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1. A shallow salt pond analog for aqueous alteration on ancient Mars: Spectroscopy, mineralogy, and geochemistry of sediments from Antarctica’s Dry Valleys

Author

Zachary F.M. Burton, Janice L. Bishop, Peter A.J. Englert, Anna Szynkiewicz, Christian Koeberl, Przemyslaw Dera, Warren McKenzie, and Everett K. Gibson

Subjects
Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology
Abstract

Understanding past and present aqueous activity on Mars is critical to constraining martian aqueous geochemistry and habitability, and to searching for life on Mars. Assemblages of minerals observed at or near the martian surface include phyllosilicates, sulfates, iron oxides/hydroxides, and chlorides, all of which are indicative of a complex history of aqueous activity and alteration in the martian past. Furthermore, features observed on parts of the martian surface suggest present-day activity of subsurface brines and at least transient liquid water. Terrestrial analogs for younger and colder (Hesperian–Amazonian) martian geologic and climatic conditions are available in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica and provide opportunities for improved understanding of more recent aqueous activity on Mars. Here, we study the VXE-6 intermittent brine pond site from Wright Valley in the MDV region and use coordinated spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analyses to characterize the mineralogy and chemistry of surface sediments that have evolved in response to aqueous activity at this site. We find that brine pond activity results in mineral assemblages akin to aqueous alteration products associated with younger sites on Mars. In particular, surficial chlorides, a transition layer of poorly crystalline aluminosilicates and iron oxides/hydroxides, and a deeper gypsum-rich interval within the upper 10 cm of sediment are closely related at this Antarctic brine pond site. Activity of the Antarctic brine pond and associated mineral formation presents a process analog for chemical alteration on the martian surface during episodes of transient liquid water activity during the late Hesperian and/or more recently. Our results provide a relevant example of how aqueous activity in a cold and dry Mars-like climate may explain the co-occurrence of chlorides, clays, iron oxides/hydroxides, and sulfates observed on Mars.

Published
2023
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2. Transitioning All Energy in 74 Metropolitan Areas, Including 30 Megacities, to 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS)

Author

Mark Z. Jacobson, Anna-Katharina von Krauland, Zachary F.M. Burton, Stephen J. Coughlin, Caitlin Jaeggli, Daniel Nelli, Alexander J. H. Nelson, Yanbo Shu, Miles Smith, Chor Tan, Connery D. Wood, and Kelyn D. Wood

Subjects
megacities, urban air pollution, climate change, renewable energy, wind, solar, Technology
Abstract

To date, roadmaps and policies for transitioning from fossil fuels to clean, renewable energy have been developed for nations, provinces, states, cities, and towns in order to address air pollution, global warming, and energy insecurity. However, neither roadmaps nor policies have been developed for large metropolitan areas (aggregations of towns and cities), including megacities (metropolitan areas with populations above 10 million). This study bridges that gap by developing roadmaps to transition 74 metropolitan areas worldwide, including 30 megacities, to 100% wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) energy and storage for all energy sectors by no later than 2050, with at least 80% by 2030. Among all metropolitan areas examined, the full transition may reduce 2050 annual energy costs by 61.1% (from $2.2 to $0.86 trillion/yr in 2013 USD) and social costs (energy plus air pollution plus climate costs) by 89.6% (from $8.3 to $0.86 trillion/yr). The large energy cost reduction is due to the 57.1% lower end-used energy requirements and the 9% lower cost per unit energy with WWS. The air pollution cost reduction of ~$2.6 (1.5–4.6) trillion/yr is due mostly to the saving of 408,000 (322,000–506,000) lives/yr with WWS. Global climate cost savings due to WWS are ~$3.5 (2.0–7.5) trillion/yr (2013 USD). The transition may also create ~1.4 million more long-term, full-time jobs than lost. Thus, moving to 100% clean, renewable energy and storage for all purposes in metropolitan areas can result in significant economic, health, climate, and job benefits.

Published
2020
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3. Psychological distress and trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic: survey of doctors practising anaesthesia, intensive care medicine, and emergency medicine in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland

Author

Tom Roberts, Robert Hirst, Camilla Sammut-Powell, Charles Reynard, Jo Daniels, Daniel Horner, Mark D. Lyttle, Katie Samuel, Blair Graham, Michael J. Barrett, James Foley, John Cronin, Etimbuk Umana, Joao Vinagre, Edward Carlton, L. Kane, L. Mackenzie, S. Sharma Hajela, J. Phizacklea, K. Malik, N. Mathai, A. Sattout, S. Messahel, E. Fadden, R. McQuillan, B. O'Hare, S. Lewis, D. Bewick, R. Taylor, I. Hancock, D. Manthalapo Ramesh Babu, S. Hartshorn, M. Williams, A. Charlton, L. Somerset, C. Munday, A. Turner, R. Sainsbury, E. Williams, S. Patil, R. Stewart, M. Winstanley, N. Tambe, C. Magee, D. Raffo, D. Mawhinney, B. Taylor, T. Hussan, G. Pells, F. Barham, F. Wood, C. Szekeres, R. Greenhalgh, S. Marimuthu, R. Macfarlane, M. Alex, B. Shrestha, L. Stanley, J. Gumley, K. Thomas, M. Anderson, C. Weegenaar, J. Lockwood, T. Mohamed, S. Ramraj, M. Mackenzie, A. Robertson, W. Niven, M. Patel, S. Subramaniam, C. Holmes, S. Bongale, U. Bait, S. Nagendran, S. Rao, F. Mendes, P. Singh, T. Baron, C. Ponmani, M. Depante, R. Sneep, A. Brookes, S. Williams, A. Rainey, J. Brown, N. Marriage, S. Manou, S. Hart, M. Elsheikh, L. Cocker, M.H. Elwan, K.L. Vincent, C. Nunn, N. Sarja, M. Viegas, E. Wooffinden, C. Reynard, N. Cherian, A. Da-Costa, S. Duckitt, J. Bailey, L. How, T. Hine, F. Ihsan, H. Abdullah, K. Bader, S. Pradhan, M. Manoharan, L. Kehler, R. Muswell, M. Bonsano, J. Evans, E. Christmas, K. Knight, L. O'Rourke, K. Adeboye, K. Iftikhar, R. Evans, R. Darke, R. Freeman, E. Grocholski, K. Kaur, H. Cooper, M. Mohammad, L. Harwood, K. Lines, C. Thomas, D. Ranasinghe, S. Hall, J. Wright, N. Ali, J. Hunt, H. Ahmad, C. Ward, M. Khan, K. Holzman, J. Ritchie, A. Hormis, R. Hannah, A. Corfield, J. Maney, D. Metcalfe, S. Timmis, C. Williams, R. Newport, D. Bawden, A. Tabner, H. Malik, C. Roe, D. McConnell, F. Taylor, R. Ellis, S. Morgan, L. Barnicott, S. Foster, J. Browning, L. McCrae, E. Godden, A. Saunders, A. Lawrence-Ball, R. House, J. Muller, I. Skene, M. Lim, H. Millar, A. Rai, K. Challen, S. Currie, M. Elkanzi, T. Perry, W. Kan, L. Brown, M. Cheema, A. Clarey, A. Gulati, K. Webster, A. Howson, R. Doonan, A. Trimble, C. O’Connell, R. Wright, E. Colley, C. Rimmer, S. Pintus, H. Jarman, V. Worsnop, S. Collins, M. Colmar, N. Masood, R. McLatchie, A. Peasley, S. Rahman, N. Mullen, L. Armstrong, A. Hay, R. Mills, J. Lowe, H. Raybould, A. Ali, P. Cuthbert, S. Taylor, V. Talwar, Z. Al-Janabi, C. Leech, J. Turner, L. McKechnie, B. Mallon, J. McLaren, Y. Moulds, L. Dunlop, F.M. Burton, S. Keers, L. Robertson, D. Craver, N. Moultrie, O. Williams, S. Purvis, M. Clark, C. Davies, S. Foreman, C. Ngua, J. Morgan, N. Hoskins, J. Fryer, L. Frost, P. Ellis, A. Mackay, K. Gray, M. Jacobs, I. Musliam Veettil Asif, P. Amiri, S. Shrivastava, F. Raza, S. Wilson, M. Riyat, H. Knott, M. Ramazany, S. Langston, N. Abela, L. Robinson, D. Maasdorp, H. Murphy, H. Edmundson, R. Das, C. Orjioke, D. Worley, W. Collier, J. Everson, N. Maleki, A. Stafford, S. Gokani, M. Charalambos, A. Olajide, C. Bi, J. Ng, S. Naeem, A. Hill, C. Boulind, R. O'Sullivan, S. Gilmartin, S. Uí Bhroin, P. Fitzpatrick, A. Patton, M. Jee Poh Hock, S. Graham, S. Kukaswadia, C. Prendergast, A. Ahmed, C. Dalla Vecchia, J. Lynch, M. Grummell, I. Grossi, B. MacManus, P. Turton, C. Battle, K. Samuel, A. Boyle, A. Waite, D. George, B. Johnston, J. Anandarajah, and J. Vinagre

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Critical Care, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Psychological Distress, Cohort Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, emergency medicine, Physicians, Surveys and Questionnaires, Intensive care, Pandemic, medicine, Humans, Anesthesia, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Pandemics, intensive care, business.industry, COVID-19, Psychological distress, anaesthesia, medicine.disease, Mental health, United Kingdom, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Family medicine, Emergency Medicine, Female, business, psychological trauma, Ireland, mental health, Cohort study, Psychological trauma
Abstract

Received 12th May 2021. Accepted 17th May 2021. Published online 28th May 2021. Issue published 1st August 2021.

Published
2021
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4. Transitioning All Energy in 74 Metropolitan Areas, Including 30 Megacities, to 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS)

Author

Anna-Katharina von Krauland, Stephen J. Coughlin, Connery D. Wood, Kelyn D. Wood, Alexander J. H. Nelson, Mark Z. Jacobson, Zachary F.M. Burton, Caitlin Jaeggli, Daniel Nelli, Miles M. Smith, Chor Tan, and Yanbo Shu

Subjects
Control and Optimization, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 020209 energy, Air pollution, megacities, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, Agricultural economics, Unit (housing), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, wind, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering (miscellaneous), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, lcsh:T, Fossil fuel, Global warming, urban air pollution, climate change, renewable energy, solar, Metropolitan area, Renewable energy, Megacity, Environmental science, business, Energy (miscellaneous)
Abstract

To date, roadmaps and policies for transitioning from fossil fuels to clean, renewable energy have been developed for nations, provinces, states, cities, and towns in order to address air pollution, global warming, and energy insecurity. However, neither roadmaps nor policies have been developed for large metropolitan areas (aggregations of towns and cities), including megacities (metropolitan areas with populations above 10 million). This study bridges that gap by developing roadmaps to transition 74 metropolitan areas worldwide, including 30 megacities, to 100% wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) energy and storage for all energy sectors by no later than 2050, with at least 80% by 2030. Among all metropolitan areas examined, the full transition may reduce 2050 annual energy costs by 61.1% (from $2.2 to $0.86 trillion/yr in 2013 USD) and social costs (energy plus air pollution plus climate costs) by 89.6% (from $8.3 to $0.86 trillion/yr). The large energy cost reduction is due to the 57.1% lower end-used energy requirements and the 9% lower cost per unit energy with WWS. The air pollution cost reduction of ~$2.6 (1.5–4.6) trillion/yr is due mostly to the saving of 408,000 (322,000–506,000) lives/yr with WWS. Global climate cost savings due to WWS are ~$3.5 (2.0–7.5) trillion/yr (2013 USD). The transition may also create ~1.4 million more long-term, full-time jobs than lost. Thus, moving to 100% clean, renewable energy and storage for all purposes in metropolitan areas can result in significant economic, health, climate, and job benefits.

Published
2020

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