink system, a world-class natural laboratory that is uniquely suited in the heart of Europe's topography, covering almost half of its surface, providing opportunities for excellent field sites to study in integration surface and subsurface data that cover the complete chain of source, carrier and sink. Quantifying and modelling the complete system in relation to the controlling parameters has resulted in significant understanding of forcing factors and linking temporal and spatial scales across multiple orogen and basin systems. This research has provided the opportunity to widen the geographical scope to other natural scenarios, where a number of mountain chains with similar geodynamic genesis separate sedimentary basins with comparable evolution.

Published
2013

11. The Late Cretaceous supra-subduction magmatism of North Kozara (northern Bosnia and Herzegovina): implications for the Cretaceous to Paleogene collisional history between Tisza and the Dinarides

Author

Ustaszewski, K., Schmid, S. M., Lugovic, B., Schuster, R., Schaltegger, U., Fügenschuh, B., Kounov, A., Bernoulli, D., Hottinger, L., and Schefer, S.

Subjects
ophiolites, U-Pb dating, Nd-Sr isotope composition, Kozara Mts, Dinarides
Abstract

The widespread occurrence of ophiolites is the most distinctive feature of the internal Dinarides of the Balkan Peninsula. Believed to have formed part of the Triassic to Jurassic Meliata/Vardar oceanic system (i.e. parts of Neotethys in the sense of Schmid et al. 2004), they were incorporated into Jurassic melange (Meliata) or obducted onto the passive margin of the Apulian plate during the Late Jurassic (Vardar). At present, these ophiolites and their Late Jurassic footwall occupy a structurally high position within the SW-verging nappe stack of the Dinarides, which formed in the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene in response to the closure of a remnant oceanic domain originally positioned between the internal Dinarides and Europe-derived units (including Tisza). While many authors infer that this closure started in the Late Cretaceous, hardly any evidence for intra-oceanic magmatism younger than the Jurassic existed until the findings of Karamata et al. (2000). This study provides additional geochronological, biostratigraphic and geochemical evidence for Late Cretaceous igneous activity between the internal Dinarides and the Tisza unit. In the Kozara Mountains of northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, a mafic succession (comprising isotropic gabbros, doleritic dikes and basaltic pillow lavas) is thrusted onto the “ classical” Dinaric ophiolite succession (obducted already in the Late Jurassic). Pelagic limestones, intercalated with the pillow lavas, yielded a Campanian globotruncanid association. These results are in perfect agreement with U-Pb dating of zircons from differentiated dolerites, which gave a concordia age of 81.39 +/- 0.11 Ma. Rare earth element concentrations suggest an intra-oceanic island-arc (or suprasubduction) origin of these mafic rocks. The initial isotopic values for 80 Ma are 4.4 to 6.3 for eNd and 0.70346 to 0.70507 for 87Sr/86Sr, respectively. With respect to MORB these values indicate only a very low degree of crustal contamination, again suggesting an intra-oceanic origin. The igneous succession is unconformably overlain by sandstones and conglomerates including abundant ophiolitic detritus and shallow-water benthic foraminifera of Maastrichtian age. Upsection, intercalations of bioclastic shallow-water material of Paleocene age occur within the mostly siliciclastic succession. Still higher up, a turbiditic sandstone succession, devoid of any ophiolitic detritus, covers both the Dinaric and the Late Cretaceous Kozara igneous succession unconformably. In combination, these observations suggest the closure of an oceanic domain between the Dinarides and the Tisza unit during the Maastrichtian to earliest Paleogene. This Late Cretaceous oceanic domain may either represent a remnant of Neotethys, or alternatively, of the Alpine Tethys ; possibly both were connected in the working area.

Published
2007

15. Exhumation of the Alpine nappe stack

Author

Martin, S., Polino, R., Bistacchi, A., Massironi, M., Zattin, M., Perello, P., Piana, F., Gianotti, Franco, Guermani, A., Fügenschuh, B., Martin, S, Polino, R, Bistacchi, A, Massironi, M, Zattin, M, Perello, P, Piana, F, Gianotti, F, Guermani, A, and Fuegenschuh, B

Subjects
Aosta-Ranzola fault, Western Alps, GEO/03 - GEOLOGIA STRUTTURALE, exhumation, fission track, Aosta Valley, brittle tectonic
Published
1999

17. The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units

Author

Schmid, S.M., Bernoulli, D., Fügenschuh, B., Matenco, L.C., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tischler, M., Ustaszewski, K., Schmid, S.M., Bernoulli, D., Fügenschuh, B., Matenco, L.C., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tischler, M., and Ustaszewski, K.

Abstract

A correlation of tectonic units of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic system of orogens, including the substrate of the Pannonian and Transylvanian basins, is presented in the form of a map. Combined with a series of crustal-scale cross sections this correlation of tectonic units yields a clearer picture of the three-dimensional architecture of this system of orogens that owes its considerable complexity to multiple overprinting of earlier by younger deformations. The synthesis advanced here indicates that none of the branches of the Alpine Tethys and Neotethys extended eastward into the Dobrogea Orogen. Instead, the main branch of the Alpine Tethys linked up with the Meliata-Maliac-Vardar branch of the Neotethys into the area of the present-day Inner Dinarides. More easterly and subsidiary branches of the Alpine Tethys separated Tisza completely, and Dacia partially, from the European continent. Remnants of the Triassic parts of Neotethys (Meliata-Maliac) are preserved only as ophiolitic mélanges present below obducted Jurassic Neotethyan (Vardar) ophiolites. The opening of the Alpine Tethys was largely contemporaneous with the Latest Jurassic to Early Cretaceous obduction of parts of the Jurassic Vardar ophiolites. Closure of the Meliata-Maliac Ocean in the Alps and West Carpathians led to Cretaceous-age orogeny associated with an eclogitic overprint of the adjacent continental margin. The Triassic Meliata-Maliac and Jurassic Western and Eastern Vardar ophiolites were derived from one single branch of Neotethys: the Meliata-Maliac-Vardar Ocean. Complex geometries resulting from out-of-sequence thrusting during Cretaceous and Cenozoic orogenic phases underlay a variety of multi-ocean hypotheses, that were advanced in the literature and that we regard as incompatible with the field evidence. The present-day configuration of tectonic units suggests that a former connection between ophiolitic units in West Carpathians and Dinarides was disrupted by substantial Miocene-ag

Published
2008
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28. Miocene tectonics of the Maramures area (Northern Romania): implications for the Mid-Hungarian fault zone

Author

Tischler, M., Gröger, H., Fügenschuh, B., Schmid, S., Tischler, M., Gröger, H., Fügenschuh, B., and Schmid, S.

Abstract

The interplay between the emplacement of crustal blocks (e.g. "ALCAPA”, "Tisza”, "Dacia”) and subduction retreat is a key issue for understanding the Miocene tectonic history of the Carpathians. Coeval thrusting and basin formation is linked by transfer zones, such as the Mid-Hungarian fault zone, which seperates ALCAPA from Tisza-Dacia. The presented study provides new kinematic data from this transfer zone. Early Burdigalian (20.5 to ∼18.5Ma) SE-directed thrusting of the easternmost tip of ALCAPA (Pienides), over Tisza-Dacia is linked to movements along the Mid-Hungarian fault zone and the Periadriatic line, accommodating the lateral extrusion of ALCAPA. Minor Late Burdigalian (∼18.5 to 16Ma) NE-SW extension is interpreted as related to back-arc extension. Post Burdigalian (post-16Ma) NE-SW shortening and NW-SE extension correlate with "soft collision” of Tisza-Dacia with the European foreland coupled with southward migration of active subduction. During this stage the Bogdan-Voda and Dragos-Voda faults were kinematically linked to the Mid-Hungarian fault zone. Sinistral transpression (16 to 12Ma) at the Bogdan-Voda fault was followed by sinistral transtension (12-10Ma) along the coupled Bogdan-Dragos-Voda fault system. During the transtensional stage left-lateral offset was reduced eastwards by SW trending normal faults, the fault system finally terminating in an extensional horse-tail splay

29. The south-western Black Forest and the Upper Rhine Graben Main Border Fault: thermal history and hydrothermal fluid flow

Author

Dresmann, H., Keulen, N., Timar-Geng, Z., Fügenschuh, B., Wetzel, A., Stünitz, H., Dresmann, H., Keulen, N., Timar-Geng, Z., Fügenschuh, B., Wetzel, A., and Stünitz, H.

Abstract

The thermal history of the south-westernmost Black Forest (Germany) and the adjacent Upper Rhine Graben were constrained by a combination of apatite and zircon fission-track (FT) and microstructural analyses. After intrusion of Palaeozoic granitic plutons in the Black Forest, the thermal regime of the studied area re-equilibrated during the Late Permian and the Mesozoic, interrupted by enhanced hydrothermal activity during the Jurassic. At the eastern flank of the Upper Rhine Graben along the Main Border Fault the analysed samples show microstructural characteristics related to repeated tectonic and hydrothermal activities. The integration of microstructural observations of the cataclastic fault gouge with the FT data identifies the existence of repeated tectonic-related fluid flow events characterised by different thermal conditions. The older took place during the Variscan and/or Mesozoic time at temperatures lower than 280°C, whereas the younger was probably contemporary with the Cenozoic rifting of the Upper Rhine Graben at temperatures not higher than 150°C

30. Determining the growth rate of topographic relief using in situ-produced 10Be: A case study in the Black Forest, Germany

Author

Meyer, H., Hetzel, R., Fügenschuh, B., and Strauss, H.

Subjects
*COSMOGENIC nuclides, *CHEMICAL denudation, *WATERSHEDS, *MOUNTAINS, *FISSION track dating, *GNEISS, *SEDIMENT transport, *GRANITE
Abstract

Abstract: To determine how topographic relief in mountainous regions evolves through time we present a new approach that uses in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be to quantify (1) spatially averaged denudation rates of small watersheds and (2) local denudation rates of the ridge crests bounding these basins. The technique is applied to two catchments in the Black Forest, a forested mountain range with a local relief of a few hundred meters, which is typical for ranges in central Europe. Both the Acher and the Gutach catchments expose predominantly Carboniferous granite, and only minor amounts of high-grade gneiss and Triassic sandstone. The latter occurs on ridges defining the eastern boundaries of the catchments, above a regional unconformity. In the Acher and northern Gutach watersheds denudation rates of subcatchments derived from 10Be concentrations in stream sediment range from 52 to 87mm/ka and 59 to 91mm/ka, respectively. In contrast, grus samples from the ridge crests bounding both watersheds yield lower denudation rates of 34 to 59mm/ka. The differences in denudation rates for sample pairs from individual subcatchments and adjacent ridge crests reveals that topographic relief is growing at a mean rate of 24±12mm/ka (with the exception of the flat southwestern part of the Gutach catchment, where catchment-wide denudation rates are similar to the rate of ridge crest lowering). The inferred rates of denudation and relief growth are consistent with erosion rates calculated from the known thickness of Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments, which were once present above the regional unconformity but have been largely eroded during the exhumation of the Black Forest. The onset of exhumation ∼19Ma ago is constrained by thermal modelling of apatite fission track data, which suggest a cooling rate of ∼3°C/Ma. Combined with a geothermal gradient of 30 to 40°C/km this cooling rate yields an average exhumation rate of 75–100mm/ka for the modelled apatite fission track data, which is comparable to spatially averaged denudation rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be. Our new approach may help to determine whether tectonically active mountain ranges are in a topographic steady state, in which rates of rock uplift and denudation are equal, or if such a dynamic equilibrium has not yet been attained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2010
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31. Leucogranite from Srednja Rijeka (Moslavacka Gora, Croatia)

Author

Garašić, Vesnica, Kršinić, Ana, Schuster, Ralf, Vrkljan, Maja, Froitzheim, N., Bousquet, R., Fügenschuh, B., Schmid, S., and Tomljenovic, B.

Subjects
leucogranite, Moslavačka gora, peraluminous two mica granite, andalusite, REE pattern
Abstract

The Mt. Moslavacka Gora represents crystalline crust exposed over an area of 180 km2 in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin. It consists of a S-type granitoid pluton surrounded by migmatites and metamorphic rocks of amphibolite to granulite facies grade. Geochronological data indicate a Cretaceous emplacement of the pluton and contemporaneous metamorphism in the country rocks (Lanphere & Pamic, 1992 ; Garasic, 1993 ; Balen, 1999 ; Balen et al., 2001 ; Starijas et al., 2004). The investigated leucogranite of Srednja Rijeka is located in the northern part of Mt. Moslavacka Gora. It forms dikes within a peraluminous two-mica granite, suggesting an extensional regime during its emplacement. Mafic enclaves are missing in the leucogranite whereas they are present in the two-mica granite. The leucogranite is characterized by subequal proportions of quartz, K-feldspar (microcline and orthoclas) and plagioclase (Ab93-95) with variable contents of muscovite, biotite, garnet, andalusite and tourmaline. Four types of muscovite (A-, B-, C- and D-typ) were recognized on the basis of textural and chemical characteristics. Consistently high AlIV (2.65-2.90 apfu) in biotite (annite) indicates its equilibration with an Al-rich phase. Garnet occurs as anhedral, interstitial grains. It is chemically homogeneous (XFe=0.6 ; XMn=0.4). The Fe3+ content in andalusite decreases from the pinkish core (0.011 apfu) to the colourless rim (0.007 apfu). Tourmaline (schorl-foitite) shows chemical zonation too, with Na+ and F- contents increasing from core (0.488 ; 0.287 apfu) to rim (0.623 ; 0.389 apfu). The leucogranite is strongly peraluminous (ASI = 1, 25), contains 75 wt.% SiO2 and low concentrations of Fe2O3 (0.71-0.79 wt.%), MgO (0.06-0.08 wt.%), CaO (0.45-0.55 wt.%) and TiO2 (0.03-0.05 wt.%). It has also low contents of Ba (7-50 ppm) and Sr (4-21 ppm) and a low Sr/Ba (0, 4-0, 5) ratio. The high Rb content (209-234 ppm) as well as high Rb/Ba (4-36) and Rb/Sr (10-67) ratios pointing to K-feldspar rich melting residue and muscovite dehydration melting at low aH2O. Additionally, the leucogranite shows low concentrations of Zr (31-44 ppm) and REE, which are usually explained by zircon and monazite retention in the residue. The chondrite normalized REE patterns are not fractionated [(La/Yb)N = 2.02] and have a prominent negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.09). Field relations, mineral assemblage and chemistry of the investigated rocks are consistent with MPG type granitoids and indicate its formation by melting of continental crust in a collisional environment.

Published
2007

32. From nappe stacking to exhumation: Cretaceous tectonics in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania).

Author

Reiser MK, Schuster R, Spikings R, Tropper P, and Fügenschuh B

Abstract

New Ar-Ar muscovite and Rb-Sr biotite age data in combination with structural analyses from the Apuseni Mountains provide new constraints on the timing and kinematics of deformation during the Cretaceous. Time-temperature paths from the structurally highest basement nappe of the Apuseni Mountains in combination with sedimentary data indicate exhumation and a position close to the surface after the Late Jurassic emplacement of the South Apuseni Ophiolites. Early Cretaceous Ar-Ar muscovite ages from structurally lower parts in the Biharia Nappe System (Dacia Mega-Unit) show cooling from medium-grade conditions. NE-SW-trending stretching lineation and associated kinematic indicators of this deformation phase (D1) are overprinted by top-NW-directed thrusting during D2. An Albian to Turonian age (110-90 Ma) is proposed for the main deformation (D2) that formed the present-day geometry of the nappe stack and led to a pervasive retrograde greenschist-facies overprint. Thermochronological and structural data from the Bihor Unit (Tisza Mega-Unit) allowed to establish E-directed differential exhumation during Early-Late Cretaceous times (D3.1). Brittle detachment faulting (D3.2) and the deposition of syn-extensional sediments indicate general uplift and partial surface exposure during the Late Cretaceous. Brittle conditions persist during the latest Cretaceous compressional overprint (D4).

Published
2017
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