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Background: The antioxidant activity of Bane (Pistacia atlantica) has been proved in different researches. This study evaluated the potential of Bane (Pistacia atlantica) essential oil (as a natural antioxidant) on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil. Methods: The essence of Bane was added to sunflower oil at concentrations of 200, 400,600,800, and 1,000 ppm. Tertiary Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ) was applied as synthetic antioxidant. All samples with the control were stored at 65 ̊C for 20 days. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used for the essence analysis. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, rancimat, p-anisidine value (P-AnVs), and peroxide value (PV) were determined to assess the efficacy of differecnt concentration of essence (200, 400,600,800, and 1,000 ppm). Data were analyzed by Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9 Software. Results: The essential oil yield was 0.1% v/w. The basic components of essence were monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Synthetic antioxidant had the highest scavenging activity, followed by the mixture sample. PVs were in the range of 19.56-20.73 milliequivalents (meq)/kg for the treated samples after 20 days, while it was 38.74 on the 20th day for the control. For all treatments, PV was increased with increasing storage time. P-AnVs were 8.58-17.14 for stabilized samples and 18.02 for control sample on the 20th day of storage. In all stages, control sample had the highest P-AnV. For all samples, P-AnV increased as a subject of storage time. Conclusion: P. atlantica (Bane) essential oil had a stabilizing effect on sunflower oil and can be used as a natural antioxidant to stabilize edible oil during storage. DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.10.1.11985

The exosomal transfer of miRNAs from tumor cells is considered to modulate VEGF expression and angiogenesis in endothelial cells. The aim of our investigation was to focus exclusively on the ability of specific exosomal miR329 to regulate angiogenesis within breast tumor. All experiments were done on MCF-7 and HUVEC cell lines. Exosomes were derived from MCF-7 cells both untreated and treated with tamoxifen that is an effecrive suppressor of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The level of miR32 and its targeted genes VEGF and lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A) expression was estimated with q-RT-PCR. The PKH26 red fluorescent labeling kit was used to label the isolated exosomes and monitor their uptake. It was shown that the relative amount of miR-329 in exosomes was twice as large as in breast cancer cells. Fluorescence microscopy imaging presented that exosomes from MCF-7 cells were able to penetrate into endothelial cells and concentrate in the cytoplasm. It was observed that exosomes derived from untreated breast cancer cells induced KDM1A and VEGF gene expressions whereas exosomes from tamoxifen-treated cancer cells induced time-dependent decrease of KDM1A and VEGF expression in endothelial cells. It is assumed that the transfer of miR-329 containing exosomes from tamoxifen treated breast cancer cells to the endothelial cells could repress angiogenic molecular signaling pathway and be used as a supplementary strategy in breast cancer treatment.

El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad de la educación física en las escuelas secundarias de la ciudad de Shahriar utilizando el modelo SERVQUAL. La muestra consistió en 336 (217 hombres y 119 mujeres) estudiantes de secundaria de Shahriar en 2019-2020. La distribución de los alumnos fue: 166 alumnos (49.4%) de décimo grado, 132 alumnos (39.5%) de undécimo grado y 38 alumnos (11.1%) de duodécimo grado. El instrumento utilizado fue una adaptación del cuestionario SERVQUAL, con el título "Calidad de servicio en educación física" (alfa de Cronbach=0.949). Los datos se analizaron con SPSS 16. La calidad de los servicios educativos deseables fue significativamente (p

The absence of characteristic material length in the Navier-Stokes equations has led to the development of different couple stress theories. In the present study, for the first time, the relations of a couple stress theory are extended to power-law fluids. Moreover, considering the significance of the length scale in nano- and micromechanics, the relations of the extended theory were applied to Newtonian and power-law fluids in tape casting of ceramics. The obtained velocity was used to calculate the volumetric flow rate as well as the thickness of the ceramic tape. A comparison between the results of the Newtonian fluid and the analytical and experimental results indicated a close agreement between the present results and the results of other studies. Moreover, the tape thickness was obtained for different length scales (L) by numerically solving the velocity relations obtained for the non-Newtonian fluid. Also, the impact of casting speed on the tape thickness was shown for four power-law fluids assuming L=0.35.

This paper aims to evaluate the earning forecasting model based on cost variability and cost stickiness in comparison to other forecasting models. Cost stickiness means that the rate of decrease in costs while sale declines is less than the rate of increase in costs while sale grows. In other word, costs are sticky downward. The data used in this research was gathered from 85 companies accepted in Tehran stock market from 1994 to 2004. To analyze the data two regression techniques called simple and rolling methods and also confidence coefficient R2 and F test are used. The results indicate that the power of the earning forecasting model based on cost variability and cost stickiness is significantly more than the others'.

The P53 protein is expressed in all normal cells and appears to function in cell cycle regulation. Abnormally higli levels of the protein are found in many different types of cancer. In breast cancer, overexpression of P53 is associated with point mutations within highly conserved regions of the P53 gene. These altered genes encode stable P53 protein that can be detected by standard immunohistochemical techniques."nIn this study, we examined 47 cases of primary breast carcinoma for the presence of P53 protein using immunohistochemistry methods employing monoclonal antibody against the clone, DO-7. Of these specimens, 25.5% had widespread overexpression of P53. A significant positive correlation waz found between P53 overexpression andyounger age (P

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19, first identified in December 2019, quickly became a global pandemic and remains a significant public health concern. Robust data is rare, especially in pregnant women. The symptoms of this disease range from mild to severe respiratory distress syndrome and mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate the factors influencing COVID-19 severity in women to be better prepared in case of a new epidemic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective matched case-control study based on body mass index, smoke, and drug use was conducted on all women hospitalized with COVID-19 at Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman, Iran from the beginning of 2020 to 2021. In this study, 130 female patients with COVID-19 were included, with 65 patients in the case group (moderate and severe cases of COVID-19) and 65 patients in the control group (mild cases of COVID-19). The data were entered into the Stata software, and to determine the effective risk factors for the severity of COVID-19 disease, both univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were utilized, assuming individual matching. Finally, the odds ratios (OR), along with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were estimated. RESULTS: The average age of women in the case group was 36.92 ± 7.07 years, compared to 30.12 ± 6.27 years in the control group. Among all patients, 50% were pregnant, with a mean gestational age of 30.03 weeks. Significant factors affecting disease severity included age, education, employment status, place of residence, insurance coverage, comorbidities, and pregnancy status. The highest adjusted odds ratio for severe COVID-19 was associated with comorbidities (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 2.3-11.1), while the lowest was associated with urban residence (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.02-4.5). Overall, significant predictors of severe COVID-19 included age over 30, urban residence, lack of insurance, a short duration between diagnosis and hospitalization, comorbidities, and non-pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified several significant predictors of severe COVID-19 among women, including age over 30, urban residency, lack of insurance coverage, presence of comorbidities, and non-pregnancy, all of which were associated with a heightened risk of severe illness. Notably, comorbidities emerged as the strongest predictor. These findings underscore the critical need for targeted interventions to protect vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Training patients before surgery can reduce postoperative pain and anxiety. This study aimed to compare the effect of face to face education and video training on the anxiety of patients requesting bone marrow transplantation. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was performed over a period of 9 months in the bone marrow transplant ward of Afzalipour hospital affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KMU) in 2018. The sampling method was convenience. 34 cases were assigned to each of two groups. Face-to-face training was conducted in three sessions, each session 40 minutes one week before admission. In the video training, the video of treatment and transplantation was given to the patient one week before admission. In both groups, patients' anxiety levels were examined before and after training. Demographic questionnaire and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used for data collection and people completed the questionnaires independently. Independent samples t-test, paired sample t-test, Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean score of patients' anxiety in the face-to-face training group decreased 25.32±12.54 score after the educational intervention (p=0.001). The mean score of patients' anxiety in the video training group also decreased 24.94±16.77 score after the educational intervention (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between face-to-face education and video training group (p=0.921). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that face-to-face and video-based educational interventions can reduce the level of anxiety in transplant patients. Therefore, according to the patient's condition, one of the training methods can be selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Non-organic failure to thrive (NFTT) is the most common cause of failure to thrive (FTT) which is attributed to inadequate nutrition due to economic factors or parental neglect. NFTT can lead to a vicious cycle of poor and inadequate eating and severity of anemia. The aim of this study was to determine the hematological indices in children with NFTT. Materials and Methods In a cross sectional case control study, iron status and blood indices of forty five aged 6-60 months children with NFTT were evaluated and compared with 45 healthy control children (with matching of age and sex). Results In this study, the prevalence of anemia was 48.9% in NFTT compared to 11.4% in the control group (p<0.001). Microcytic anemia was significantly more prevalent among the subjects than the controls (77.8% versus 27.3%; p<0. 001). The serum iron level was 73.2 and 62.8 mcg/dl for the case and control groups (P=0.29). The ferritin level in the study group was 29.8 versus 35.47 ng/ml in the control group (p=0.227). The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among children with mild, moderate, and severe underweight was 44.4%, 45.5%, and 48%, respectively. The highest prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia was seen between age group of 12 and 24 months (p<0.05). Conclusion Based on the results of this study, a correlation between malnutrition and anemia was found. However, further studies are needed to assess and confirm the current outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in this study,14 female sprague-dawley rats 55 days old were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups.2ml of 7,12-dimethylbenz{a} anthracene (DMBA) solution(20 mg of DMBA dissolved in 2 ml of corn oil) and 2 ml corn oil was eaten to each animal of test and control group respectively.tumor development was examined by milk line palpation once every week.during 3-5 months following the DMBA, mammary gland tumor was appeared in all test animals.then complete hematologic tests were done on the tail blood sample of each animal.six inguinal and one chest mammarry gland tumors were observed in experimental group.the DMBA-induced animals showed macrocytic and hypochromic regenerative anemia.there were significant differences between two groups in WBC,RBC and platelet numbers,Hb,PVC, and the percentage of neutrophils,lymphocytes,eosinophils,monocytes,basophils and band neurtophils.the platelet count,in DMBA-induced rats was reduced significantly(p

This paper presents a survey and critical analysis of the mathematical literature on modeling of dynamic populations living in a fluid medium. The present review paper is divided into two main parts: The first part deals with the multiscale derivation of deterministic and stochastic cross-diffusion systems governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The derivation is obtained from the underlying description at the microscopic scale in kinetic theory models according to the micro-macro decomposition method. In the second part of this review, we are delighted to present a new variety of mathematical models describing different applications, namely, the pursuit-evasion dynamics, cancer invasion, and virus dynamics. Finally, critical analysis and future research perspectives are discussed., (© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)

Background: Solid tumors often develop hypoxic regions, leading to aggressive behavior and increased drug resistance., Methods: The chemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (EO) was analyzed using GC-MS. Alginate nanoparticles containing the EO and its primary component, citral, were synthesized via the ionic gelation method. Encapsulation was confirmed using ATR-FTIR analysis. The anticancer efficacy of C. citratus EO, citral, and their respective alginate nanoparticles was evaluated under normoxic (21% oxygen) and hypoxic (1% oxygen) conditions on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and melanoma (A-375) cell lines. Additionally, qPCR and flow cytometry were used to assess apoptosis gene expression ratios (Bax/Bcl-2) and levels of apoptosis., Results: Citral (80.98%) was identified as the major component of the EO. Alginate nanoparticles containing C. citratus EO and citral (C. citratus-AlgNPs and citral-AlgNPs) were synthesized with particle sizes of 195 ± 4 nm and 222 ± 9 nm, and zeta potentials of -22 ± 3 mV and - 17 ± 1 mV, respectively. Both samples demonstrated significantly greater efficacy under hypoxic conditions. Citral and C. citratus-AlgNPs had IC 50 values of 27 (19-39) µg/mL and 25 (4-147) µg/mL, respectively, against MDA-MB-231 and A-375 cells. Flow cytometry showed increased apoptosis under hypoxic conditions, with the highest rates observed for citral-AlgNPs and C. citratus-AlgNPs (84 ± 5 and 92 ± 5% in MDA-MB-231 and A-375 cells, respectively)., Conclusion: This study demonstrates that alginate nanoparticles enhance the anticancer activity of C. citratus-AlgNPs and citral, particularly under hypoxic conditions, highlighting their potential for hypoxia-targeted cancer therapies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODNs)-Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNP) on the phenotype of murine macrophages and their pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in vitro. CNP-CpG ODNs loaded with FITC-scrambled siRNA were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and exposed to CNP-CpG ODNs. Treated macrophages were assessed for uptake capacity. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression levels of MHC-II, CD40, and CD86 costimulatory molecules in treated macrophages. Furthermore, the secretion levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the release of nitric oxide (NO) were measured in the culture supernatant of treated macrophages using sandwich ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively. These in vitro studies showed that CNP-CpG ODNs had no cytotoxic effect on macrophages and were efficiently taken up by them. Additionally, CNP-CpG ODNs significantly increased the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO in the culture supernatant compared to CNP alone. Moreover, CNP-CpG ODNs enhanced the expression of MHC-II, CD40, and CD86 costimulatory molecules on macrophages. These findings indicate that incorporating CpG ODNs into CNPs promotes macrophage maturation and a proinflammatory phenotype. Therefore, CNP-CpG ODNs may serve as an effective system for targeted gene delivery to macrophages, enhancing immune responses., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Immunology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The care process involves essential tasks of assisting, supporting, and facilitating nursing activities to meet the comprehensive needs of patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global infectious disease that has caused a pandemic. Nurses play a crucial role in caring for and treating patients with COVID-19. This study aims to explain the care process in patients with COVID-19., Materials and Methods: A qualitative study using the grounded theory method was conducted from 2021 to 2022. Eleven nurses providing care to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were purposively selected from the COVID wards of Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through in-depth semistructured interviews and observation. Data analysis was conducted using the approach developed by Corbin and Strauss (2008)., Results: The data analysis phase identified a main theme of "protection and support in the shadow of uncertainty" along with five main categories and ten subcategories. The main categories included "encountering life-threatening crisis", "maintaining safety", "improving the patient's physical health", "encouraging", and "feeling satisfied despite the burden of care"., Conclusions: Nurses aimed to improve the physical and psychological conditions of patients with COVID-19 by implementing a comprehensive care plan. The five main categories identified can be considered the primary approach to nursing care in the COVID-19 crisis. Additionally, the nurses' experiences can help establish the necessary infrastructure for care and education during other potential health crises., Competing Interests: Nothing to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research.)

A new biosorbent was fabricated by modification of bacterial cellulose biopolymer grafted with lanthanum sulfide decorated carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotube (La 2 S 3 @MWCNT@BC). The sorbent was employed in a green alternative dispersive-solid phase extraction of a variety of 14 pesticides in environmental water samples. The analyses were performed using GC-µECD. The properties and structure of La 2 S 3 @MWCNT@BC nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and adsorption-desorption isotherms. The composition of the sorbent was also investigated to evaluate the adsorptive properties of its constituents. The impact of various parameters influencing extraction efficacies such as sorbent dose, adsorption time, sample pH, ionic strength, and desorption conditions was investigated. The method was validated by specificity, matrix effect % (-0.4 to -7.4), enrichment factor (4-10), limits of quantification (0.007-0.31 μg L -1 ), matrix-matched calibration linearity (0.01-200 µg L -1 ), determination coefficients (r 2 =0.9921-0.9998), and precision. The optimized method was applied for the analysis of multiclass pesticides in seven environmental and drinking waters and the recoveries were obtained in the 81-108 % range with RSDs of 2.5-4.7 %. This paper is the first report on the synthesis and use of La 2 S 3 @MWCNT@BC nanocomposite to extract pesticides from different water samples. The greenness of the procedure was evaluated by the AGREE protocols., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether mammographic and sonographic features of malignant breast lesions are correlated with tumor histologic grade, hormonal receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67 status., Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, imaging and histopathological findings of 187 biopsy-proven breast cancer cases from November 2019 to February 2021 were reviewed. The Chi-square test was used to examine the potential correlation between mammographic and sonographic characteristics with histopathological features such as hormonal receptor, HER2 status, Ki-67 labeling index, and histological grade., Results: We observed that microlobulated margin as well as oval/round morphology in mammograms correlate with triple-negative intrinsic subtype ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.004). The presence of calcification in sonography was significantly higher in the luminal-B subtype ( P = 0.002). Furthermore, ill-defined margins in mammography were significantly higher in amplified HER2 expression ( P = 0.004) in the same manner as an oval/round shape in higher levels of Ki-67 ( P = 0.030)., Conclusion: Mammography and sonography features may reflect the biological behavior of various subtypes of breast cancer and can detect more aggressive breast cancers that can mimic benign or less malignant appearing lesions. These findings may be an excellent predictor for some subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer. Studying the range of these imaging characteristics may help in better understanding the prognosis, choosing a treatment strategy, and predicting response to treatment., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.)

The methylation pattern of non-imprinting genes was little studied, although it is widely known that the abnormal methylation levels of imprinting genes are associated with different forms of male infertility. The purpose of this research was to assess the CREM gene's methylation status and seminal characteristics in infertile individuals who were potential intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) candidates. A total of 45 semen samples (15 normospermia, 15 asthenospermia, and 15 oligoasthenoteratospermia) were examined. Using aniline blue (AB) staining, we carried out conventional semen analysis, chromatin quality, and sperm maturity testing. DNA was taken from semen samples, and all isolated DNA was assessed using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis. A quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (Q-MSP) approach was used to quantify the methylation at the DMRs of the CREM gene. According to our findings, sperm count (P=0.012), concentration (P= 0.019), motility (P=0.006), progression (P=0.006), and normal morphology (P=0.004) were all inversely correlated with abnormal sperm chromatin condensation. Additionally, we noted that the methylation level of the CREM gene was considerably more significant in the oligoasthenoteratospermia group compared to the asthenospermia and normospermia groups (P<0.05). Additionally, sperm count (P=0.043), progression (P=0.026), and normal morphology (P=0.024) were all inversely linked with CREM methylation. Overall, the abnormal CREM methylation patterns have a negative impact on sperm parameters. Additionally, the CREM gene's DNA methylation status may serve as an epigenetic indicator of male infertility., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society for Reproductive Investigation.)

Background: The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global health emergency necessitates continued investigation of the disease progression. This study investigated the relationship between eosinophilia and the severity of COVID-19 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 73 COPD patients infected by COVID-19 in Afzalipour Hospital, Iran. Peripheral blood samples were collected for hematological parameter testing, including eosinophil percentage, using Giemsa staining. Eosinophilia was defined as≥ 2% and non-eosinophilia as< 2%. The severity of pulmonary involvement was determined based on chest CT severity score (CT-SS) (based on the degree of involvement of the lung lobes, 0%: 0 points, 1-25%: 1 point, 26-50%: 2 points, 51-75%: 3 points, and 76-100%: 4 points). The CT-SS was the sum of the scores of the five lobes (range 0-20)., Results: The average age of patients was 67.90±13.71 years, and most were male (54.8%). Non-eosinophilic COPD patients were associated with more severe COVID-19 (P= 0.01) and lower oxygen saturation (P= 0.001). In addition, the study revealed a significant difference in the chest CT severity score (CT-SS) between non-eosinophilic (9.76±0.7) and eosinophilic COPD patients (6.26±0.63) (P< 0.001). Although non-eosinophilic COPD patients had a higher mortality rate, this difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.16)., Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that reduced peripheral blood eosinophil levels in COPD patients with COVID-19 correlate with unfavorable outcomes. Understanding this association can help us identify high-risk COPD patients and take appropriate management strategies to improve their prognosis., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a remarkable increase in public volunteering for the care of hospitalized patients. They faced challenges during their voluntary care provision. This study aimed at exploring public volunteers' experiences of the challenges of the voluntary care provision to hospitalized patients with COVID-19., Methods: A descriptive qualitative study with an inductive content analysis method was conducted, 2022-2023. Eighteen public volunteers providing care to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were purposefully selected among 10 hospitals, specialized in COVID-19 care in Tehran and Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected over 7 months through in-depth semistructured interviews and concurrently analyzed using conventional content analysis methods., Findings: The challenges of voluntary care provision to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were illustrated in five main categories, each with two subcategories. The categories included structural challenges, interpersonal conflicts, financial constraints, covert participation and the deteriorating condition of care provision. The subcategories comprised lack of volunteer recruitment bases, ineffective organization of voluntary activities, pervasive distrust, heightened risk of clinical errors, conflicts between volunteer commitments and primary occupation, lack of financial support, lack of family support, isolation by friends, mental trauma and physical exhaustion., Conclusion: Public volunteers encounter diverse challenges while providing care to hospitalized patients with COVID-19, which negatively impacts their motivation to serve. By addressing these challenges, we can create a more supportive environment for volunteers and enhance the quality of care provided to patients during public health emergencies. Identifying such challenges can assist healthcare managers and policymakers develop effective strategies to mitigate mounting difficulties and enhance volunteer services, thereby improving the overall quality of care provided to patients during public health crises., Patient Contributions: Participants were identified and recruited after the study objectives were explained in person to the managers. The participants were approached and interviewed by one author. Participation was voluntary and the participants did not receive any financial compensation for their time., (© 2024 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Litter is a common pollution in the urban environment and public places such as beaches, which has serious health and economic consequences. Several indexes are used to interpret the pollution status caused by litter, which have different limitations and strengths. In this review, the efficiency and characteristics of different indexes were compared. For this purpose, related articles were searched in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge, and after screening, 21 articles were selected. The main questions of this study included factors affecting the interpretation of pollution in different indexes and the criteria considered in each index. The results showed that the existing indexes based on the type of litter include two categories of comprehensive indexes such as Clean Environment Index and specific indexes such as Cigarette Butt Pollution Index. Also, the index can be divided into two categories in terms of spatial application, including general indexes such as Environmental Status and specific indexes such as Clean Coast Index. An important difference in the indexes is the importance of the impact of the pollution potential of different litter in the assessment of the status in indexes such as Clean Environment Index and Environmental Status, while indexes such as Clean Coast Index evaluate the status based only on the density of litter. According to the capabilities of each of the indexes, it is necessary to pay attention to the local needs as well as the characteristics of each index in using in urban management plans., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)