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Conyza sumatrensis was reported to be associated with 20 cases of herbicide resistance worldwide, with a recent report of multiple drug resistance to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron in Brazil. In Paraguay, there were no reports of cases of resistance for this species, however, in 2017, researchers began identifying biotypes with resistance to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron, which is the focus of the present study. The goal of this study was to investigate the case of multiple resistance of C. sumatrensis to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron and to monitor the resistant biotypes in the departments of Canindey&uacute, and Alto Paran&aacute, Seeds were collected from sites where plants survived after herbicide application in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons. After screening, biotypes were selected for the construction of dose&ndash, response curves. A resistance factor (RF) of 6.79 was observed for 50% control (C50) and 3.92 for 50% growth reduction (GR50) for the application of paraquat. An RF of 12.32 was found for C50 and 4.15 for GR50 for the application of glyphosate. For the application of chlorimuron, an RF of 11.32 was found for C50 and 10.96 for GR50. This confirms the multiple resistance of the C. sumatrensis biotype to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron. Population monitoring indicated the presence of C. sumatrensis with multiple resistance in departments of Canindey&uacute, Paraguay.

Efficient management of sourgrass is one of the main challenges faced by Brazilian soybean farmers. Biological and ecological characteristics of this weed, as well as wide distribution of glyphosate-resistant biotypes, make it difficult to control this species. The objective of this work was to estimate interference of sourgrass in soybean yield. Seven experiments were conducted during three consecutive years (2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 cropping seasons); six of them were on-farm trials where sourgrass infestation was mainly originated from clump regrowth, while infestation originated from seeds in one trial. Data from all sites and experiments were submitted to a combined analysis, according to the study factors and variables, to determine the greatest number of information points for the variable under each circumstance. To each data set, a 1st degree polynomial regression was fit, with a 95% confidence interval. The degree of sourgrass interference varies according to plant origin (seed or clump regrowth) but, in both cases, yield losses are directly correlated with sourgrass densities, aboveground dry mass accumulation and soil coverage. Plants coming from clumps tend to cause higher yield losses than those originated from seeds. These data highlight the importance of performing proper management of sourgrass, especially in its initial stages of development, in view of the high level of losses that perennial plants can cause to crops. RESUMO: O manejo do capim-amargoso se destaca como um dos principais desafios enfrentados pelos sojicultores brasileiros. Características relacionadas a sua biologia e ecologia, associado à ampla distribuição de biótipos resistentes ao glyphosate, tornam essa planta daninha uma espécie de difícil controle. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a interferência do capim-amargoso na fase inicial de desenvolvimento e dos rebrotes de plantas entouceiradas na cultura da soja. Sete experimentos foram conduzidos nas safras 2012/2013, 2013/2014 e 2015/2016. Seis experimentos avaliaram a interferência de diferentes densidades de rebrotes de capim-amargoso na produtividade da soja, e um ensaio avaliou a interferência de plantas emergidas junto com a cultura. Os dados de todas as propriedades e anos/experimentos foram analisados de forma combinada, conforme os fatores e as variáveis em questão, de modo que fosse obtido o maior número de pontos de informação para a variável em função do fator em estudo. A cada conjunto de dados foi ajustada uma equação polinomial linear, com o respectivo intervalo de confiança da média a 95%. O grau de interferência do capim-amargoso varia em função da origem da planta (semente ou touceira). Plantas oriundas de touceiras tendem a ocasionar maiores níveis de perda de produtividade, comparadas àquelas oriundas de sementes. Esses dados reforçam a importância de se realizar o adequado manejo do capim-amargoso sobretudo em sua fase inicial de desenvolvimento, tendo em vista o alto nível de perdas que plantas perenizadas podem ocasionar nas lavouras.

In Brazil, some populations of Conyza bonariensis and C. canadensis are glyphosate resistant and there are populations of C. sumatrensis (Sumatran fleabane) presenting multiple resistance to both glyphosate and chlorimuron. During the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons, growers reported failures to control Sumatran fleabane with paraquat. This study investigated the potential of paraquat resistant Sumatran fleabane populations in Paraná state, Brazil. Populations with suspected paraquat resistance were tested in the field in 2016 season. In 2017, seeds from these populations were collected, sown and grown in a greenhouse. Paraquat dose-response curve experiments were performed in Mogi Mirim, SP; Londrina, PR and Palotina, PR using doses of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600 and 3,200 g ha-1, following all standard criteria for confirmation of weed resistance cases. Percentage control was assessed at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application and data were fitted to a nonlinear, log-logistic model, and dose response curves were generated. The results of this study confirmed significant levels of resistance of Sumatran fleabane biotypes to paraquat with resistance factors between 3,57 to 34,29. Therefore, the first case of C. sumatrensis resistance to paraquat was confirmed in biotypes from the western area of Paraná state, Brazil. RESUMO: No Brasil, Conyza bonariensis e C. canadensis apresentam biótipos resistentes a glyphosate e C. sumatrensis apresenta resistência múltipla a glyphosate e chlorimuron. Durante as safras de 2014/2015 e 2015/2016 foram relatadas falhas no controle de buva submetida à aplicação de paraquat. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a possibilidade da resistência ao paraquat em populações de C. sumatrensis. Populações com suspeita de resistência foram testadas em campo na entressafra de 2016, sendo depois coletadas sementes e plantas durante a safra de 2017, que foram posteriormente, estudadas em casa de vegetação. Experimentos com curva de dose-resposta foram instalados em Mogi-Mirim, SP, Londrina-PR e Palotina-PR, utilizando doses de 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1.600 e 3.200 g ha-1. Foi avaliada a porcentagem de controle aos 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após aplicação e utilizado um modelo não linear log-logístico para o ajuste da curva de dose-resposta. Com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, foi confirmada a hipótese inicial do primeiro caso de resistência da buva ao paraquat na região oeste do Estado do Paraná, com fator de resistência variando entre 3,57 e 34,29, seguindo todos os critérios para a confirmação da resistência.

Fleabane (Conyza spp.) is an important weed in grain production systems and is currently one of the most problematic weeds in Brazil. An important factor related to weeds such as fleabane is the characteristic of herbicide-resistant biotypes developed under selection pressure, with multiple resistance previously detected for Conyza spp. Thus, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the multiple resistance of Conyza sumatrensis to the herbicides paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron. From the F2 seeds of biotypes with suspected resistance to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron, dose-response greenhouse experiments were conducted for the three herbicides. Herbicides were applied when the plants had 6-8 leaves that were at a height of 8 cm. At the end of the evaluations, 28 days after application, multiple resistance to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron was observed, with resistance factors (RF50) for the control of 7.43, 3.58, and 14.35 and for the reduction of dry mass of 2.65, 2.79, and 11.31, respectively. All the established criteria for demonstrating new cases of weed resistance were met; thus, the first case worldwide of a Conyza species with resistance to herbicides with three different mechanisms of action was confirmed. Fleabane (Conyza spp.) is an important weed in grain production systems and is currently one of the most problematic weeds in Brazil. An important factor related to weeds such as fleabane is the characteristic of herbicide-resistant biotypes developed under selection pressure, with multiple resistance previously detected for Conyza spp. Thus, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the multiple resistance of Conyza sumatrensis to the herbicides paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron. From the F2 seeds of biotypes with suspected resistance to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron, dose-response greenhouse experiments were conducted for the three herbicides. Herbicides were applied when the plants had 6-8 leaves that were at a height of 8 cm. At the end of the evaluations, 28 days after application, multiple resistance to paraquat, glyphosate, and chlorimuron was observed, with resistance factors (RF50) for the control of 7.43, 3.58, and 14.35 and for the reduction of dry mass of 2.65, 2.79, and 11.31, respectively. All the established criteria for demonstrating new cases of weed resistance were met; thus, the first case worldwide of a Conyza species with resistance to herbicides with three different mechanisms of action was confirmed.

Volunteer corn resistant to glyphosate is constant as weed in soybeans planted in succession. This work aimed to identify the emergence flows of volunteer corn plants in the period of time from the harvest of corn planted following soybean (autumn corn) to the plenty establishment of the canopy of the following soybean crop (summer soybean), as a function of different types of propagules generated by preceding corn harvest losses. Four field experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014, at a Cerrado location (Sinop, MT) and a subtropical location (Londrina, PR), Brazil. Treatments included the distribution of corn crop residues (factor ?A?) either on soil surface or incorporated into superficial soil layers. Four types of propagules (factor ?B?) were characterized as ears with whole husk; ears with half husk; broken ears, no husk; and loose grains. The density of emerged plants was recorded fortnightly between August and December. When partially incorporated into soil, propagules generate an increased density of emerged plants as compared to the surface deposition treatments. The main sources of volunteer plants, in descending order of importance, were: (1) loose grains, (2) broken ears, (3) ears with damaged husk, and (4) ears with intact husk. Ears emerged later compared to loose grains or broken ears. Climatic conditions influence the emergence pattern. For the climate of (Savannah-like) Cerrado, the beginning of the rainy season is preponderant for the start of corn emergence. Under subtropical climatic conditions, mild low temperatures, associated or not to rainfall, determine the emergence peaks. Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T01:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Characterizationemergence.pdf: 1969342 bytes, checksum: 85501d7b4e31c4d0080e45017b5a0852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-12

Plantas em estado vegetativo, como trigo ou aveia usados nos sistemas de cultivo de soja, podem produzir e liberar substâncias alelopáticas pelas suas raízes, afetando espécies de plantas daninhas, somando-se aos efeitos produzidos pelas suas palhadas. Experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos do ácido aconítico sobre as espécies de plantas daninhas amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla), corda-de-viola (Ipomoea grandifolia), picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia), provenientes de diferentes locais do Estado do Paraná. Os ensaios constaram de tratamentos com e sem ácido aconítico 2,5 mM L-1. Corda-de-viola recebeu um pré-tratamento de escarificação com ácido sulfúrico. As sementes foram esterilizadas externamente com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2% durante dois minutos e enxaguadas. Em capela asséptica, em gerbox contendo meio de cultura de ágar, foram dispostas na superfície 50 sementes/recipiente. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em câmara de germinação controlada. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A origem das sementes teve influência nos resultados obtidos. A germinação das sementes foi afetada pelos efeitos do ácido aconítico na maioria dos locais. Ocorreu também a redução do crescimento das plântulas, sendo mais afetadas as raízes do que o caule, nas quatro espécies. O ácido aconítico apresenta efeitos alelopáticos sobre as sementes de diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas, variáveis com o local de origem, estimulando o crescimento de diferentes fungos endofíticos. Os efeitos do ácido aconítico podem traduzir-se na redução do período de sobrevivência dos bancos de sementes no solo. Plants in vegetative state, such as wheat or oat used in soybean crops, may produce and release allellopathic substances through their roots, affecting weed species, complemented by the effects produced by straw. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions to determine the effects of aconitic acid on weed species such as wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), morningglory (Ipomoea grandifolia), prickly sida (Sida rhombifolia) and beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) originated from different locations in the state of Paraná. Experiments consisted of treatments with and without AA 2,5 mM L-1 . Morningglory received a pre-treatment with sulfuric acid. The weed species seeds were sterilized externally using sodium hypochloride solution at 2% during two minutes and then rinsed. In an aseptic hood, in a gerbox containing agar medium, 50 seeds/container were placed on the surface. Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replications, placed in a germination chamber. Seed origin influenced the results obtained. In general, seed germination was affected by aconitic acid in most locations. Growth reduction of seedlings was observed, with the roots being more affected than the stems, in all the species. Aconitic acid presents allellopathic effects on different weed species, depending on their place of origin, stimulating the growth of several endophytic fungi. Aconitic acid effects may result in reduction of the survival period of the seedbanks in soil.

Experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório com o objetivo de determinar relações entre germinação de sementes de plantas daninhas e condutividade elétrica (CE). Foram usadas sementes de amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla), carrapicho-de-carneiro (Acanthospermum hispidum), corda-de-viola (Ipomoea grandifolia), guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia), picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis) recentemente colhidas. As sementes foram embebidas em água por períodos de 6 até 48 horas, na temperatura de 20 ºC, determinando-se a CE das sementes e os níveis de absorção de água. Depois disso, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar. Os maiores níveis de germinação, para sementes embebidas em água por 24 horas, foram obtidos para picão-preto (88%), amendoim-bravo (31%) e guanxuma (30%); e os menores, para corda-de-viola (5%), carrapicho-de-carneiro (4%) e trapoeraba (3%). As sementes das plantas daninhas avaliadas tendem a germinar totalmente com períodos de embebição a partir de seis horas, ao passo que a sua absorção tende a aumentar e a CE das sementes, a não acompanhar os níveis de absorção ao final de maiores períodos. O uso da condutividade elétrica merece maiores estudos, uma vez que pode contribuir para uma eficiente e mais rápida avaliação da dinâmica de bancos de sementes de plantas daninhas em lavouras. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions to determine relationships between weed seed germination and electrical conductivity (EC). Recently-picked seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla, Acanthospermum hispidum, Ipomoea grandifolia, Sida rhombifolia, Bidens pilosa and Commelina benghalensis were used. The seeds were soaked in water for periods of six up to 48 hours, at 20 ºC, to determine EC and water absorption levels and placed to germinate. The highest germination levels, for seeds soaked in water for 24 h, were obtained for B. pilosa(88%), E. heterophylla and S. rhombifolia (30%) and the lowest levels were obtained for I. grandifolia (5%), A. hispidum (4%) and C. benghalensis (3%). The weeds tested tend to germinate totally with a soaking periods > six hours, while water absorption tends to increase with CE tending not to accompany absorption levels at the end of longer periods. Further studies must be conducted on the use of electrical conductivity, what may provide an effective and faster evaluation of the dynamics of weed seed banks under a farming system.

Um experimento para avaliação da competição relativa de espécies de plantas daninhas, em relação a cultivares de soja de ciclos vegetativo precoce (Embrapa-48) e médio (Embrapa-62), foi instalado em Londrina-PR, em 1998/99. Foram comparadas quatro espécies daninhas: amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla), capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea), corda-de-viola (Ipomoea grandifolia) e fedegoso (Senna obtusifolia), ajustadas às densidades de 0, 15 e 30 plantas m-2. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, fatorial 4x3x2 e quatro repetições. A emergência da soja e a das plantas daninhas foram quase simultâneas. Ambos os cultivares responderam de modo similar à competição. A produtividade do cv. Embrapa-48 foi de 2.819 kg ha-1, e a do cv. Embrapa-62, de 2.565 kg ha-1, na ausência de plantas daninhas. As intensidades relativas médias de competição foram: B. plantaginea (0,35) < I. grandifolia (0,59) < E. heterophylla (0,61) < S. obtusifolia (1,00). As estimativas de redução de produtividade de soja, feitas por meio de equações de regressão linear/cultivar, indicaram os seguintes coeficientes de redução (%) por unidade de planta daninha m-2: B. plantaginea (YE48 = -1,47; YE62 = -1,58); I. grandifolia (YE48 = -2,51; YE62 = -2,67), E. heterophylla (YE48= -2,47; YE62 = -2,83); e S. obtusifolia (YE48 = ?4,52; YE62 = -4,21). Equações de ajuste de reduções de produção de soja às infestações de plantas daninhas são discutidas. Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-10T00:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 a04v16n2.pdf: 82799 bytes, checksum: d0352d5dcb4244c2ca4e4b2409e2589b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-10-02

A aplicação contínua de herbicidas do grupo químico das imidazolinonas, nas mesmas áreas de produção de soja, durante anos seguidos, no município de Cafelândia, PR, favoreceu a seleção de um biótipo resistente de amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla) aos herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS). Um estudo comparativo das características do crescimento do biótipo resistente e do suscetível foi realizado em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Soja, Londrina-PR, a fim de identificar diferenças no crescimento e no desenvolvimento das plantas e de seus órgãos. A produção de matéria seca total, a área foliar, a matéria seca dos caule, das raízes e das folhas, bem como a altura por planta, foram avaliadas em 13 vezes a intervalos regulares, iniciando aos 14 dias após a semeadura. A partir desses parâmetros, foram calculadas a taxa de crescimento relativo, a taxa assimilatória líquida, a razão de área foliar, a razão de peso foliar e a área foliar específica, que decrescem com a ontogenia das plantas de amendoim-bravo, sendo similares para ambos os biótipos. A matéria seca total acumulada pelas plantas e seus órgãos, a área foliar e a altura apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes para os biótipos resistente e suscetível. O ciclo vegetativo dos dois biótipos estudados não mostrou diferença significativa quanto ao crescimento e ao desenvolvimento. Repetitive spraying of imidazolinone herbicides year after year to control weeds in the soybean grown areas of Cafelândia, Paraná, Brazil, has favored the selection of an ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor herbicide resistant biotype of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla). A comparative study of growth and development of wild poinsettia resistant and susceptible to ALS inhibitor herbicides was carried out in the greenhouse of the experimental station of Soybean Embrapa in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Total dry biomass yield, leaf area, shoot dry weight, leaf dry weight, root dry weight and height per plant were measured 13 times at 2 week intervals, starting 14 days after sowing. Relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, leaf weight ratio and specific leaf area decreased with plant ontogeny and behaved similarly in both biotypes. The total dry matter of the plants and their organs as well as the leaf area and plant height exhibited similar ranges of variability in both biotypes. There were no significant differences between biotypes both for growth and development characteristics.