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Resumen Objetivos Identificar los organos mas propensos a desarrollar el sindrome de insuficiencia multiorganica (MODS) en pacientes con sepsis por peritonitis secundaria. Determinar el valor evolutivo y predictivo de mortalidad del sistema Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA). Diseno Estudio de cohorte observacional prospectivo. Ambito La unidad de reanimacion (UR) de nuestro centro, un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Pacientes Estudio prospectivo y observacional sobre 102 pacientes con sepsis de origen abdominal e insuficiencia de al menos un organo relacionado con la infeccion. Se registraron las caracteristicas demograficas, el origen abdominal de la sepsis, la mortalidad a los 28 dias y la puntuacion SOFA diaria. Resultados La mortalidad a los 28 dias fue del 55%. El 53% de los pacientes presentaron fracaso de 2 o mas organos en el primer dia de estancia. La puntuacion SOFA media diaria fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes fallecidos a partir del cuarto dia de estancia. Las variables que se asociaron a una mayor mortalidad de manera estadisticamente significativa fueron: MODS (p = 0,000), fallo sistema nervioso central (p = 0,000) y puntuacion SOFA al cuarto dia de estancia (p = 0,012). El area bajo la curva ROC expreso una capacidad predictiva de mortalidad el SOFA cuarto dia de estancia del 0,703 (IC 95%, 0,538-0,853 y p = 0,026. El mejor poder discriminativo se observo para el MODS con area bajo la curva ROC del 0,776 (IC 95%, 0,678-0,874 y p = 0,000). Conclusiones La evolucion en la insuficiencia de organos determinada por medio de SOFA mostro una alta precision siendo un buen predictor de mortalidad la puntuacion SOFA media cuarto dia de estancia. El MODS fue la principal causa de muerte y el fracaso del sistema nervioso central, funcion renal y sistema respiratorio los factores de riesgo de muerte.

We review information on impaired liver function, focusing on concepts relevant to anesthesia and postoperative recovery. The effects of impaired function are analyzed by systems of the body, with attention to the complications the patient with liver cirrhosis may develop according to type of surgery. Approaches to correcting coagulation disorders in the cirrhotic patient are particularly controversial because an increase in volume may be a factor in bleeding owing to increased portal venous pressure and imbalances in the factors that favor or inhibit coagulation. Perioperative morbidity and mortality correlate closely to Child-Pugh class and the score derived from the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Patients in Child class A are at moderate risk and surgery is therefore not contraindicated. Patients in Child class C or with a MELD score over 20, on the other hand, are at high risk and should not undergo elective surgical procedures. Abdominal surgery is generally considered to put patients with impaired liver function at high risk because it causes changes in hepatic blood flow and increases intraoperative bleeding because of high portal venous pressures.

Introduccion El tratamiento medico del fracaso hepatico fulminante busca la recuperacion espontanea de la funcion hepatica, pero sus resultados son muy desalentadores (mortalidad del 50-80%). El trasplante hepatico es una opcion en los pacientes con mala evolucion a pesar del tratamiento medico, con una supervivencia superior al 50%. El momento idoneo para efectuar el trasplante es discutido, pues no debe hacerse ni demasiado pronto, cuando la enfermedad hepatica aun es reversible, ni demasiado tarde, cuando el paciente se encuentra en una situacion clinica irreversible. Pacientes y Metodo Se revisaron de forma retrospectiva las historias clinicas de 34 pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital con el diagnostico de fracaso hepatico fulminante, de los que 26 fueron sometidos a trasplante. La causa mas frecuente fue la viral con 10 casos (38%), sin que se pudiera establecer etiologia alguna en 11 casos (42%). Trece pacientes presentaron complicaciones preoperatorias, la mas frecuente de las cuales fue la insuficiencia renal. Segun el grado de compatibilidad ABO/DR, fueron identicos en 13 casos (40%), compatibles en 17 (51%) e incompatibles en los 3 casos restantes (9%). Resultados Se efectuaron 33 trasplantes en 26 pacientes: 4 fueron retrasplantados por rechazo cronico, dos por fallo primario del injerto y un caso por rechazo hiperagudo. La mortalidad global fue del 46% (12 pacientes), y la causa mas frecuente de fallecimiento fue la infecciosa (50%). La supervivencia actuarial global fue del 68% al ano, del 63% a los 3 anos y del 59% a los 5 anos. Los factores de mal pronostico fueron la insuficiencia renal y respiratoria, el electroencefalograma grado D y los grados de encefalopatia III y IV; este ultimo fue el unico factor pronostico segun el analisis multivariante. Los factores pronosticos de mortalidad fueron los hallazgos de un electroencefalograma grado D, los grados de encefalopatia III y IV y la insuficiencia respiratoria; este ultimo fue el unico factor pronostico segun el analisis multivariante. Conclusiones La obtencion de buenos resultados con el empleo del trasplante en el abordaje del fracaso hepatico fulminante depende de una optima seleccion de los candidatos a trasplante, lo que implica la identificacion temprana de los mismos, esto es, precocidad en la indicacion del trasplante, reduccion del tiempo medio de espera y exclusion de aquellos con factores de mal pronostico.

To identify the organs most susceptible to develop multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in patients with sepsis due to secondary peritonitis, and to determine the outcome and mortality predicting utility of the SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) system.A prospective, observational cohort study was made.The resuscitation unit of a third-level university hospital.A prospective, observational cohort study was made of 102 patients with sepsis of abdominal origin and failure of at least one organ related to the infection. The demographic characteristics were documented, along with the abdominal origin of sepsis, mortality after 28 days, and the daily SOFA score.The mortality rate after 28 days was 55%. A total of 53% of the patients presented failure of two or more organs on the first day of admission. The mean daily SOFA score was significantly higher among the patients that died after day 4 of admission. The variables showing a statistically significant correlation to increased mortality were: MODS (P=.000), central nervous system failure (P=.000) and SOFA score on day 4 of admission (P=.012). The area under the ROC curve showed the mortality predicting capacity of the SOFA score on day 4 of admission to be 0.703 (95%CI 0.538-0.853; P=.026). The maximum discriminating capacity was recorded for MODS, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.776 (95%CI 0.678-0.874; P=.000).Organ failure outcome as predicted by the SOFA score showed high precision - the mean SOFA score on day 4 of admission being a good mortality predictor. MODS was the main cause of death, while central nervous system, renal and respiratory failure were identified as the mortality risk factors.

We review information on impaired liver function, focusing on concepts relevant to anesthesia and postoperative recovery. The effects of impaired function are analyzed by systems of the body, with attention to the complications the patient with liver cirrhosis may develop according to type of surgery. Approaches to correcting coagulation disorders in the cirrhotic patient are particularly controversial because an increase in volume may be a factor in bleeding owing to increased portal venous pressure and imbalances in the factors that favor or inhibit coagulation. Perioperative morbidity and mortality correlate closely to Child-Pugh class and the score derived from the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Patients in Child class A are at moderate risk and surgery is therefore not contraindicated. Patients in Child class C or with a MELD score over 20, on the other hand, are at high risk and should not undergo elective surgical procedures. Abdominal surgery is generally considered to put patients with impaired liver function at high risk because it causes changes in hepatic blood flow and increases intraoperative bleeding because of high portal venous pressures.

N-terminal pro-BNP (pBNP) could be useful to predict outcome in severe sepsis. We have conducted a study to compare pBNP and procalcitonin (PCT) in the setting of abdominal severe sepsis or septic shock.

Medical treatment for fulminat hepatic failure seeks spontaneous recovery of the liver function, but the results are very discouraging (50-80% mortality). Liver transplantation is an option in patients with a poor evolution despite medical treatment, with survival rates of50%. The ideal moment for performing the transplant is controversial, as it should not be done too soon, when the liver disease is still reversible, or tool late, when the patient is in an irreversible clinical situation.A retrospective review was made of the clinical histories of 34 patients admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of fulminant hepatic failure, of whom 26 underwent transplantation. The most frequent cause was viral, with 10 cases (38%); no aetiology at all could be established in 11 cases (42%). Thirteen patients had preoperative complications, the most frequent being renal insufficiency. As for degree of ABO/DR compatibility, 13 cases were identical (40%), 17 compatible (51%) and the other 3 incompatible (9%).Thirty-three transplants were performed in 26 patients: 4 were retransplants due to chronic rejection, 2 for primary graft failure and 1 for hyperacute rejection. The overall mortality rate was 46% (12 patients), the most frequent cause of death being infection (50%). The overall actuarial survival rate was 68% at 1 year, 63% at 3 years and 59% at 5 years. The factors of poor prognosis were renal and respiratory insufficiency, a grade D electroencephalogram, and encephalopathy grades III and IV, the latter being the only prognostic factor identified in the multivariate analysis. The prognostic factors for mortality were a grade D electroencephalogram, encephalopathy grades III and IV and respiratory insufficiency, the latter being the only prognostic factor identified in the multivariate analysis.The achievement of good results with the use of transplantation in the management of fulminant hepatic failure depends on an optimum selection of transplant candidates, which means identifying them early, i.e. early indication for transplant, reduction in mean waiting time and exclusion of factors of poor prognosis.

We evaluated the utility of procalcitonin (PCT) as a marker of outcome in severe sepsis of abdominal origin (SSAO). SSAO is one of the most prevalent pathologies in surgical ICUs (sICUs). Mortality from 19 to 70% has been reported. Biomarkers are basic tools for diagnosis, follow-up and outcome of sepsis. One of the most studied in last decades has been PCT. Its levels and kinetics could be useful to evaluate the outcome of septic patients.