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It is usually believed that the position of farmers along the agro-food supply chains is weak, and this circumstance leads farms to achieve modest prices for their products and, in turn, capture only a small share of the added value. Such a situation substantially limits farms' efforts to adequately remunerate the resources employed, including contract and hired labor. This article argues that, while the unfavorable position of farms is a valid concern, it is also crucial to consider how the efficient use of resources employed in agriculture impacts their remuneration, by means of price mechanisms. An empirical analysis conducted on a FADN sample of farms producing processing tomatoes over the years 2014–2018 reveals that the product price which allows for adequate compensation of hired agricultural labor decreases with increasing efficiency. At the same time, all other things being equal, for price levels above the theoretical one, the profit of the farms increases and the possibility for fairer wages as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functioning and development of each economic entity requires the implementation of investments. In the case of farms in Poland, which are characterised by structural problems and a lack of capital, it is essential to undertake investment activities of a modern nature. The main objective of this research was to assess agricultural investments made in farms, considering the example of the Wielkopolska Voivodship in Poland, from the point of view of their impacts on changes in the economic efficiency of production factors. The data source was unpublished individual data from the agricultural accounting "Polish FADN" results for all farms in the Wielkopolska Voivodship who had continuously participated in the data collection system from 2009 to 2021. The project's complexity was determined by measuring the scale of investments, relating the sum of investment expenditures to the average annual value of fixed assets (reduced by land value). Farmers endowed with a greater asset base had the ability to invest more comprehensively (i.e., in their most desirable scale regarding the value of possessed fixed assets) in a manner primarily concerning the value of fixed assets, especially the agricultural area, as a primary agricultural production factor. In terms of the effects of differentiating the scale of investment outlays (which was the aim of the study), a better initial state allowed farms to increase their area significantly, with an average annual rate of change of 3%. On the other hand, a lack of investment led to the decapitalisation of assets (−6.7% per year), which also concerned land sales (−1.5% per year). These research results indicate that not only does the undertaking of investments, in general, impact the development possibilities of farms—and, therefore, improvements in the resource situation of farms—but also the scale of investment (with respect to the value of possessed fixed assets). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the article is to determine the level and variability of income obtained on EU farms, classified according to the FADN methodology into eight agricultural types, and the share of subsidies for operational activities in the income obtained. The analysis covers the variability of the total number of farms in the EU keeping FADN accounting, their structure, and the level of income obtained in individual types of farming from 2004 to 2022. Absolute and relative increases were used to determine changes in the total number of farms. They showed that from 2004 to 2022, number of farms under FADN observation field decreased by 36%. The next step was to analyze the level of income obtained from the farm. The highest level of income in the examined period was recorded by farms specialized in the breeding of granivores. Then, the average value for a given year, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were used to assess the level and variability of income in individual agricultural types. From 2004 to 2022, farms specialized in rearing and breeding granivores and mixed farms were characterized by strong variability in the income obtained from a family farm between 2004 and 2022. Average variability in the level of income was observed on farms specialized in rearing and breeding other grazing livestock, which also had the highest share of subsidies for operating activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy is divided into 773 Agricultural Regions (ARs) based on shared physical and agronomic characteristics. These regions offer a valuable tool for analyzing various geographical, socio-economic, and environmental aspects of agriculture, including the climate. However, the ARs have lacked geospatial data, limiting their analytical potential. This study introduces the "Italian ARs Dataset", a georeferenced shapefile defining the boundaries of each AR. This dataset facilitates geographical assessments of Italy's complex agricultural sector. It also unlocks the potential for integrating AR data with other datasets like the Farm Accounting Data Network (FADN) dataset, in Italy represented by the Rete di Informazione Contabile Agricola (RICA), which samples hundreds of thousands of farms annually. To demonstrate the dataset's utility, a large sample of RICA data encompassing 179 irrigated crops from 2011 to 2021, covering all of Italy, was retrieved. Validation confirmed successful assignment of all ARs present in the RICA sample to the corresponding shapefile. Additionally, to encourage the use of the ARs Dataset with gridded data, different spatial-scale resolutions are tested to identify a suitable threshold. The minimal spatial scale identified is 0.11 degrees, a commonly adopted scale by several climate datasets within the EURO-CORDEX and COPERNICUS programs. Dataset: The Italian ARs Dataset— https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11446949. Dataset License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper applies the farm accountancy data network (FADN) approach to conduct a comparison analysis of the revenue of EU fruit producers. The study constitutes a significant contribution to the requisite development of more accurate metrics and appropriate approaches, which are necessary for assessing the economic success of EU fruit production in the principal sector of EU agriculture. The metrics used to measure the economic success in fruit production include farm net value added (FNVA), farm net income (FNI), annual working unit (AWU) of FNVA, and farm family income (FFI/FWU). An agricultural farm's overall productivity can be determined by dividing its entire output (production) by the inputs employed in its operations, such as specific expenses and intermediate consumption. The FADN approach, which tracks the increase in agricultural revenue and assesses the effects of European policies on the agricultural sector, improves monitoring and meeting of performance goals. Finding economic, technological, and other aspects that will improve agricultural farms' businesses and, by extension, agriculture as a whole will require applying an appropriate methodological approach to portray the actual situation and results of these farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the possibility of changes in energy intensity of production in the context of farm investment scale. The empirical section relies on unpublished FADN microdata. The study answers the question of whether investments and fixed capital growth can contribute to improvements in environmental performance of agricultural production. As it turns out, the group of farms with the greatest amount of investments saw an increase in energy consumption costs, though at a much slower rate than growth in production value. As a result, there was a drop in energy intensity of production, defined as the ratio between energy costs and production value. These findings corroborate the hypothesis advanced in this study, namely that upon reaching a sufficiently large amount of investments, farms can become capable of reducing the energy intensity of their production activity. Hence, higher levels of capital productivity are attained when the farms invest in more energy-efficient fixed assets. Conclusions cannot be universal, as the analysis involved a portion of selected farms. However, the research indicates a trend in the study of energy intensity of production depending on the scale of investment and the validity of the investment comprehensiveness approach. These conclusions provide a basis for recommendations for an agricultural policy which should include support for investments that are large and comprehensive (in relation to the farm's assets) and go beyond the simple renewal of assets. Therefore, in its investment-oriented measures, the agricultural policy should take the innovativeness (including energy efficiency) criterion into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financing is the property of Financing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is usually believed that the position of farmers along the agro-food supply chains is weak, and this circumstance leads farms to achieve modest prices for their products and, in turn, capture only a small share of the added value. Such a situation substantially limits farms’ efforts to adequately remunerate the resources employed, including contract and hired labor. This article argues that, while the unfavorable position of farms is a valid concern, it is also crucial to consider how the efficient use of resources employed in agriculture impacts their remuneration, by means of price mechanisms. An empirical analysis conducted on a FADN sample of farms producing processing tomatoes over the years 2014–2018 reveals that the product price which allows for adequate compensation of hired agricultural labor decreases with increasing efficiency. At the same time, all other things being equal, for price levels above the theoretical one, the profit of the farms increases and the possibility for fairer wages as well.

Innovation within a company, sector, or territorial context can arise from identifying specific problems or needs. Performance analysis provides valuable insights, potentially highlighting areas where innovation may be necessary. This paper outlines a methodology designed to identify latent innovation needs at regional, sectoral, and dimensional levels. This methodology is based on critical issues emerging from comparing economic, environmental, and social sustainability indicators of farms. An iterative approach is used for this purpose. Mixed matching algorithms are employed to form the comparison groups, while G-computation is used to calculate the differences. Logistic regression is adopted to calculate the propensity scores, and several generalized linear models are used to estimate the impact of regional localization. Hypothesis tests are then conducted to confirm the statistical significance of the impacts, from which criticality levels are derived. This methodology is applied to data collected by the Italian Farm Accountancy Data Network, which includes over 64,000 observations from two consecutive three-year periods (2016-2018 and 2019-2021). The results highlight the existence of widespread critical issues in Italian agriculture. These problems primarily concern the efficient use of water, whose costs, relative to revenue, exceed, on average, around 40 %, and greenhouse horticulture, which shows an increased criticality level in terms of sustainability of over 50 %. From a regional perspective, Puglia in Southern Italy exhibits the most evident critical issues, with an average criticality level of 30 % that has increased over time. The emerging criticalities are analyzed in relation to the interventions introduced by the 2023-2027 Common Agricultural Policy to verify their coherence and identify possible innovative actions that can be implemented.

The purpose of this paper is to observe and evaluate the economic viability of Serbian farms engaged in different types of farming on the basis of data obtained from the Serbian Farm Accountancy Data Network of 2021. Farm economic viability was assessed using the opportunity costs of the main factors of production in agriculture (namely labour, land, and capital). The share of unpaid labour was found highest in the livestock farms specialising in milk production and grazing livestock. The farms specialising in permanent crops and horticulture had the largest share of their own utilized agricultural land, representing a very intensive type of farming usually organized on small acreages. The highest share of economically viable farms was recorded in the field crop farming system, followed by horticulture and permanent crops. In the viable group, the field crop farms were dominant with the largest coefficients of short- and long-term viability, which increased with the economic size of the farm. In general, the farms engaged in plant production exhibited much higher economic viability levels than the livestock farms (excluding the granivore farms). The most endangered were the farms specialising in grazing livestock, with the largest proportion of non-viable farms and the lowest coefficients of economic viability. A notable number of these farms lack economic justification for agriculture. However, ceasing agricultural production may not be the best solution for them, particularly as farms in remote rural areas are managed by elderly and low-skilled farmers.

The operation and development of any economic entity require the implementation of investments. In the case of farms in Poland, characterized by inadequate capital and structural problems, it is particularly necessary to undertake investment activities to modernize the farms. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate agricultural investments made on farms in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. The analysis is based on unpublished data of the individual results registered in the Polish FADN for the farms which continuously participated in the system of agricultural accounting from 2009 to 2021. Measuring the scale of investments, the comprehensiveness of the implemented investments was determined by relating the sum of investment expenditures to the average annual size of fixed assets (reduced by the value of land). The results confirm that the initial level of farm resources strongly impact the capacity for development. The size of the farm, measured by the area of utilised agriculture area, determines the incurring of an appropriate and relatively stable amount of investment in subsequent years of operation. The results of the study indicate that not only the implementation of investments in general but also their scale (in relation to the value of assets) determines the development capabilities of farms and, therefore, the improvement of the farms’ resources.

This paper assesses the environmental ambition of 2023-2027 Common Agricultural Policy in France. Since conditionality and agri-environment-climate measures are only marginally improved relative to the previous period, attention is focused on the new environmental instrument of the eco-scheme that in France targets the whole farm. Results suggest low environmental progress since almost all French farms would reach the standard level of the eco-scheme by one of the three access paths with unchanged farming practices, and 85% of them would reach the superior level. The percentage of farms at the superior level would be lower for farms specialized in annual crops than for cattle farms. We then show that the payment difference of €20 per hectare between the standard and superior level is probably insufficient for farms specialized in cereals, oilseeds and protein crops to offset the additional cost of the change in farm practices required to move from the standard to the superior level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The level of costs and the volume of fertilizers used are largely determined by the situation in world markets and the decisions of state authorities. Moreover, individual farms have different characteristics. Therefore, the objective of the article is to investigate the relationship between the production direction of the European Union farms, the level of fertilizer purchase costs and the amount of P2O5, K2O, and N applied in mineral fertilizers. Research Design & Methods: The research focused on the purchase cost of fertilizers (€) and the amount of P2O5, K2O, and N applied in mineral fertilizers (q). To illustrate the direction of farm production, I used data relating to the eight agricultural types distinguished in the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database. I applied one-way ANOVA variance to achieve the research objective. However, as all the assumptions of the ANOVA model were not met, I used the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings: The most frequent differences in the case of fertilizer costs are found between crop and livestock-oriented farm types. Fewer differences can be observed for farms that are oriented at the same food source. For the amount of compounds used in mineral fertilizers, identical differences are found for P2O5 and K2O. In the case of N, the main differences are linked to farms of the following types: field crops, milk, and granivores. Implications & Recommendations: The conducted research clearly indicates that the production direction of farms in the European Union countries significantly influences the variation in both the costs incurred for the purchase of fertilizers and the amount of individual chemical compounds used in mineral fertilizers. Individual production specializations are therefore differently exposed to possible adverse political and economic developments. An analysis of the opportunities and threats to the use of mineral fertilizers by individual farm specializations is recommended. At the same time, it is justified to indicate the main determinants causing the existing differentiation. Contribution & Value Added: The added value of the study is to determine how the production direction of the EU farms influences the costs incurred for the purchase of fertilizers and the quantity of the various types of chemical compounds used in mineral fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Common Agricultural Policy has supported a less intense use of fertilizers and chemicals in agriculture in the next five years (2023 – 2027) because of the European Green Deal proposals that are environmental protection-oriented. The most common consequence of input reduction in farms was a direct effect to the technical efficiency in farm. The main purpose of this research was to assess the technical efficiency in a sample of Italian farm part of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) dataset using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) input-oriented approach and by the machine learning approach such as the iterative decision tree evaluating which quantity of chemical fertilizer in terms of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) has to be reduced to improve the technical efficiency. Results have pointed out that between a reduction of chemical fertilizers and technical efficiency there is a fundamental link and the drop in chemical fertilizers has impacted the technical efficiency in Italian farms part of FADN dataset. Based on these results emerged the need of putting into practice some actions towards farmers to compensate the reduction in technical efficiency and the produced output in the productive process as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The level of costs and the volume of fertilizers used are largely determined by the situation in world markets and the decisions of state authorities. Moreover, individual farms have different characteristics. Therefore, the objective of the article is to investigate the relationship between the production direction of the European Union farms, the level of fertilizer purchase costs and the amount of P2O5, K2O, and N applied in mineral fertilizers. Research Design & Methods: The research focused on the purchase cost of fertilizers (€) and the amount of P2O5, K2O, and N applied in mineral fertilizers (q). To illustrate the direction of farm production, I used data relating to the eight agricultural types distinguished in the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database. I applied one-way ANOVA variance to achieve the research objective. However, as all the assumptions of the ANOVA model were not met, I used the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings: The most frequent differences in the case of fertilizer costs are found between crop and livestock-oriented farm types. Fewer differences can be observed for farms that are oriented at the same food source. For the amount of compounds used in mineral fertilizers, identical differences are found for P2O5 and K2O. In the case of N, the main differences are linked to farms of the following types: field crops, milk, and granivores. Implications & Recommendations: The conducted research clearly indicates that the production direction of farms in the European Union countries significantly influences the variation in both the costs incurred for the purchase of fertilizers and the amount of individual chemical compounds used in mineral fertilizers. Individual production specializations are therefore differently exposed to possible adverse political and economic developments. An analysis of the opportunities and threats to the use of mineral fertilizers by individual farm specializations is recommended. At the same time, it is justified to indicate the main determinants causing the existing differentiation. Contribution & Value Added: The added value of the study is to determine how the production direction of the EU farms influences the costs incurred for the purchase of fertilizers and the quantity of the various types of chemical compounds used in mineral fertilizers.

The agricultural sector in Slovakia is characterized by low productivity and diversification. There is a substantial prospect of increasing agricultural productivity using the existing level of inputs and limited resources more efficiently. This study employed the metafrontier approach, which is a variation of the Data Envelopment Analysis technique to assess the technical efficiency of diversified farms that operate under different technological frontiers. A panel sample of 215 Slovak farms performing other gainful activities from 2014 to 2019 was constructed based on the Farm Accountancy Data Network database. Diversified farms were divided into three groups according to the type of specialization on farms specializing in crop, animal and mixed production. Results show that there are significant differences between farms using different technologies, specializing in crop, animal, and mixed production. The average technical efficiency of diversified farms that focus on crop production (0.72) and mixed production (0.71) generally has a high and stable level when compared to farms with animal production (0.65). In addition, this empirical analysis shows that specialization in livestock production is the least suitable from the point of view of technical efficiency in the case of farms that perform other income-generating activities. Finally, average technological gap ratio values indicate that diversified farms in crop production can compete efficiently with other farms and, on average, produce 89% of their potential outputs with their inputs. The existence of a technological gap between farms concerns the technology of resource utilization, therefore it would be necessary to rationally change resource utilization and support the improvement of management and organizational systems by improving the level of management.

The paper applies the farm accountancy data network (FADN) approach to conduct a comparison analysis of the revenue of EU fruit producers. The study constitutes a significant contribution to the requisite development of more accurate metrics and appropriate approaches, which are necessary for assessing the economic success of EU fruit production in the principal sector of EU agriculture. The metrics used to measure the economic success in fruit production include farm net value added (FNVA), farm net income (FNI), annual working unit (AWU) of FNVA, and farm family income (FFI/FWU). An agricultural farm’s overall productivity can be determined by dividing its entire output (production) by the inputs employed in its operations, such as specific expenses and intermediate consumption. The FADN approach, which tracks the increase in agricultural revenue and assesses the effects of European policies on the agricultural sector, improves monitoring and meeting of performance goals. Finding economic, technological, and other aspects that will improve agricultural farms’ businesses and, by extension, agriculture as a whole will require applying an appropriate methodological approach to portray the actual situation and results of these farms.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the possibility of changes in energy intensity of production in the context of farm investment scale. The empirical section relies on unpublished FADN microdata. The study answers the question of whether investments and fixed capital growth can contribute to improvements in environmental performance of agricultural production. As it turns out, the group of farms with the greatest amount of investments saw an increase in energy consumption costs, though at a much slower rate than growth in production value. As a result, there was a drop in energy intensity of production, defined as the ratio between energy costs and production value. These findings corroborate the hypothesis advanced in this study, namely that upon reaching a sufficiently large amount of investments, farms can become capable of reducing the energy intensity of their production activity. Hence, higher levels of capital productivity are attained when the farms invest in more energy-efficient fixed assets. Conclusions cannot be universal, as the analysis involved a portion of selected farms. However, the research indicates a trend in the study of energy intensity of production depending on the scale of investment and the validity of the investment comprehensiveness approach. These conclusions provide a basis for recommendations for an agricultural policy which should include support for investments that are large and comprehensive (in relation to the farm’s assets) and go beyond the simple renewal of assets. Therefore, in its investment-oriented measures, the agricultural policy should take the innovativeness (including energy efficiency) criterion into account.

Copyright of Agronomy Science is the property of University of Life Sciences in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study is to assess the sources of investment finance (including land and fixed assets) that farms use most frequently. FADN data for the first two programming periods after Bulgaria's accession to the EU were used for the assessment. The analysis is based on variations in the value of farm assets and changes in capital sources for financing investments. The assessment is for farms in Bulgaria by type and by economic size. It is shown that, in most cases, farms use their own capital to finance their investments, with external financing mainly coming from subsidies and to a lesser extent from bank loans. The lower external financing may be due to financial management difficulties and insufficient use of financial leverage. This adds to the need for policy interventions to facilitate the relationship between farmers and lenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the socio-economic channels through which farmers affect agro-biodiversity (ABD) represents a relevant research area, especially in the light of the new sustainable development paradigm. Supporting ABD is one of the main goals of the EU Green Deal and the agricultural sector is being called on for a higher commitment. Nowadays, ABD interventions are linked not only to the genetic and natural resources of species, but also to farming practices, land management, living standards in rural areas and all the policy interventions supporting them. However, the existing literature is still mainly focused on the environmental and agronomic perspectives. This paper aims to assess the extent to which different socio-economic and policy factors affect the performance of farmers in supporting ABD at the territorial level. Starting from the FADN data and focusing on Italy, we built a new regional comprehensive indicator that accounts for three levers through which farmers mostly interact and can influence ABD: land use strategies, agriculture practices and management decisions, and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) funds. Results reveal a heterogeneous spectrum of indicator scores at the regional level. Land use strategies have a significant relevance for the North-East regions and the Islands (Sicily and Sardinia), whereas agricultural practices emerge as the primary influential factors in the Centre and South. Policy funds dominate in the North-West, reflecting the greater expenditure capacity of the northern regions. These findings have important policy implications for the future of the CAP and the biodiversity EU strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) enables analysis and comparison of farms business data, and the dairy sector has been selected because of its great importance in the European Union (EU). This paper analyses the economic characteristics of Croatian dairy farms divided into three types (based on herd size), in the period from the year 2014 to 2018. While the number of smaller farms is declining, there is a slight increase in the largest farm type. The amount of milk produced per farm is also growing, but it is still significantly lower than the European average. According to the realized net value added per unit of labour, small and medium-sized dairy farms are below, while large ones are above the European average. The share of direct payments in net value added is higher for all farm types compared to the European average. Relatively low milk yield and selling price, with high operating costs results in lower net production margins and affects the lower competitiveness of smaller farms with lower yields. According to the results of the FADN analysis, the largest Croatian dairy farms Type 3 (with 50 or more cows in the herd) are fully competitive to European farms in terms of economic results. The problem of Croatian dairy farming is that there are only few competitive farms, so different agricultural and rural development measures should support the empowerment of smaller farms, as well as strengthen the competitiveness of the whole dairy sector.

The present paper analyses the relationship between farm incomes and farm involvement in agritourism activities in four countries of the Visegrád Group (V4) in comparison to the European Union. The analysis is based on the Farm Accountancy Data Network database of the EU for 2004–2020, and applies descriptive statistics, correlations, and multivariate panel regression analysis. Results show that the larger share of agritourism within gross farm income is associated with lower family farm income per family worker, and this is particularly true for larger farms. This means that in area of the Visegrád Group agritourism is more important in farms with worse profitability and more in need of additional incomes while in the rest of the EU countries an opposite tendency prevails. The paper empirically assesses a rather long time period, focusing on the four countries of the Visegrád Group compared to the rest of the EU member states and it measures the impact of agritourism revenues on various measures of farm income. Agritourism profitability has been assessed by hundreds of papers but the present paper compares agritourism profitability to that of traditional agriculture, and assesses a much longer time period than earlier research.

This study dealt with multifunctional farming, which is meant as a dynamic strategy that is carried out by Italian farms. The path alongside the multifunctional paradigm is carried out through both supply chain and territorial strategies, which deserve more attention. These strategies reinforce sustainable business models characterized by the presence of both deepening and broadening strategies. The first ones are centered around product differentiation and valorization through geographical indications, organic farming, etc. Broadening strategies are implemented through new on-farm activities, such as agritourism, and other gainful activities carried out at the farm level. Set against this background, the article discusses the evolution of farms according to the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database by putting forward an empirical analysis, which considered the evolution of farm typologies oriented toward multifunctionality in the last decade. The analysis underlined the positive dynamics and the evolution of farms adhering to the multifunctional paradigm. Moreover, as evidenced in the econometric analysis, the adoption of multifunctional farming activities provided a sound contribution to income formation. This addressed some policy issues that were identified at the beginning of the new programming period for rural development of the EU and their resolution aims to reinforce the virtuous trajectory toward multifunctional farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of CAP payments made to farms included in the European FADN dataset between 2004 and 2019 and, considering this financial aid as an environmental variable, identify patterns of inefficiency in EU farming. The study has adopted a twofold quantitative approach, applying both two-stage DEA and Multidirectional Efficiency Analysis. The results reveal significant imbalances between EU member states over the period of investigation, and underline the specific effect that total CAP disbursed subsidies and second pillar CAP support have on technical inefficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomy Science is the property of University of Life Sciences in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2022, in Bordeaux due to a structural oversupply, grape growers' syndicates have asked to reimplement premiumized grub-ups in order to bring the market back to equilibrium. However, in today's CMO no legal basis exists to conduct such a policy. In this article, we go over the policy of planting rights (transformed in 2016 into planting authorization) and of premiumized grub-ups. In undertaking this historical review of Europe's grubbing-up policy, we analyze in detail Pierre Bartoli's 1982 thesis and studies of the Observatoire de l'Hérault (Dyopta) that take into account experts' opinions and statistical viewpoints. Th is review enables us to present the main indicators in order to "objectively" analyze data that we received from a 2007/2008 grubbing-up campaign in Hérault. Our originality is the analysis of a subset consisting of 341 Vinifl hor applications for grubbing-up premiums, which represents 20% of all benefi ciaries receiving premiums. Th e applications were later sent with the applicants' consent to a development agency that transmitted them to us. Within this subset, we selected 51 grape growers with whom we conducted a qualitative and quantitative survey. Our goal was to identify their real motivations for grubbing up their vines. We then put forward synthesized results explaining the qualitative interviews and run the data through an econometric model. Th e main results are that many grape growers grubbed up only a small fraction of their vineyards mainly to cash in on the premiums in times of dire wine crisis. Grubbing ups of young "improving varietals" reinforces this analysis. Furthermore, the 2007/2008 grubbing-up campaign comes a year just before the 2008/2011 Fischer-Boel grubbing-up campaigns that wanted to reduce Europe's vineyard of 175,000 ha of vines by eliminating the least effi cient grape growers. We thought it would be interesting to shed light on this 2008 wine CMO policy by using the results of the 2007/2008 grubbing-up campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the keys enabling the actors of the food chain to become more sustainable, the Strategy assigns an important role to knowledge and information. For this reason, the Farm to Fork Strategy aims to make the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) the main data source of sustainable indicators, turning it into a Farm Sustainability Data Network (FSDN). Wine not only represents one of the most important products of the Italian agri-food system (value of turnover and exports), but it is also characterised by a widespread use of traditional certification systems (PDO/ PGI, Organic), to which in recent years specific certifi cations of sustainability have been added, evaluated through its threefold dimension: economic, environmental, and social. Indeed, wine is much ahead of other sectors in the process of sustainability certification both for the process and the product itself. The paper is an effort to test the current set of information included in the FADN and some related computable indicators as a feasible tool for the assessment of sustainability in the wine sector. The goal of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we assess the actual level of sustainability of the wine sector in Italy through an indicator that synthetizes the three dimensions (economic, environmental, and social) of sustainability at the regional level. Secondly, more in general, we test the current capacity of the FADN information to provide a reliable measure of sustainability given the intention of the EU legislator to switch the European data network from FADN to FSDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U strukturi poljoprivredne proizvodnje Republike Hrvatske prevladava biljna proizvodnja. Bez provođenja neke od mjera zaštite gubitci potencijalnog prinosa na svjetskoj razini bili bi oko 50%. Poljoprivreda EU se još uvijek uvelike oslanja na upotrebu pesticida za zaštitu bilja a prosječni specifični troškovi biljne proizvodnje (u koje spada i trošak biljne zaštite) čine 41,5% ukupnog troška proizvodnje u EU-28. Primjenom standardnih rezultata FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) sustava analizirani su podaci 9 tipova biljne proizvodnje RH u razdoblju od 2017. do 2019. godine. Tip povrćarstvo, cvjećarstvo i ukrasno bilje koristi najviše jedinica rada te ujedno ima najviše ukupne prihode, ukupne troškove i troškove biljne proizvodnje. Najviši trošak biljne zaštite zabilježen je kod uzgoja različitih usjeva na oranicama, dok je najniži kod tipa maslinarstvo, što je u skladu i s europskim podacima. Ipak, kada se gleda udio troška biljne zaštite u ukupnim troškovima proizvodnje izdvaja se tip voćarstvo, što je i očekivano jer suvremeni voćarski nasadi zahtijevaju velika ulaganja u zaštitu od mraza i tuče uz standardnu biljnu zaštitu. Ako se gleda udio troška biljne zaštite u ukupnom prihodu on je opet najviši kod voćarskih gospodarstava koja ujedno ostvaruju i najmanje ukupne prihode od analiziranih tipova, a najniži je kod maslinarskog tipa.

For many rural areas of Italy, particularly hilly and mountain landscapes such as the Apennines and the Alps, the chestnut represents a typical tree crop. However, whilst various studies have analysed technical efficiency in relation to olive, wine, and citrus production, finding that land capital endowment is one of the most important inputs able to impact productivity and technical efficiency in those sectors, technical efficiency in Italian chestnut farming has not previously been investigated. The purpose of this study, then, was to assess through a quantitative approach the level of technical efficiency in chestnut farming in various Italian provinces following the NUTS 3 classification standard, and using a dataset of farms specialised in chestnut cultivation that are included in the Italian Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and that received some form of CAP subsidy during the period 2008–2020. Moreover, using the results of this analysis, the study aims to evaluate the specific role that subsides allocated through the first and second pillars of the CAP have had on technical efficiency in this sector. The findings reveal that financial subsides allocated under the first pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy have impacted technical efficiency in a positive way. The novelty of this research lies in its assessment of technical efficiency in relation to chestnut farming. Moreover, through the use of Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis, it has been possible to assess patterns of technical inefficiency in farming in some Italian provinces where chestnuts are cultivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of reliable longitudinal data, farm income and income trends haven’t been much analysed in Croatia, specifically among horticultural producers. Based on Croatian Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), the goal of this paper is to research the income of all farms in comparison to horticultural farms. In addition, paper tests farm’s eligibility for Income Stabilization Tool (IST) compensation. Objectives of the paper are: (1) analysis of farm income in the period 2014-2017 for all farms and specifically for horticultural farms, and (2) analyse how many horticultural farms have potential for IST compensation. For the second objective, we prepared scenarios of annual income drop of 10%, 20%, and 30% of the three-year average income. Scenarios are shown for groups - wine, orchard, and olive farms (calculated group index) and for individual farms (calculated farm index). Results show that horticultural farms’ income is on the similar level to the data for all the farms in FADN. The group index calculation compared to farm index income calculation shows a higher number of farms eligible for IST. The paper might serve as a basis for the introduction of IST in Croatian agriculture.

This paper deals with production and economic results of small-scale farms in the Republic of Serbia. Small-scale farms include farms with standard output value from 4,000 to 25,000 euros. The main aim of the paper is to determine and evaluate profitability and productivity of farms engaged in different types of farming. Economic viability of farms was determined based on profitability and productivity indicators. Although these indicators are not the only indicators of economic viability, they are most commonly used and the most reliable. The farms are divided into seven groups of farming: field crops, horticulture, vineyards and fruits, dairy production, livestock production – grazing livestock, granivores, mixed crops–livestock. The analysis was based on FADN data for a 5-year period (2015-2019). The number of farms in the sample was increasing over the years, reaching 1,655 in 2019, while a large number of them belonged to a class of small-scale farms (48.5%). Utilised agricultural area on average ranged from 9.2 ha to 10.8 ha per farm. The highest labour input was recorded in horticulture (2.5 – 4.0 AWU), while the lowest labour input was determined for field crops (1.5 – 2.0 AWU). The values of profitability and productivtity indicators were the highest for horticulture farms, which had the highest ROE indicator (0.257) and FNVA per AWU (11.4 thousands euros) in 2019. On the other hand, farms involved in grazing livestock had the lowest results, with ROE of 0.127 and FNVA per AWU of 6.4 thousands euros in 2019. As expected, more intensive types of farming (horticulture and granivores) achieved better results, so these farms are considered as more economically viable. Furthermore, less intensive types of farming (grazing livestock and mixed crops-livestock) should make better use of natural and internal resources, while farmers, especially younger ones, should withdraw from traditional and old-fashioned ways of production and be more innovative and creative in farm management.

Using Italian data published by the Farm Accountancy Data Network, this study investigates whether certain variables such as labour, assets, crops, cost, and financial subsides allocated through the Common Agricultural Policy are able to act on the management and on the productive specialisation of Italian farms, and focuses on assessing the main relationships that exist between these variables and the items correlated to them in 8 main types of farming for the period 2004–2019. The results have revealed that while the type of farming practiced has had an influence on farm management, the impact of financial subsides allocated through the CAP has differed. This research fills a gap in the literature by investigating the main relationships that exist between farm specialisation and farm management through the PLSSEM. that enables the identification of which variables have the greatest influence on the management of Italian farms.

The European Union Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) publishes data for the representative farms of several European Union (EU) farm types, regions and countries. In this database, the published data for the farm types allow us to assess several agricultural policies. In fact, the FADN publishes data for the EU farming types and there are not many studies about these fields in the whole European context. This study aims to bring novelty for the whole spectrum of stakeholder types in these domains. The analysis of these impacts may bring relevant insights, especially, for adjustments in the design of future strategies and plans. We analyse the evolution of the EU farm types in the last two decades with significant scenario changes like two large common agricultural policy (CAP) reforms (2003 and 2013) and suggest new approaches to the design for future measures. Statistical information from the FADN over the period 2004–2018 is considered. In addition, efficiency and productivity assessments are carried out, to assess the implications of the most recent instruments of the CAP. The results show that the policy instruments in the framework of the 2013 CAP justify the use of more inputs (or at least at higher costs) for the same level of output. In fact, the subsidies given to the farmers since 2014 mask the inefficiencies underlying some farm types. A significant decrease in the total factor productivity confirmed this trend, despite positive growth rates for the total verified output for several farm types over the period.

The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) enables analysis and comparison of farms business data, and the dairy sector has been selected because of its great importance in the European Union (EU). This paper analyses the economic characteristics of Croatian dairy farms divided into three types (based on herd size), in the period from the year 2014 to 2018. While the number of smaller farms is declining, there is a slight increase in the largest farm type. The amount of milk produced per farm is also growing, but it is still significantly lower than the European average. According to the realized net value added per unit of labour, small and medium-sized dairy farms are below, while large ones are above the European average. The share of direct payments in net value added is higher for all farm types compared to the European average. Relatively low milk yield and selling price, with high operating costs results in lower net production margins and affects the lower competitiveness of smaller farms with lower yields. According to the results of the FADN analysis, the largest Croatian dairy farms Type 3 (with 50 or more cows in the herd) are fully competitive to European farms in terms of economic results. The problem of Croatian dairy farming is that there are only few competitive farms, so different agricultural and rural development measures should support the empowerment of smaller farms, as well as strengthen the competitiveness of the whole dairy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Small farms are gaining space and importance within the agricultural policies implemented by the European Union, mainly for the role that they play for the preservation of the territory and for the economic development of local rural areas. Small farms represent a new opportunity to guarantee the permanence of populations and agricultural workers in rural areas, contributing to the formation of the income of farming families. Therefore, in this study, after identifying small farms as those farms that have a Standard Output (SO) of less than EUR 25,000, their structural characteristics were defined, as well as their economic and financial situation. The analysis was performed using the Italian FADN data for the years 2018–2020 and using a set of structural and economic–financial indicators. Furthermore, the study analyzes the relationship between farm performance and agricultural resources and also with farmer demographics and farm size. The principal Component analysis was used to reduce the number of variables used in the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model which was applied to identify the factors contributing to the small farms' profitability. The territorial distribution of small farms shows a polarization: 37% of them are in Southern Italy, and more than 34% of them are in Northern Italy. The analysis also reveals that about 67% of the Italian small farms are specialized, in particular, in arable land (37.6%) and herbivores (16.8%). They are mainly conducted by men with a high school education level and with an age that is between 40 and 65 years. The economic results also show a good performance, however, there is a wide district differentiation: while the Northern regions have the best results in terms of farm net income, those of Southern Italy are more dependent on the public support they receive. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis revealed which variables (e.g., land size, labor, public aid, etc.) had a direct relationship with the profitability of small farms. The research provides interesting insights to stakeholders on the public support (specific measures) that needs to be designed and implemented to favor the survival of small farms in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of various studies on energy consumption in agriculture. The focus was in particular on the sensitivity of farms and agribusiness to fluctuations in the prices of energy carriers, which is currently a problem for the entire food industry. In addition to the prices of direct energy carriers, biofuels, the EU ETS system, and fertilizers were identified as the main areas that play a key role in shaping the direct and indirect impact on the economic performance of agricultural producers. Moreover, it was presented how sensitive the food sector is to the limitations of fertilizer production, during which by-products necessary in food processing are produced. The production of fertilizers consumes almost half of the energy used in agriculture, but the lack of fertilizers means yield drops of 30–50%. Therefore, high energy prices and disruptions in its supply are a threat to the food security of a country, both from the perspective of agriculture and processing. Based on the literature review, research gaps have been identified that should guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the production and economic indicators of farms in the Republic of Serbia based on data collected from the FADN sample for 2019. The aim of the research is to analyze and evaluate the influence of important factors on profitability of farms of different economic size. According to their economic size, farms are classified into four groups: very small, small-sized, mid-sized and large-sized farms. Factors influencing profitability are grouped into: production management, financial management, human resources management and subsidies and natural factors. The statistical technique used in the paper is a multiple regression model applied to determine statistically significant influence of certain factors on profitability. The results of the research show that equity turnover is the factor with the greatest positive impact on profitability of farms regardless of their economic size. Paid labour has the greatest negative impact on very small, small-sized and mid-sized farms. Further research should focus on analysis of the financial performance of small and medium farms which, based on the available capacities and income, are the main drivers of development of the entire agricultural sector.

The aim of this research is to investigate technical efficiency in different types of farming in Republic of Serbia and then to determine achieved level of farm economic viability. The research is based on FADN data from 2020 year. An input-oriented data envelopment analysis method with variable return to scale is used for calculating farm technical efficiency. One output and four input variables are used in the model. Research has shown that farm technical efficiency in Serbia is on relatively low level (0.346). This indicates that there are significant reserves for potentially input reduction, without output reducing. According to types of farming the most efficient farms are the ones involved in horticulture production (0.542), followed by granivores (0.458) and vineyards and fruits (0.433), while the least efficient are dairy production (0.292). It is noticeable that more intensive types of farming have better output-input ratio, which indicates that those farms reached higher economic viability level. Of course, farm economic viability is wider term and further research should be directed at one comprehensive farm economic viability analysis which would take into consideration other relevant productivity indicators as well as profitability, liquidity and stability indicators. Thereby, considering FADN base limitations that are particularly noticeable when calculate liquidity and stability indicators, is necessary to continuously work on data quality improvement and to make the whole system better.

This article attempts to assess the productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector in Poland. The data used in the article were provided by Polish FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) and the Central Statistical Office, which makes them a representative and reliable source of information on agriculture in Poland. Studies have shown that the agricultural sector in Poland is characterised by low productivity, especially of small and medium-sized farms prevailing in Poland, as well as low internal competitiveness measured by the share of the national agricultural sector in generating GDP. Studies have shown, on the other hand, that the situation of the sector is relatively well presented in terms of the external competitiveness represented by its share in exports.

The aim of this study was to present factors shaping biodiesel production in Poland influenced by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU). The performance of Polish biodiesel producers was analyzed. A regression model was built to identify the factors that impacted biodiesel production in Poland. The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) was the main source of information about Polish biodiesel farmers. The FADN is the most comprehensive and detailed source of economic and agricultural data in Poland. Changes in the number of biodiesel producers in the Polish market were analyzed with the use of indicators. In the last stage of the study, the impact of selected variables on the performance of rapeseed farms was determined in a regression analysis. The second source of information was Eurostat data, which provided information about pure biodiesel production in the European Union (EU) countries from 2004 to 2019. The biggest producers of pure biodiesel in the European Union are Germany, France, Spain, and Italy. Poland is also an important producer of biodiesel in the European Union (EU). Both descriptive statistics and statistical analyses are presented. First, we used descriptive statistics to present changes in pure biodiesel production in the European Union. Second, we used statistical analyses to present factors shaping the economic performance of biodiesel producers in Poland. The study demonstrated that the number of rapeseed producers in Poland has increased and that farm performance has improved during the period analyzed. Rapeseed farms have increased their land area and the value of fixed and current assets. The land area under rapeseed cultivation has increased after Poland joined the EU, which suggests a positive response to a growing demand for biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable agricultural solutions have emerged as feasible options for mitigating the negative environmental impacts created by agricultural production or adapting to inevitable climate change. Organic food production has become one of the most popular sustainable solutions among these. There is also a clear scientific consensus that transformative changes in agricultural systems and practice are needed as a response to the effects of climate change. A great variety of factors that influence the transition to organic farming have been found and identified over time. To understand the dynamics that lead farmers to move to organic farming, it is necessary to examine the relationship between these factors. In this study, we investigated the impacts of certain factors on the possibility of Hungarian farmers' conversion to organic production in the context of climate change adaptation. This dynamic was studied using descriptive and exploratory techniques on a cross-sectional sample. While the study supported certain well-established facts, it also yielded some surprising findings. One of our findings is that the transition to organic farming does not seem to be motivated by the perception of bad weather events, which is somewhat surprising. This outcome contradicts the frequently claimed idea that organic farming may be a successful adaptation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]