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Abstract Background The left-behind children (LBC), children and adolescents aged 0–18 whose parents have migrated for economic purposes for extended periods exceeding three months, present a unique social concern. These children remain in their place of household registration, often under the guardianship of relatives, while receiving compulsory education. LBC with growing Internet addiction (IA) have made it urgent to take a close look at the mechanisms and effective interventions for them. Anxiety has been proven to be correlated with IA in adolescents; however, the mechanisms of addiction in this population are less well-fully grasped. Based on the current theories and empirical results, the study examined whether and how social support (SS) and family types moderated the associations between anxiety and IA among left-behind secondary students. Methods Stratified cluster sampling survey. A questionnaire was administered to 5290 secondary school children (2553 classified as left-behind) to explore the relationships between anxiety, IA, left-behind types, family types, and social support. This cross-sectional study employed a stratified cluster sampling survey of students in the ethnic areas of southeast Chongqing. The study sought to appraise the relationships between anxiety and IA in different types of left-behind children and to assess the potential moderating effect of SS on the relationship among the population and its family types differences. Results The relationship between anxiety and IA was moderated significantly by social support and family types. Notably, the impact of social support on the moderating effect between IA and anxiety varied among students from both family types. For students from families where both parents had migrated, social support weakened the association between IA and anxiety. Conversely, for students from single-parent families where the parent had migrated, social support seemed to strengthen the relationships between these two issues. Conclusions The moderating effects of SS on the relationship between anxiety and IA differs based on family type among various groups of left-behind secondary students. Gaining insights into the IA mechanisms can guide the development of targeted intervention strategies aimed at minimizing IA among diverse groups of left-behind students.

Background: The left-behind children (LBC), children and adolescents aged 0–18 whose parents have migrated for economic purposes for extended periods exceeding three months, present a unique social concern. These children remain in their place of household registration, often under the guardianship of relatives, while receiving compulsory education. LBC with growing Internet addiction (IA) have made it urgent to take a close look at the mechanisms and effective interventions for them. Anxiety has been proven to be correlated with IA in adolescents; however, the mechanisms of addiction in this population are less well-fully grasped. Based on the current theories and empirical results, the study examined whether and how social support (SS) and family types moderated the associations between anxiety and IA among left-behind secondary students. Methods: Stratified cluster sampling survey. A questionnaire was administered to 5290 secondary school children (2553 classified as left-behind) to explore the relationships between anxiety, IA, left-behind types, family types, and social support. This cross-sectional study employed a stratified cluster sampling survey of students in the ethnic areas of southeast Chongqing. The study sought to appraise the relationships between anxiety and IA in different types of left-behind children and to assess the potential moderating effect of SS on the relationship among the population and its family types differences. Results: The relationship between anxiety and IA was moderated significantly by social support and family types. Notably, the impact of social support on the moderating effect between IA and anxiety varied among students from both family types. For students from families where both parents had migrated, social support weakened the association between IA and anxiety. Conversely, for students from single-parent families where the parent had migrated, social support seemed to strengthen the relationships between these two issues. Conclusions: The moderating effects of SS on the relationship between anxiety and IA differs based on family type among various groups of left-behind secondary students. Gaining insights into the IA mechanisms can guide the development of targeted intervention strategies aimed at minimizing IA among diverse groups of left-behind students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength of family ties is often a predictor of happiness. However, how different family types and persuasion affect happiness, and how important they are compared to other factors, is largely unknown. Some people think that having one close relationship and good communication skills is sufficient. However, family and persuasion may have separate or combined effects on happiness. Emotions influence attitudes directly, causing them to align with the emotional tone. This is similar to the limited thinking effect, where attitudes also change in a simple way (Forgas, 2001). The current study investigates happiness and persuasion among Kashmiri residents (India). A large and diverse sample was used to measure happiness and persuasion related to two demographic factors, family types and age. The data was analysed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and the results revealed that happiness and persuasion did not differ significantly by any demographic factor in the study. Additionally, hierarchical regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients were used. The outcomes revealed that happiness has a strong persuasive effect. Regression analysis indicated that happiness significantly and positively predicted persuasion by 13 percent variance. The current findings indicate that family and age do not influence happiness or persuasion in Kashmir (India). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates mental health inequalities by family type and gender during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Using data from the German Family Panel, we compared three dimensions of mental health (i.e., self-reported stress, exhaustion, and loneliness) one year before the pandemic and in spring 2020. First, two-parent families emerged as a vulnerable group, as the levels of stress and exhaustion they reported during the pandemic converged with those experienced by single parents. Second, a gender gap emerged during this global health crisis, with women, and particularly mothers, reporting significantly worse mental health compared to men in the same family type. Our findings underline the substantive value of studying mental health inequality from a multidimensional perspective and over time. Based on these findings, we urge policy makers to consider more seriously the disproportionate burdens that families, and women in particular, have been carrying due to the pandemic both directly and indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines recent trends in Australian poverty, both measured using disposable income (before housing costs, BHC) and income after subtracting housing costs (AHC). Household-level data from Australian Bureau of Statistics household income surveys are used to estimate relative poverty rates since 1999–00. Changes in the Australian housing market, especially the large increase in house prices and falling home ownership, mean that trends and relative levels of poverty are quite different when using these two alternative measures of resources. While BHC poverty has decreased, AHC poverty has not—because of rising housing costs. These shifts have changed the profile of AHC poverty and raise important questions about the adequacy and sustainability of existing housing and income support policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ÖZ: Farklı aile türlerinde yer alan çiftlerin yaşadıkları çatışmaları çözmek için hangi çatışma çözüm stillerini (ÇÇS) kullandıklarını ve kullanılan çözüm stillerinin eşlerin köken ailelerinin kullandığı iletişim kalıplarıyla olan ilişkisini araştırmak amacıyla tasarlanmış olan bu çalışma nicel veri toplama tekniklerinin kullanıldığı betimleyici bir araştırma niteliği taşımaktadır. Çalışmaya 2018-2019 yılları arasında Kastamonu Üniversitesinde öğrenci olarak bulunan 208 öğrencinin ebeveynleri veya yakın çevrelerindeki evli çiftler (416 katılımcı) katılmıştır. Veri toplamak amacıyla Aile İletişim Kalıpları Ölçeği ve Çatışma Çözüm Stilleri Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda elde edilen sonuçlar, genel olarak aile iletişim boyutlarının kullanılan çözüm stillerini etkilediğini ve farklı aile türlerinde eşlerin kullandıkları ÇÇS’nin köken ailelerinin türleri açısından farklılaştığını göstermiştir. Buna göre, kaçınma stilini en çok kullanan aile türünün fikir birliğine dayalı aileler olduğu ve çoğulcu aileler ile birlikte koruyucu ailelerin en çok olumlu ÇÇS’ni kullandığı ortaya konmuştur. ABSTRACT: This study, which was designed to investigate which conflict resolution styles (CRS) the couples in different family types used in order to resolve the conflicts they experienced and the relationship between the solution styles used and the communication patterns used by the original families of the spouses is characterized as a descriptive research where quantitative data collection techniques are used. The study was conducted with the parents of 208 students who studied in a Turkish university in the 2018-2019 academic year and/or married couples in their immediate environment (416 participants in total). Family Communication Patterns Scale and Conflict Resolution Styles Scale were used to collect data. Data Analysis was results obtained showed that family communication pattern dimensions affect the solution styles used in general and that the CRS used by spouses in different family types differs in terms of the types of original families. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that the family type that uses the avoidance style the most is the consensual- based families and that the protective families together with the pluralistic families use positive CRS the most.

Many years ago, Emmanuel Todd came up with a classification of family types and argued that the historically prevalent family types in a society have important consequences for its economic, political, and social development. Here, we evaluate Todd's most important predictions empirically. Relying on a parsimonious model with exogenous covariates, we find mixed results. On the one hand, authoritarian family types are, in stark contrast to Todd's predictions, associated with increased levels of the rule of law and innovation. On the other hand, and in line with Todd's expectations, communitarian family types are linked to racism, low levels of the rule of law, and late industrialization. Countries in which endogamy is frequently practiced also display an expectedly high level of state fragility and weak civil society organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There has been an increase in children growing up in non-traditional families, such as single-parent and blended families. Children from such families have a higher prevalence of obesity and poorer health outcomes, but research on the relationship with obesogenic behaviours is limited. Objectives Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there are associations between family structures and obesogenic behaviours and related family rules in European children and adolescents. Methods The sample included 7664 children (mean age ± SD: 10.9 ± 2.9) from 4923 families who were participants of the multi-centre I.Family study (2013/2014) conducted in 8 European countries. Family structure was assessed by a detailed interview on kinship and household. Obesogenic behaviours (screen time, sleep duration, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)) and family rules (rules for computer and television, bedtime routine, availability of SSBs during meals) were determined by standardized questionnaires. Multilevel mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models were used to model the associations of family structure with obesogenic behaviours and family rules. Sex, age, parental education level, number of children and adults in the household and BMI z-score were covariates in the models. Two-parent biological families were set as the reference category. Results Children from single-parent families were less likely to have family rules regarding screen time (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.94, p = 0.026) with higher reported hours of screen time per week (β = 2.70 h/week, 95% CI: 1.39–4.00, p

The aging process which begins with birth and continues until death, has been evaluated by the cultures in various forms of meanings at different times. Turkish frame of mind generally imposes some requirements on age scales of people and it expects those people to fulfill these requirements. This thought system has found a wide place in the Turkish language. Stereotyped statements such as proverbs, idioms and apothegms in Turkish expect people to face their ages and elderliness. In this study, firstly, the place of elderliness in terms of dominant mindset in Turkey is exhibited with the main lines; then, the concept of confrontation which is seen an important notion in the process of accepting the changes experienced by the individual depending on aging is explained. The study continues with analysis of examples selected from proverbs, idioms, and apothegms in Turkish in the context of confrontation with elderliness. As a result of this study, it is obtained a result that elderliness is seen as a process that individuals need to confront, and that reflection of the thought to the language contributes to the individual’s acceptance of this process psychologically.

The structures of Thai families have changed, and therefore increased the number of factors negatively affecting older adults. The most common is loneliness, which affects older adults and is closely related to mental state. The purpose of this research was to analyze and compare the level of loneliness of older adults in different family types and study the differences between personal factors, family factors, and social factors of the older adults toward the loneliness of the older adults within a variety of family types. The population was 346 older adults aged 60 years and over. The analysis found that 76% of older adults in the study have low levels of loneliness. The older adults in different family types had a statistically significant difference level of loneliness. The older adults who lived alone had a higher level of loneliness than others. Factors related to the moderate level of loneliness among the older adults within different family types were not participating in family activities of a parent-child family and income inadequacy in a three-generation family. The outcome of this research could be used to promote and improve care for older adults to reduce and prevent loneliness based on their specific family types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which was designed to investigate which conflict resolution styles (CRS) the couples in different family types used in order to resolve the conflicts they experienced and the relationship between the solution styles used and the communication patterns used by the original families of the spouses is characterized as a descriptive research where quantitative data collection techniques are used. The study was conducted with the parents of 208 students who studied in a Turkish university in the 2018-2019 academic year and/or married couples in their immediate environment (416 participants in total). Family Communication Patterns Scale and Conflict Resolution Styles Scale were used to collect data. Data Analysis was results obtained showed that family communication pattern dimensions affect the solution styles used in general and that the CRS used by spouses in different family types differs in terms of the types of original families. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that the family type that uses the avoidance style the most is the consensualbased families and that the protective families together with the pluralistic families use positive CRS the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of Thai families have changed, and therefore increased the number of factors negatively affecting older adults. The most common is loneliness, which affects older adults and is closely related to mental state. The purpose of this research was to analyze and compare the level of loneliness of older adults in different family types and study the differences between personal factors, family factors, and social factors of the older adults toward the loneliness of the older adults within a variety of family types. The population was 346 older adults aged 60 years and over. The analysis found that 76% of older adults in the study have low levels of loneliness. The older adults in different family types had a statistically significant difference level of loneliness. The older adults who lived alone had a higher level of loneliness than others. Factors related to the moderate level of loneliness among the older adults within different family types were not participating in family activities of a parent-child family and income inadequacy in a three-generation family. The outcome of this research could be used to promote and improve care for older adults to reduce and prevent loneliness based on their specific family types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female juveniles with sexual offences (FJSOs) are an understudied population. The current study compares FJSOs with their male counterparts and evaluates whether male and female juveniles with sexual offences from different family types have similar charges and court outcomes. Data were obtained from a statewide court dataset in Alabama from 2004 to 2014 (n = 205 females, 2816 males). Participants were categorised by offence category, family type, and court outcome. Chi-square tests and hierarchical logistic regressions were conducted to test for differences in offence patterns and court outcomes by gender and family type, respectively. Females committed less severe offences and received less severe punishments for a given offence compared with males. Family type and two-way interactions between family type, gender, and offence severity played limited roles in offence patterns and in court sentencing. Disposition patterns in females point towards the feasibility of providing more services for all juveniles with sexual offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been an increase in children growing up in non-traditional families, such as single-parent and blended families. Children from such families have a higher prevalence of obesity and poorer health outcomes, but research on the relationship with obesogenic behaviours is limited. Objectives: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there are associations between family structures and obesogenic behaviours and related family rules in European children and adolescents. Methods: The sample included 7664 children (mean age ± SD: 10.9 ± 2.9) from 4923 families who were participants of the multi-centre I.Family study (2013/2014) conducted in 8 European countries. Family structure was assessed by a detailed interview on kinship and household. Obesogenic behaviours (screen time, sleep duration, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)) and family rules (rules for computer and television, bedtime routine, availability of SSBs during meals) were determined by standardized questionnaires. Multilevel mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models were used to model the associations of family structure with obesogenic behaviours and family rules. Sex, age, parental education level, number of children and adults in the household and BMI z-score were covariates in the models. Two-parent biological families were set as the reference category. Results: Children from single-parent families were less likely to have family rules regarding screen time (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.94, p = 0.026) with higher reported hours of screen time per week (β = 2.70 h/week, 95% CI: 1.39–4.00, p < 0.001). The frequency of weekly SSB consumption differed by family structure in a sex-specific manner: girls from single-parent (β = 3.19 frequency/week, 95% CI: 0.91–5.47, p = 0.006) and boys from blended/adoptive families (β = 3.01 frequency/week, 95% CI: 0.99–5.03, p = 0.004) consumed more SSBs. Sleep duration, bedtime routines and availability of SSBs during meals did not differ between children from these family structures. Parental education did not modify any of these associations. Conclusions: Parents in non-traditional family structures appear to experience more difficulties in restricting screen time and the intake of SSBs in their children than parents in traditional two-parent family structures. Our findings therefore suggest that additional support and effective strategies for parents in non-traditional families may help to reduce obesogenic behaviours in children from such family types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent results on whether having children in a family influences life satisfaction, and even less is known about how different partnership and social support types influence life satisfaction. We investigate the life satisfaction of officially registered and cohabiting persons with and without children in 24 European countries using the latest European Social Survey data from 2012. To investigate the influence of society and individual selection on family types, we include a range of individual and macroeconomic indicators in the multilevel analyses. The results demonstrate that life satisfaction is influenced by partnership and partnership type, children in a household do not elevate life satisfaction, and lack of economic coping problems might raise the positive value of children. Although the general life satisfaction levels follow predominantly the East–West alignment, the life satisfaction of families within countries is more driven by social support and a clear division of countries between East and West societies is not perceivable.

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The family environment shapes children’s social information processing and emotion regulation. Yet, the long-term effects of early family systems have rarely been studied. This study investigated how family system types predict children’s attentional biases toward facial expressions at the age of 10 years. The participants were 79 children from Cohesive, Disengaged, Enmeshed, and Authoritarian family types based on marital and parental relationship trajectories from pregnancy to the age of 12 months. A dot-probe task was used to assess children’s emotional attention biases toward threatening (angry) and affiliative (happy) faces at the early (500 ms) and late (1250 ms) stages of processing. Situational priming was applied to activate children’s sense of danger or safety. Results showed that children from Cohesive families had an early-stage attentional bias toward threat, whereas children from Enmeshed families had a late-stage bias toward threat. Children from Disengaged families had an early-stage attentional bias toward threat, but showed in addition a late-stage bias away from emotional faces (i.e., both angry and happy). Children from Authoritarian families, in turn, showed a late-stage attentional bias toward emotional faces. Situational priming did not moderate the effects of family system types on children’s attentional biases. The findings confirm the influence of early family systems on the attentional biases, suggesting differences in the emotion regulation strategies children have developed to adapt to their family environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family communication plays a fundamental role in relationships between Sāmoan youth, their parents and families. The nature and depth of relationships family members have with each other shape patterns of family communication. This article draws on data from a study of Sāmoan youth's relationships with their families in Aotearoa New Zealand. This study identified three family types and three family communication patterns in Sāmoan families. The three communication patterns are 'egalitarian', 'situational' and 'limited/restricted' and are connected with three family types namely the 'stable', 'adapting' and 'struggling' respectively. This article argues that the ways in which Sāmoan families are organised influence patterns of family communication. It argues that the ways in which Sāmoan parents communicate with their teenage children have major impacts on their health and wellbeing, and that family communication patterns separated those young people who were satisfied and happy with life from those who were not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To investigate the effect of a home-based, nurse-led health program on quality of life and family function for postoperative patients with early-stage cervical cancer. Method 226 cervical cancer patients, from two hospitals between December 2012 and April 2014, were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group received an individual home-based, nurse-led health program (family-care team provision, physiological rehabilitation, emotion-release management, informal social support system, and follow-up monitoring), in addition to conventional nursing education. Patients in the control group only received conventional nursing education. The Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy-Cervix, Female Sexual Function Index, and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale were used for assessment before and after the intervention. Results After the intervention, significant improvements were found for the quality of life total scores ( t = − 7 . 650 , p = 0 . 000 ), sexual function scores ( t = − 6 . 465 , p = 0 . 00 0), cohesion scores ( t = − 8 . 417 , p = 0 . 001 ) and adaptability scores ( t = − 10 . 735 , p = 0 . 000 ) in the intervention group. Moreover, proportions of family types were also improved (χ2 = 17.77, p = 0 . 000 ). However, for the control group, no significant differences were found except for a decrease in sexual function scores (t = −4.035, p = 0 . 000 ). Significant differences in change scores between groups were also found for quality of life ( F = 41 . 980 , p = 0 . 000 ), Sexual function ( F = 37 . 380 , p = 0 . 000 ), cohesion ( F = 15 . 268 , p = 0 . 000 ) and adaptability ( F = 16 . 998 , p = 0 . 000 ). Conclusion A home-based, nurse-led health promotion program improves the quality of life, sexual function and family function in postoperative patients with early-stage cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Increasing proportions of Scandinavian children and children in other Western countries live in joint physical custody, moving between parents’ homes when parents live apart. Children and parents in non-intact families are at risk of worse mental health. The potential influence of parental ill-health on child well-being in the context of differing living arrangements has not been studied thoroughly. This study investigates the psychological complaints of children in joint physical custody in comparison to children in sole parental care and nuclear families, while controlling for socioeconomic differences and parental ill-health. Methods: Data were obtained from Statistics Sweden’s yearly Survey of Living Conditions 2007–2011 and child supplements with children 10–18 years, living in households of adult participants. Children in joint physical custody (n=391) were compared with children in sole parental care (n=654) and children in nuclear families (n=3,639), using a scale of psychological complaints as the outcome measure. Results: Multiple regression modelling showed that children in joint physical custody did not report higher levels of psychological complaints than those in nuclear families, while children in sole parental care reported elevated levels of complaints compared with those in joint physical custody. Adding socioeconomic variables and parental ill-health only marginally attenuated the coefficients for the living arrangement groups. Low parental education and parental worry/anxiety were however associated with higher levels of psychological complaints. Conclusions: Psychological complaints were lower among adolescents in joint physical custody than in adolescents in sole parental care. The difference was not explained by parental ill-health or socioeconomic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent results on whether having children in a family influences life satisfaction, and even less is known about how diff erent partnership and social support types influence life satisfaction. We investigate the life satisfaction of officially registered and cohabiting persons with and without children in 24 European countries using the latest European Social Survey data from 2012. To investigate the influence of society and individual selection on family types, we include a range of individual and macroeconomic indicators in the multilevel analyses. The results demonstrate that life satisfaction is influenced by partnership and partnership type, children in a household do not elevate life satisfaction, and lack of economic coping problems might raise the positive value of children. Although the general life satisfaction levels follow predominantly the East-West alignment, the life satisfaction of families within countries is more driven by social support and a clear division of countries between East and West societies is not perceivable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in a historical perspective with a focus on the influence of family structure. We capture the latter with two indicators: residential habits (nuclear versus complex families) and inheritance rules (partition versus primogeniture). After controlling for economic, institutional, religious, and cultural factors, we find that over the 1861–1901 period family structure is a driver of the education gender gap, with a higher female-to-male enrollment rate ratio in upper primary schools being associated with nuclear residential habits and equal partition of inheritance. We also find that only the effect of inheritance rules persists over the 1971–2001 period. (JEL codes: E02, H75, I25, J16, N33, O15). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Obesity may cluster in families due to shared physical and social environments. Purpose: This study aims to identify family typologies of obesity risk based on family environments. Methods: Using 2007-2008 data from 706 parent/youth dyads in Minnesota, we applied latent profile analysis and general linear models to evaluate associations between family typologies and body mass index (BMI) of youth and parents. Results: Three typologies described most families with 18.8% 'Unenriched/Obesogenic,' 16.9% 'Risky Consumer,' and 64.3% 'Healthy Consumer/Salutogenic.' After adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors, parent BMI and youth BMI Z-scores were higher in unenriched/obesogenic families (BMI difference = 2.7, p < 0.01 and BMI Z-score difference = 0.51, p < 0.01, respectively) relative to the healthy consumer/salutogenic typology. In contrast, parent BMI and youth BMI Z-scores were similar in the risky consumer families relative to those in healthy consumer/salutogenic type. Conclusions: We can identify family types differing in obesity risks with implications for public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two related questions pursued in the study being reported in this paper are the following: (1) What changes have occurred in family types and functions among the Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria in the past 50 years? (2) How significant are the changes to children's well-being? Since it is a monolithic group, the sample was small (N = 551), but it spread across the group's geographical location, and comprised male, female, Christian, and Muslim people, all older than 55 years of age. The questionnaire that they responded to requested they indicate on a scale how common some family types and functions were before 1960, 1961 to 1980, 1981 to 2000 and are since 2001 to the present. It was found that the extended family form has been decreasing only slowly. Polygamous marriage shows marginal decreases and monogamous marriage shows marginal increases. Unmarried parents and single parents are increasing fast. Educational and socialization functions of the family have reduced significantly but companionship is enduring satisfactorily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are often associated with poor outcomes in adulthood, little is known about its distribution in various family types, especially in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed the prevalence, distribution, and attributable risks of ACEs in different family types in early adults. Using data from 483 young adults (18–25 years of age), we assessed the prevalence and distribution of ACEs and employed binary logistic regressions to quantify the attributable risk of ACEs in different family types: nuclear (reference), single-mother, separated/divorced, and extended family types. We compared respondents without reports of ACEs (reference) to those reporting different numbers of ACEs (1 or more, 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more and 5 or more) to assess attributable risks of ACEs in different family types. Out of the 483 participants, (female = 262 [53.3%]), 26.7% reported no ACEs, 21.1% reported 1 ACE, 13.3% reported 2 ACEs, and 38.9% reported 3 or more ACEs. Two hundred thirty-two (48%) and 153 (31.7%) students reported that they were from a nuclear and single-mother family types, respectively. Overall, there were higher densities of ACEs in single-mother and separated/divorced compared to nuclear family type. Compared to nuclear family type, the attributable risks of ACEs for single-mother family type ranged from 2.85 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.65) to 4.13 (95% CI: 1.92–8.91) and for separate/divorced family type ranging from 3.69 (95% CI: 1.72) to 6.32 (95% CI: 2.40–16.64). The odds of ACEs differ with family types and were markedly pronounced in single-mother and separated/divorced compared to nuclear family types. Interventions to mitigate the effects of ACEs should be targeted at family types with a high density of ACEs. Professionals should design programmes targeting single-mother, separated/divorced and extended family types to alleviate the negative effects of childhood adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the association between one of the most basic institutional forms, the family, and a series of demographic, educational, social, and economic indicators across regions in Europe. Using Emmanuel Todd's classification of medieval European family systems, we identify potential links between family types and regional disparities in household size, educational attainment, social capital, labor participation, sectoral structure, wealth, and inequality. The results indicate that medieval family structures seem to have influenced European regional disparities in virtually every indicator that we considered. That these links remain, despite the influence of the modern state and population migration, suggests that such structures are either extremely resilient or in the past were internalized within other social and economic institutions as they developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to review the theoretical underpinnings, major concepts, and methods of the typological approach. It was argued that the typological approach offers a systematic, empirically rigorous and reliable way to synthesize the nomothetic variable-centered approach with the idiographic case-centered approach. Recent advances in cluster analysis validation make it a promising method for uncovering natural typologies. This paper also reviewed findings from personality and family studies that have revealed 3 prototypical personalities and parenting styles: Adjusted/Authoritative, Overcontrolled/Authoritarian, and Undercontrolled/Permissive. These prototypes are theorized to be synonymous with attractor basins in psychological state space. The connection between family types and personality structure as well as future directions of typological research were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to examine how to determine the class position of women, especially married women, in Japan. This study examines three different approaches to conceptualizing women's position in the class structure: the conventional approach, the individual approach, and the dominance approach. Since 1975, the overall rate of female labour force participation in Japan has increased, and given this growth, particularly of employees working outside home, I discuss whether the increased entry of women, particularly married women, into the labour market challenges the conventional way of assigning class positions to women by simply deriving them from their husband's class positions. The data set used in this study is derived from the 1995 Japanese Social Stratification and Mobility Survey. An examination of class distributions suggests that the pictures of macro-class structure provided by the conventional approach and the dominance approach show very little difference. Married women who belong to the female-dominant family still form a very small minority of all married women in the society. Furthermore, the male-dominant family shows the greatest stability over the life course whereas the female-dominant family, where the wife experiences withdrawal from the labour market, is least stable. The increasing number of married women in the labour market, thus, has not yet become a major threat to the conventional way of assigning women to a class position in contemporary Japan. Women, even among those working on a full-time basis, perceive their position in the stratification system using not only their own work, but also their husband's. In contrast, men's perception is determined by their own education and employment, not by their wives'. This asymmetry in the effect of the husband's class and of the wife's class on class identification is related not only to gender inequality within the labour market but also to the division of labour by gender... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]