Search

Biodiesel generated from oils and fats composed of fatty acid alkyl esters is a potential substitution for fossil fuels, gaining attention as the demand for sustainable energy grows. Enzymatic transesterification has emerged as a promising method for biodiesel production due to the low energy required, easy glycerol recovery and compatibility with various feedstocks. This method also offers high specificity and operates under mild reaction conditions. However, limitations such as enzyme production cost, low product yield, and low stability under harsh conditions, have hindered the progress of biocatalysis. Protein engineering has emerged as an important strategy to overcome these limitations, particularly through rational design. Rational design approaches are advantageous in lipase engineering, due to accessible experimental tools and existing knowledge of lipase structure and function. Site-directed mutagenesis has been applied to improve stability, substrate specificity, methanol tolerance, and catalytic efficiency of lipase by introducing molecular interactions like hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges as well as improved lid flexibility by mutations at the lid or lid swapping. This targeted approach allows for the precise modification of amino acid residues, optimizing lipase for better performance, which is crucial for efficient biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) can be reduced by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. Nevertheless, ASCVDs still cause most deaths worldwide. Here, we discuss the prevention of ASCVD and the event risk with a focus on heart-healthy diets, i.e., low intakes of saturated and trans-fatty acids and cholesterol, and high intakes of unsaturated fatty acids, viscous fibre, and dietary phytostanols as fatty acid esters, according to international dyslipidaemia treatment guidelines. Calculations based on both FINRISK and Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaborators regression equations indicate that heart-healthy diets combined with phytostanol ester reduce LDL-C concentrations to such an extent that the 10-year estimated reduction in the incidence of coronary artery disease would be 23%. This information can be used, in particular, to prevent the development of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged populations and the progression of atherosclerosis to ASCVD. The outcome of simple and feasible dietary changes, and, when needed, combined with statins, can be significant: reduced mortality, an increased number of healthy life-years, and reduced healthcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shangri-La is a promising wine region in China, which has great potential for producing high-quality wines with distinctive regional characteristics. In this work, the aroma properties of spontaneously fermented Cabernet Sauvignon wines produced from seven sub-regions of Shangri-La (Adong, Liutongjiang, Sinong, Xidang, and Nitong from Lancang River basin; Benzilan and Dari from Jinsha River Basin) were comprehensively analyzed using the headspace micro-extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, odor activity values, and olfactory evaluation. Results showed that a total of 59 volatiles belonging to seven groups were identified and quantified in all regional wines, with alcohols constituting the most abundant group, followed by esters and volatile fatty acids. Based on their odor activity values, six alcohols, seven esters, two terpenes, one C13-norisoprenoids, and three volatile fatty acids were identified as key volatiles which significantly contribute to the aroma of these wines. Principal component analysis showed the distinct compositions of these 19 key volatiles among the seven regional wines. Olfactory evaluation revealed certain differences in aroma profiles, particularly "Tropical fruit", "Dried fruit", "Vegetal", and "Sweet" among them. This study enhances our understanding on the unique terroir flavors of Shangri-La wines and is helpful for further producing high-quality wines with regional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we attempt to remove 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol fatty acid ester (3‐MCPD ester) from palm oil with developed composite adsorbent (Tween80 modified activated carbon [AC]), and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen content adsorption‐desorption and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the modifications. We further examined the adsorption capability of the composite adsorbent for 3‐MCPD ester and found that the highest removal efficiency was 87.36% (5.3% of adsorbent dose at 104°C for 29 min). This is approximately three times higher than that of pristine AC, implying that the composite can be employed as a novel adsorbent for 3‐MCPD ester reduction. Along with the adsorption mechanism of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Temkin models were also tested. It has been suggested that Freundlich model could best describe the adsorption process. Adsorption was found to be well‐fitted by pseudo‐second‐order kinetics according to the kinetic study. An endothermic and spontaneous adsorption mechanism was demonstrated by the thermodynamic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternatives to conventional chemical treatments for parasitic diseases in fish are needed. Microalgal‐sourced fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) have shown an antiparasitic effect against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection in guppies. Here, we tested a range of commercial FAEEs of various carbon chain lengths and unsaturation levels against two fish parasites. Guppies and barramundi infected with G. turnbulli and Trichodina sp., respectively, were used. The most effective FAEE, after excluding those toxic to fish, was ethyl laurate (12:0). For both parasites, the LD50 was 18.75 μM within 250 min of incubation. Ethyl eicosapentaenoate (20:5n3) was the next most effective FAEE against G. turnbulli, and dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid ethyl ester (20:3n6) and ethyl α‐linolenate (18:3n3) were the next most effective against Trichodina sp. In addition, FAEEs prepared from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum residue, after fucoxanthin extraction, were examined against Trichodina sp. infection in barramundi for the first time. LD85 and LD100 was achieved at 2.5 and 5 μL mL−1 of the FAEE preparation, respectively. In vivo, immersion of infected barramundi in 1.25 μL mL−1 of this preparation for 24 h reduced infection prevalence from 100% to 53% and was non‐toxic to fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract3-Monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) are well-identified processing-induced chemical toxicants detected in infant formula and baby foods worldwide. We analysed the levels of 3-MCPDE and GE in infant formula and baby food products available in Saudi Arabia, followed by a dietary risk assessment for exposure to these contaminants in infants and young children from birth to 3 years. Eighty-five commercial infant formulas (n = 35) and baby foods (n = 50) available for consumption by infants and babies purchased from the Saudi market during 2022 were analysed for these contaminants using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 3-MCPDE and GE were detected in 100 and 80% of the samples, with a mean concentration of 57 µg/kg (range: 2–285 µg/kg) and 30 µg/kg (range: not detected–217 µg/kg), respectively. The highest concentration was found in milk-based formula for infants 0–6 months (285 µg/kg) and the lowest was found in fruit purees (2 µg/kg). Preliminary exposure and risk assessment showed increased exposure to 3-MCPDE for infants exclusively fed infant formula with exposure declining with age due to the introduction of solid foods. GE exposure levels reached 0.8 µg/kg body weight per day, which declined over time with margin of exposure values below 25,000. These results indicate that the levels of 3-MCPDE and GE in infant formula may pose potential risks to infants exclusively fed formula; therefore, adopting EU regulations should reduce the presence of these processing contaminants in essential infant foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing threat of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) underscores the importance of developing effective antiviral treatments. Current research was conducted to identify potential antiviral compounds from soft corals: Sinularia leptoclados, Sarcophyton ehrenbergi, Nephthea sp., Sarcophyton glaucum and Sarcophyton regulare. The antiviral activities of soft corals extracts were evaluated against MERS-CoV. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify bioactive compounds. The molecular docking was performed to examine the identified compounds for their binding potentials towards three pathogenic factors of MERS-CoV: main protease, spike and non-structural protein 16/10 complex. The methanolic extract of soft coral Sarcophyton regulare exhibited the most promising activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.29 µg/ml and selective index (SI) of 112.2. Among the identified compounds in the active fraction, the molecular docking showed that two fatty acid esters: hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester and octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1 (hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester had promising docking scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of zinc aryloxides, [Zn4(sal‐Me)8]⋅2.5(C7H8) (1), [Zn4(sal‐Me)8]⋅CH2Cl2 (2), [Zn4(μ3‐OR)2(sal‐R)6] (3) (for R=Me (0.51), Et (0.49)), [Zn4(μ3‐OMe)4(sal‐Me)4(HOMe)4] (4), [Zn(sal‐Me)2(py)2]⋅THF (5), {[Zn(sal‐Me)2(tmbpy)] ⋅ 2(C6H5CH3)}n (6), [Zn2(sal‐Me)2(THF)2Cl2] ⋅ 0.5(C6H5CH3) (7), and [Zn4(μ3‐OMe)2(sal‐Me)4Cl2] (8) (Hsal‐Me=methyl salicylate, py=pyridine, tmbpy=4,4′‐trimethylenedipyridine) were obtained that have different nuclearities and central core topologies and contain ligands of different basicity and coordination abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Growth traits are important economic traits of broilers. We found the key metabolites that may be related to the body weight of Wumeng black-bone chicken by comparing their serum metabolomics between the high- and low-weight groups. Metabolites with high levels in serum such as riboflavin and 2-isopropylmalic acid may be beneficial to growth performance, and the enrichment of inflammation-related metabolites may be related to low body weight of chickens. Our results can provide a certain reference for the analysis of metabolic mechanism of body-weight formation of chickens. Growth performance is an important economic trait of broilers but the related serum metabolomics remains unclear. In this study, we utilized non-targeted metabolomics using ultra-high-performance liquid phase tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to establish metabolite profiling in the serum of Chinese Wumeng black-bone chickens. The biomarker metabolites in serum associated with growth performance of chickens were identified by comparing the serum metabolome differences between chickens that significantly differed in their weights at 160 days of age when fed identical diets. A total of 766 metabolites were identified including 13 differential metabolite classes such as lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The results of difference analysis using a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model indicated that the low-body-weight group could be differentiated based on inflammatory markers including prostaglandin a2, kynurenic acid and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), and inflammation-related metabolic pathways including tryptophan and arachidonic acid metabolism. In contrast, the sera of high-body-weight chickens were enriched for riboflavin and 2-isopropylmalic acid and for metabolic pathways including riboflavin metabolism, acetyl group transfer into mitochondria, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. These results provide new insights into the practical application of improving the growth performance of local chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloropropanols, their fatty acid esters, and glycidol and its fatty acid esters (GEs) are process contaminants in foods that pose potential health risks. These contaminants typically arise during the deodorization process of vegetable oils, particularly in high concentrations within oils like palm oil and products derived from them, such as margarine, baked goods, pastries, and infant formula. Chloropropanol esters and GE can hydrolyze under the influence of lipases, forming chloropropanols. Elevated temperatures during food production can lead to the release of free 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) or free 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD) in products containing both fat and salt. The exposure to these contaminants, especially for infants and young children, raises concerns about potential health hazards. While extensive research has focused on 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and GE, knowledge regarding other chloropropanols such as 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (2,3-DCP), and their fatty acid esters remains limited. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview encompassing formation mechanisms, analysis methods, toxicological implications, occurrence patterns, exposure levels, mitigation strategies, and legislative considerations concerning these contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halophilic archaea are a unique group of microorganisms that thrive in high–salt environments, exhibiting remarkable adaptations to survive extreme conditions. Archaeological wood and El–Hamra Lake serve as a substrate for a diverse range of microorganisms, including archaea, although the exact role of archaea in archaeological wood biodeterioration remains unclear. The morphological and chemical characterizations of archaeological wood were evaluated using FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The degradation of polysaccharides was identified in Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The degradation of wood was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the inclusion of minerals, such as calcium, silicon, iron, and sulfur, into archaeological wood structure during burial and subsequent interaction with the surrounding environment. Archaea may also be associated with detected silica in archaeological wood since several organosilicon compounds have been found in the crude extracts of archaeal cells. Archaeal species were isolated from water and sediment samples from various sites in El–Hamra Lake and identified as Natronococcus sp. strain WNHS2, Natrialba hulunbeirensisstrain WNHS14, Natrialba chahannaoensis strain WNHS9, and Natronococcus occultus strain WNHS5. Additionally, three archaeal isolates were obtained from archaeological wood samples and identified as Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W15, Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W22, and Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W24. These archaeal isolates exhibited haloalkaliphilic characteristics since they could thrive in environments with high salinity and alkalinity. Crude extracts of archaeal cells were analyzed for the organic compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 59 compounds were identified, including free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acid esters, ethyl and methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerides, phthalic acid esters, organosiloxane, terpene, alkane, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, and aromatic compounds. Several organic compounds exhibited promising biological activities. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylate, siloxane, trimethylsilyl, and long acyl chains in the archaeal extracts. Furthermore, the archaeal extracts exhibited antioxidant effects. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeal extracts as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the proximate composition and inhibitory potential of hot water and ethanolic extracts of the pulp, peel and whole fruit of green banana (Musa sapientum) on α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase. Bioactive compounds were identified using GC‐MS analysis. In addition, the cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblast (hGF) was evaluated using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The results showed that the peel of green banana had the highest amount of ash (10.05%), fat (2.83%), protein (3.64%) and total dietary fibre (36.62%). The carbohydrate content of the whole fruit (81.79%) and pulp (81.50%) was higher than that of the peel (71.90%). The moisture content of the pulp (13.08%) was higher than that of the peel (11.58%) and whole fruit (11.30%). The ethanolic green banana peel extract showed a good inhibitory effect of α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase with the concentration necessary for 50% inhibition (IC50) of 0.512 and 0.100 mg·mL−1, respectively. The α‐glucosidase inhibitory effect of the ethanolic green banana peel extract and the hot water green banana peel extract was not significantly different from that of acarbose (IC50 0.108 mg·mL−1). GC‐MS analysis of the ethanolic green banana peel extract revealed fatty acids and fatty acid ester (9‐octadecenamide (Z), octadecanamide and other compounds). The ethanolic peel extract exhibits a significant noncytotoxicity effect on hGF cells at concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 1.0 mg·mL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Chemistry of Natural Compounds journal, explores the chemical components found in Smilax sieboldii, a type of climbing shrub. Smilax plants are commonly used in traditional medicine and have been studied for their potential medicinal effects. The researchers identified several bioactive compounds in the plant, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and fatty acid esters. Some of these compounds have shown anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. The study provides valuable information about the chemical composition of S. sieboldii and its potential medicinal uses. The research was supported by the Korean Forest Service. [Extracted from the article]

Biodiesel is seen as more environmentally benign than petroleum-based fuels. It is also cheaper and capable of creating cleaner energy, which has a good impact on increasing the bioeconomy. An investigation was conducted on a novel heterogeneous catalyst system utilized in the synthesis of eco-friendly biodiesel from date seed oil, a non-edible feedstock obtained through the calcination of desiccated camel manure at varying temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to characterize this catalyst. As a result of raising the calcination temperature, the results showed that the pore size of the catalyst decreased. The biodiesel production was optimized to be 86% by using the transesterification method. The optimal reaction parameters included a catalyst with 4% loading, a molar ratio of 1:8 between date seed oil and ethanol, and a temperature of 75 °C for a reaction period of three hours. The confirmation of FAME generation was achieved by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The fuel qualities of fatty acid ethyl ester are in accordance with ASTM, suggesting that it is a suitable alternative fuel option. Utilizing biodiesel derived from waste and untamed resources to establish and execute a more sustainable and ecologically conscious energy plan is praiseworthy. The adoption and integration of green energy practices could potentially yield positive environmental outcomes, thereby fostering enhanced societal and economic development for the biodiesel sector on a broader scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbial terroir is an indispensable part of the terroir panorama, and can improve wine quality with special characteristics. In this study, eight autochthonous yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), selected in Huailai country, China, were trailed in small-scale and pilot fermentations for both white (Riesling and Sémillon) and red (Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah) wines and evaluated by GC-MS analysis and the rate-all-that-apply (RATA) method. Compared to commercial yeast strains, the indigenous yeasts were able to produce higher concentrations of ethyl esters and fatty acid ethyl esters, and higher alcohol, resulting in higher odor activity values of fruity, floral attributes. Marked varietal effects were observed in the pilot fermentation, but yeast strains exerted a noticeable impact in modulating wine aroma and sensory profile. Overall, indigenous yeast could produce more preferred aroma compounds and sensory characteristics for both white and red wines, demonstrating the potential for improving wine quality and regional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the mechanism of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters and presents the effect of temperature as one of the factors accelerating this process. The consequences of aging for ester-based biofuels are discussed extensively. The article presents the results of aging of FAMEs obtained from frying oil and of FAMEs derived from unrefined rapeseed oil to examine the influence of temperature as a factor accelerating aging. Acid, peroxide and anisidine values were determined for each sample; additionally, IR spectra were measured. Based on the results, it was confirmed that temperature has a significant effect on the degradation of FAMEs. These changes are best represented by the anisidine value and the change in IR spectra. The paper presents the relationship between acid, peroxide and anisidine values. This paper also highlights the beneficial effect of natural antioxidants in the form of β–carotene, which is found in FAMEs derived from unrefined rapeseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reach the goals set by the US Department of Energy's Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Grand Challenge, currently available feedstocks may be insufficient. Giving priority to developing, prototyping and reducing the cost of algal feedstock before investing and lining up locations is important. As the production of algal feedstocks advances, a simplified conversion approach using more mature technologies can help reduce the investment risk for algae‐based fuels. Reducing process complexity to the steps described here [namely, conversion of lipids to HEFA (hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids) fuels and relegating the remainder of the biomass to anaerobic digestion or food/feed production] enables the near‐term production of algal SAF but presents challenging economics depending on achievable cultivation costs and compositional quality. However, these economics can be improved by present‐day policy incentives. With these incentives, the modeled algae‐to‐HEFA pathway could reach a minimum fuel selling price as low as $4.7 per gasoline gallon equivalent depending on the carbon intensity reduction that can be achieved compared with petroleum. Uncertainty about algal feedstock production maturity in the current state of technology and the future will play a large role in determining the economic feasibility of building algae‐to‐HEFA facilities. For example, if immaturity increases the feedstock price by even 10%, SAF production in 2050 is about 58% of the production which could have been achieved with mature feedstock. Additionally, growth in this conversion pathway can be notably boosted through the inclusion of subsidies, and also through higher‐value coproducts or higher lipid yields beyond the scope of the process considered here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our investigation delves into the previously uncharted territory of cider composition from Norway. This study aimed to obtain an overview of the qualitative and quantitative compositions of general chemical parameters, polyphenols (individual and total expressed as gallic acids equivalents), selected esters, and selected C6-alcohols in ciders with the PDO label Cider from Hardanger. In total, 45 juice and cider samples from the fermentation process were collected from 10 cider producers in Hardanger in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Individual sugars, acids, ethanol, and 13 individual phenols were quantified using HPLC-UV/RI. Seven ethyl esters of fatty acids, four ethyl esters of branched fatty acids, ten acetate esters, two ethyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, and four C6-alcohols were quantified using HS-SPME-GC-MS. For samples of single cultivars ('Aroma', 'Discovery', 'Gravenstein', and 'Summerred'), the sum of the measured individual polyphenols in the samples ranges, on average, from 79 to 289 mg L−1 (the lowest for 'Summerred' and highest for 'Discovery' and 'Gravenstein'). Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant polyphenol in all samples. Ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, isoamyl acetate, and hexanol were present at concentrations above the odour threshold and contributed to the fruity flavour of the Cider from Hardanger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness is low. Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester (CMS), a new oil-in-water adjuvant, has proven potency in animal models with suggested capacity for dose-sparing. The objective was to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of CMS when added to a low-dose influenza vaccine (QIV) in humans. In a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, first-in-human study, sixty participants (18–50 years) received either 0.5 mg CMS or 2 mg CMS with 1/5th dose QIV, or a full dose QIV without CMS. Adverse events (AE) were monitored until 7 days post-vaccination. Haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titres in serum and CD4+ T cells in PBMCs were determined at day 0, 7, 28, and 180. Mean age was 37.6 (±10.1) years and 42/60 (70.0%) were female. Pain at injection site (42/60, 86.7%) and headache (34/60, 56.7%) were reported most and more frequently in the 2 mg CMS group. HI titres and the frequency of influenza specific CD4+ T cells were equal across strains for the three cohorts on all visits, increased until day 28 and decreased at day 180 to values higher than baseline. CMS was safe in humans. Humoral and cell-mediated immunogenicity was similar across vaccines, even with 1/5th antigen dose. CMS can have beneficial implications in low-resource settings or in a pandemic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids are generated via the esterification of a polydisperse mixture of polyglycerol with naturally derived fatty acids. The polymerization process of polyglycerol results in the production of various oligomers, ranging from di-, tri-, and higher-order forms, which contribute to the complexity of final products. The combination of complementary experimental techniques and adequate theoretical interpretations can reveal the wide variety of their physicochemical properties. The colloid and interface properties of polyglyceryl mono-laurate, mono-stearate, mono-oleate, and a mixture of mono-caprylate and mono-caprate esters solutions were characterized by measurements of the electrolytic conductivity, static and dynamic surface tension, aggregate and micelle sizes and distributions, thin liquid film stability and stratification, and solubility in aqueous and in oil phases. The formation, stability, and bubble size distribution of foams generated from polyglycerol esters aqueous solutions were systematically investigated. The low concentrations of double-tail molecules and fatty acids in polyglycerol esters affect considerably their micellar, aggregation, and vesicle formations in aqueous solutions. The theoretical data interpretation of polyglycerol esters isotherms and thin liquid films data provide information on the adsorption energies, excluded areas per molecule, interaction parameters of molecules at interfaces, surface electrostatic potential, and the size of micelles. Polyglyceryl mono-oleate exhibits spontaneous emulsification properties. Short chain length polyglycerol esters have excellent foaming ability but relatively low foam stability. The optimal weight fractions of the short-chain polyglyceryl esters and polyglyceryl mono-stearate mixtures with respect to good foaminess and foam stability upon Ostwald ripening are obtained. The reported physicochemical characterization of the water-soluble polyglycerol esters could be of interest to increase the range of their applicability in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deodorisation remains a beneficial aspect of the processing of edible oils and fats and is required during the first refining and after transportation, storage, and/or further processing, such as interesterification. While there is awareness among the scientific community that repeated deodorisation may negatively impact product quality, according to some technical and processing requirements, oils, fats, and their blends can still be treated with up to 3–4 cycles of deodorisation. However, the precise changes caused by sequential deodorising processes remain unknown. This study analysed fatty acid compositions, peroxide values, anisidine values, volatile profiles, and monochloropropanediol (MCPDEs) and glycidyl (GEs) fatty acid ester contents in pressed and repeatedly deodorised sunflower oils (SFOs). The latter had higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs); monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs); and trans fatty acids (TFAs); as well as volatile aldehydes, such as pentanal, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (E)-2-heptenal, and MCPDE contents with each successive deodorisation. Most of these compounds have the potential to cause harmful health effects. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the number of edible oil deodorisation cycles in order to maintain their quality and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted a comparison of the nutritional content and lipid composition of five different varieties of quinoa (QL-1, SJ-1, SJ-2, KL-1, and KL-2) from Qinghai Province, China. Each of the five varieties exhibited varying levels of essential nutrients, including crude protein, dietary fiber, and crude fat. The QL-1 variety has the highest concentration of phytic acid, measuring 1.66 g/100 g. A non-targeted lipomics analysis discovered a total of 16 lipid categories and 383 individual lipids in quinoa. Out of the several substances, glyceride had the highest concentration, exceeding 70%, with phospholipids coming next. The percentage of fatty acids and fatty acid esters was between 5 and 11%. The glycerides in all five kinds exhibited a similar composition, with unsaturated glycerides constituting over 99% of the total glycerides. Phospholipids constituted over 11% of the overall lipid content, with lecithin comprising more than 80% and cephalin ranging from 16.70 to 18.61%. The results establish a solid basis for the utilization of quinoa in processing, particularly in lipid processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish an UPLC-MS/MS method for determinating content of three paclitaxel fatty acid esters such as paclitaxel myristate (PTX-MA), paclitaxel palmitate (PTX-PA) and paclitaxel myristate (PTX-SA) in mouse plasma, and preliminarily investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of their liposomes in mice. Methods Eclipse Plus C8 chromatography column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm) was used with different proportions of 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution (A) and methanol (B) mixture as mobile phase for gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The collum temperature was 30℃. The sample injection volume was 10 μl. The triple quadrupole mass series spectrometer was used as multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) . Results PTXMA, PTX-PA and PTX-SA all exhibited a good linear relationship in the range of 5.0～500.0 ng/ml (r>0.9950) . Their RSD of precision, stability, extraction recovery rate and matrix effect test results was all less than 10%. The half-lives (t1/2) for liposomes of three paclitaxel fatty acid esters PTX-MA-L、PTX-PA-L and PTX-SA-L in mice were 14.78 h, 44.49 h and 69.32 h individually, and their clearance rates (CL) were 29.06 L·kg/h, 24.94 L·kg/h and 13.74 L·kg/h, respectively. Conclusion This method had high specificity, sensitivity, easy operation and good stability, which could be used for the determination of paclitaxel fatty acid esters in mouse plasma. The results of pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed that t1/2 for paclitaxel fatty acid esters were significantly prolonged, and the clearance rate were significantly reduced with the length of fatty acid carbon chains increasement, which indicated that esterification of paclitaxel with different chain length saturated fatty acids could obviously alter its in vivo pharmacokinetic properties, which provided scientific basis for the research and development of nano formulations of paclitaxel fatty acid ester prodrug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant metabolites possess noteworthy biological activities, and their biosynthesis can be influenced by fluctuating light conditions. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways in rice plants subjected to shade stress, the study investigated the impact of shade on total polyphenols, total chlorophyll, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and metabolite composition in rice leaves using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results revealed a substantial impact of shading on rice plants as there were reductions in both polyphenol and chlorophyll contents. Additionally, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be diminished under shade conditions. Through GC-MS profiling of rice leaves, it was observed that under no-shade conditions, the plant exhibited an accumulation of abundant monoterpenes, phytosterols, and isoprenoids. Noteworthy compounds included bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, [1S-(1).alpha), 2 isomer (30.89%), 3-Octene, (E)- (22.58%), phytol (8.16%), stigmasterol (7.98%), 22,23-dihydro-stigmasterol (6.06%), 5-Cholesten-3-ol, 24-methyl- (5.22%), and vitamin E (4.67%). In contrast, under shade conditions, rice leaves exhibited an accumulation of fatty acid esters, with notable compounds including 3-Octene, (Z)- (29.14%), ethyl ester of hexadecanoic acid (14.52%), ethyl ester of dodecanoic acid (8.33%), ethyl ester of octadecanoic acid (8.07%), squalene (6.63%), and methyl ester of 9-Octadecenoic (Z)- (6.23%). By examining the composition of metabolites, our findings unraveled the underlying molecular processes and signaling pathways involved in rice leaf metabolism under conditions of reduced light exposure and may have implications for further research on the potential health benefits and utilization of these compounds in diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are a class of bioactive lipids with anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic and cardioprotective properties. FAHFA hydrolysis into its fatty acid (FA) and hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) constituents can affect the bioavailability of FAHFA and its subsequent biological effects. We aimed to investigate FAHFA levels and FAHFA hydrolysis activity in children with or without obesity, and in adults with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and Methods: Our study cohort included 20 children without obesity, 40 children with obesity, 10 adults without CAD and 28 adults with CAD. We quantitated plasma levels of four families of FAHFA [palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acid (PAHSA), palmitoleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (POHSA), oleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (OAHSA), stearic acid hydroxy stearic acid] and their corresponding FA and HFA constituents using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity was estimated as the FA/FAHFA or HFA/FAHFA ratio. Results: Children with obesity had lower plasma PAHSA (p =.001), OAHSA (p =.006) and total FAHFA (p =.011) levels, and higher surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity represented by PA/PAHSA (p =.040) and HSA/OAHSA (p =.025) compared with children without obesity. Adults with CAD and a history of myocardial infarction (MI) had lower POHSA levels (p =.026) and higher PA/PAHSA (p =.041), POA/POHSA (p =.003) and HSA/POHSA (p =.038) compared with those without MI. Conclusion: Altered FAHFA metabolism is associated with obesity and MI, and inhibition of FAHFA hydrolysis should be studied further as a possible therapeutic strategy in obesity and MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the fermentation performances of non-Saccharomyces strains in fermenting cherry must from Italian cherries unsuitable for selling and not intended to be consumed fresh, and their effects on the chemical composition of the resulting wine. Fermentation trials in 100 and 500 mL of must were carried out to select 21 strains belonging to 11 non-Saccharomyces species. Cherry wines obtained by six select strains were chemically analyzed for fixed and volatile compounds. Quantitative data were statistically analyzed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering, partial least squared discriminant analysis, and principal component analysis. Wines revealed significant differences in their composition. Lactic acid and phenylethyl acetate levels were very high in wines produced by Lachancea and Hanseniaspora, respectively. Compared to S. cerevisiae wine, non-Saccharomyces wines had a lower content of fatty acid ethyl esters 4-vinyl guaiacol and 4-vinyl phenol. The multivariate analysis discriminated between wines, demonstrating the different contributions of each strain to aroma components. Specifically, all wines from non-Saccharomyces strains were kept strictly separate from the control wine. This study provided comprehensive characterization traits for non-conventional strains that enhance the aroma complexity of cherry-based wine. The use of these yeasts in cherry wine production appears promising. Further investigation is required to ascertain their suitability for larger-scale fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 13C-NMR spectra and elemental composition of lipids of gray forest soils (Greyic Phaeozems), dispersed carbonate chernozems (Haplic Chernozem Hypocalcic), and chestnut soils (Kastanazems) of Western Transbaikalia were analyzed. The contribution of carbon in lipids to the total organic carbon was calculated. This is the first characterization of the lipid fraction of organic matter in cold soils of Western Transbaikalia. An analysis of the spectra, including the assignment of signals from ethoxy groups, phenol derivatives, and alkene fragments, as well as an indication of the ranges of chemical shifts characteristic of certain types of carbon nuclei, were carried out. The content of various types of structural elements in the studied lipids was compared. Based on the obtained results, the main part of lipids consisted of esters and fatty acids. Analysis of the composition of lipids showed that the content of carbon and hydrogen atoms was 65‒73 and 8‒10%, respectively. The high concentration of oxygen atoms in lipids indicated that functional groups containing oxygen were concentrated in the aliphatic part of the lipids. The share of lipid carbon in the total reserve of organic carbon was 6.5% for chestnut soils, 5.8% for gray forest soils, and 4.1% for dispersed carbonate chernozems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence indicates that the intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) increases the risk of numerous diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. Recently, our group found that certain natural sulfur compounds (allyl isothiocyanate [AITC] and diallyl disulfide [DADS]) promote cis to trans isomerization of fatty acid esters during heat treatment. However, little information is available on the fatty acid isomerization with them. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxygen and α-tocopherol (antioxidant) on isomerization of oleic acid (18:1) methyl ester (OA-ME) in the presence of AITC and DADS. Furthermore, the effect of the simultaneous use of AITC and DADS was evaluated. Our results indicate that oxygen enhances the AITC-induced trans isomerization, and DADS was found to promote trans isomerization but inhibit AITC-induced trans isomerization during heating. Both AITC- and DADS-induced trans isomerization were inhibited by α-tocopherol. These results indicate that the trans isomerization of fatty acids induced by sulfur compounds can be controlled by devising a cooking process and the food ingredients used together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent trace lipids with significant natural biological functions. While exogenous FAHFAs have been extensively studied, research on FAHFAs in milk remains limited, constraining our grasp of their nutritional roles. This study introduces a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach combined with chemical networking of spectral fragmentation patterns to uncover FAHFAs. Through meticulous sample handling and comparisons of various data acquisition and processing modes, we validate the method's superiority, identifying twice as many FAHFAs compared to alternative techniques. This validated method was then applied to different milk samples, revealing 45 chemical signals associated with known and potential FAHFAs, alongside findings of 66 ceramide/hexosylceramide (Cer/HexCer), 48 phosphatidyl ethanolamine/lyso phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE/LPE), 21 phosphatidylcholine/lysophosphatidylcholine (PC/LPC), 16 phosphatidylinositol (PI), 7 phosphatidylserine (PS), and 11 sphingomyelin (SM) compounds. This study expands our understanding of the FAHFA family in milk and provides a fast and convenient method for identifying FAHFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world aims to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is becoming more urgent for heavy transportation sectors, such as shipping and aviation, to decarbonise in an economically feasible way. This review paper investigates the potential fuels of the future and their capability to mitigate the carbon footprint when other technologies fail to do so. This review looks at the technologies available today, including, primarily, transesterification, hydrocracking, and selective deoxygenation. It also investigates the potential of fish waste from the salmon industry as a fuel blend stock. From this, various kinetic models are investigated to find a suitable base for simulating the production and economics of biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid alkyl esters) and renewable diesel production from fish waste. Whilst most waste-oil-derived biofuels are traditionally produced using transesterification, hydrotreating looks to be a promising method to produce drop-in biofuels, which can be blended with conventional petroleum fuels without any volume percentage limitation. Using hydrotreatment, it is possible to produce renewable diesel in a few steps, and the final liquid product mixture includes paraffins, i.e., linear, branched, and cyclo-alkanes, with fuel properties in compliance with international fuel standards. There is a wide range of theoretical models based on the hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids as well as a clear economic analysis that a model could be based on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betulinic acid is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene mostly found in birch bark and thoroughly explored for its wide range of pharmacological activities. Despite its impressive biological potential, its low bioavailability has challenged many researchers to develop different formulations for achieving better in vitro and in vivo effects. We previously reported the synthesis of fatty acid esters of betulinic acid using butyric, stearic, and palmitic acids (But-BA, St-BA, and Pal-BA) and included them in surfaced-modified liposomes (But-BA-Lip, St-BA-Lip, Pal-BA-Lip). In the current study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of both fatty acid esters and their respective liposomal formulations against MCF-7, HT-29, and NCI-H460 cell line. The cytotoxic assessment of BA derivatives revealed that both the fatty esters and their liposomal formulations acted as cytotoxic agents in a dose- and time-dependent manner. But-BA-Lip exerted stronger cytotoxic effects than the parent compound, BA and its liposomal formulation, and even stronger effects than 5-FU against HT-29 cells (IC50 of 30.57 μM) and NCI-H460 cells (IC50 of 30.74 μM). BA's fatty esters and their respective liposomal formulations facilitated apoptosis in cancer cells by inducing nuclear morphological changes and increasing caspase-3/-7 activity. The HET-CAM assay proved that none of the tested compounds induced any irritative effect, suggesting that they can be used safely for local applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3‐Monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD), 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol), and their fatty acid esters are heat‐induced food toxicants that have widely been investigated. This review study presents an overview of current knowledge about the dietary toxicity of 3‐MCPD, glycidol, and their fatty acid esters. A literature search in two databases from January 2012 to December 2023 yielded 75 eligible articles for this review. The majority (73%) of the articles focused on 3‐MCPD‐ and 3‐MCPD fatty acid ester‐induced toxicities. Nephrotoxicity (32%) was the most studied toxicity, whereas the least studied were carcinogenicity (4%) and hematotoxicity (4%). The metabolism of glycidol and its esters to 3‐MCPD in the gastrointestinal tract remained a subject of contention as studies reported opposing findings. There was also new evidence of 3‐MCPD‐induced reproductive toxicity, hematotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity and 3‐MCPD‐ and glycidol‐induced neurotoxicity and genotoxicity. Findings suggest animal species‐dependency in 3‐MCPD's carcinogenicity expression. Meanwhile, the 3‐MCPD toxicity mechanism in obese rats is poorly understood. The review recommends further studies into the 3‐MCPD toxicity mechanism in obese rats and the possible conversion of glycidol to 3‐MCPD in gastrointestinal tracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiogenesis is a normal physiological process that also contributes to diabetic retinopathy-related complications and facilitates tumor metastasis by promoting the hematogenic dissemination of malignant cells from solid tumors. Here, we investigated the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo anti-angiogenic activity of phloridzin docosahexaenoate (PZ-DHA), a novel ω-3 fatty acid ester of a flavonoid precursor. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) treated with a sub-cytotoxic concentration of PZ-DHA to assess in vitro anti-angiogenic activity showed impaired tubule formation on a Matrigel matrix. Ex vivo angiogenesis was measured using rat thoracic aortas, which exhibited reduced vessel sprouting and tubule formation in the presence of PZ-DHA. Female BALB/c mice bearing VEGF165- and basic fibroblast growth factor-containing Matrigel plugs showed a significant reduction in blood vessel development following PZ-DHA treatment. PZ-DHA inhibited HUVEC and HMVEC proliferation, as well as the migration of HUVECs in gap closure and trans-well cell migration assays. PZ-DHA inhibited upstream and downstream components of the Akt pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165)-induced overexpression of small molecular Rho GTPases in HUVECs, suggesting a decrease in actin cytoskeletal-mediated stress fiber formation and migration. Taken together, these findings reveal the potential of combined food biomolecules in PZ-DHA to inhibit angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to produce biodiesel utilizing Fe3O4@ZIF-8-CRL as biocatalyst, employing high acid value waste oil. Candida Rugosa lipase (CRL) was immobilized onto a magnetic ZIF-8 organometallic framework through physical adsorption, resulting in significantly enhanced stability and chemical compatibility. The study extensively investigated the impacts of enzyme dosage, alcohol-to-oil ratio, ultrasonic power, temperature, time, and the addition of deep eutectic solvents on the conversion of fatty acid ethyl esters. The findings revealed that under the conditions of biocatalyst addition of 5.7 wt.%, alcohol–oil ratio of 6:1 mmol/g, ultrasonic power of 87.297 W, reaction temperature of 40 °C, and reaction time of 2 h, the innovative biocatalyst facilitated a conversion efficiency of fatty acid ethyl esters reaching 82.06 ± 1.63%, with a retention rate of 74.52% after three cycles. Additionally, characterization of the biocatalyst using a vibrating sample magnetometer and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated its favorable magnetic recovery potential and morphology. Coupled with its straightforward and efficient synthesis, this biocatalyst proves to be competitive in the catalysis of biodiesel preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fatty acid alkyl ester can be made from Citrullus Colocynthis oil instead of pure diesel, since it has a higher ratio of triglycerides to monoglycerides. In the current study, the aim of the experimental work was to investigate combustion, emissions, and performance using biodiesel blends derived from Citrullus Colocynthis. A comparison of the qualities of pure Citrullus Colocynthis oil (100% biodiesel), pure diesel (100% diesel), and blended Citrullus Colocynthis and biodiesel (B20, B25, B50, and B75) is presented in the study. The B20 biodiesel blends are the most efficient because of their lower emission concentrations and higher thermal efficiency. Citrullus Colocynthis oil and its blends result in lower in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates. Compared to diesel fuel, a B20 blend performs better and produces less pollution. The test results showed an 18% reduction in HC emissions, a 35% reduction in CO emissions, a 33% reduction in smoke emissions, a 20% reduction in NOx emissions, and a 10% reduction in brake thermal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzymatic synthesis of xylose fatty acid esters was carried out in two steps: hydrolysis of degummed soybean oil (DSO) and esterification of the produced and purified free fatty acids (FFA) with xylose. Different lipases immobilized on a hydrophobic support were evaluated in the hydrolysis of DSO and an experimental design was used to optimize the reaction. Eversa® Transform 2.0 (EV-Purolite) yielded 93% conversion after 6 h using biocatalyst load of 6.53 wt%, water/oil mass ratio of 5.5 and temperature of 48.4 °C. High operational stability for EV-Purolite was found using a sequential batch strategy and the possibility of concentrating glycerol. In the esterification stage, lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL-Purolite) and lipase B from Candida antarctica showed better performance than lipase from porcine pancreas and EV-Purolite. About 17% of FFAs (0.85 molecules of FAA per xylose molecule) was consumed using an enzyme load of 5 wt% of TLL-Purolite and FFA/xylose molar ratio of 5. Sequential esterification batches showed low operational stability of TTL-Purolite due to the desorption of TLL from the support. The final mixture of the reaction medium containing xylose fatty acid esters showed emulsifying properties similar to those of commercial surfactant. [Display omitted] • Xylose fatty acid esters production by degummed soybean oil hydroesterification. • Hydrolysis catalyzed by immobilized Eversa produced 92% of FFAs after 6 h. • Reuse of immobilized Eversa for five consecutive 3 h-batches of hydrolysis. • Modification of 85% xylose as monoester using immobilized TLL. • Xylose esters showed emulsifying properties similar to commercial surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenanthrene (PHE) is one of the most abundant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in urban soil. So far, majority of microbe-mediated degradation approaches have relied on microbes isolated from polluted or mined soils. These microbes, if introduced into non-native soil, may not able to establish themselves, or alter the native microbiome of soil, making their commercial use a challenge. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen and isolate bacteria, from urban soil that degrade PHE. Degradation of 50 mg/L PHE by day 4 was highest in Providencia rettgeri VMP5 (98.63%) followed by Bacillus tropicus VMP4 (89.9%), Bacillus sp. VMP2 (82.63%), P. stuartii VMP3 (39.72%) and least Dellaglioa algida VMP1 (3.32%). Besides, VMP5, showed the presence of several fatty acid ethyl esters that act as biosurfactants and anti-microbial agent, which may play a crucial role in increasing its adaptability and degradation potential. VMP4 and VMP2 were also found to produce more defense compounds which may be crucial for their adaptability to PAH rich environment. Thus, VMP5, VMP4 and VMP2 showed promising remediation potential that can be further explored to develop commercially viable consortia for PHE mitigation in urban soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of fatty aeid polyethylene glycol esters were synthesized by esterification reaction of fatty acids with different carbon chain lengths and polyethylene glycol. The content of monoesters and diesters in the products was determined by measuring the acid value, hydroxyl value, and polyethylene glycol content. Its flow state was observed, and its wetting, emulsification, foam and decontamination performance were measured. The results showed that as the feed ratio of C12 acid to polyethylene glycol 400 increased, the polyethylene glycol content of the product decreased, the monoester content decreased, and the diester content increased. The freezing point of fatty acid polyethylene glycol 600 ester is higher than that of fatty acid PEG400 ester. Fatty acid carbon chains grow, wetting deteriorates, and foaming ability weakens. The em unification ability of fatty acid PEG600 ester is stronger than that of fatty acid PEG400 ester. C12 Acid PEG600 has the strongest emulsifying power of soybean oil and paraffin. The detergency of fatty acid PEG400 ester and fatty acid PEG600 ester on carbon black is equivalent, while C18 acid PEG600 ester has the strongest detergency on sebum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the correlation between the composition, hydrogen/carbon (H/C) ratio, and hydrogen/oxygen (H/O) ratio of a used cooking oil (UCO) and the specific emissions embodied in the derived hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids synthetic paraffinic kerosene (HEFA‐SPK) is investigated. It is shown that HEFA‐SPK produced from UCOs with low concentrations of C18:1, high concentrations of C18:2, and low H/C ratios utilize less energy and more hydrogen during Fuel Production. Hence, HEFA‐SPK produced from such UCOs will embody higher gCO2e for fossil hydrogen utilization scenarios, and lower gCO2e for green hydrogen utilization scenarios compared with other UCOs. Conversely, it is shown that HEFA‐SPK produced from UCOs with high concentrations of C18:1, low concentrations of C18:2 and high H/C ratios utilize more energy and less hydrogen during Fuel Production. Hence, HEFA‐SPK derived from such UCOs will embody lower gCO2e for fossil hydrogen utilization scenarios, and higher gCO2e for green hydrogen utilization scenarios compared with other UCOs. Monte Carlo simulation gives the emissions embodied in Fuel Production a 95% confidence interval for all UCO‐derived HEFA‐SPK, showing a similar uncertainty for all compositions. A maximum of +1.1 gCO2e/MJSAF and −1.0 gCO2e/MJSAF is obtained for the upper and lower bounds respectively for the emissions embodied during HEFA‐SPK production from UCO. The application of the correlations founded in this study allows for the prediction of the specific emissions embodied in the feedstock‐to‐fuel conversion of any UCO, providing the C18:1 concentration, C18:2 concentration, H/C ratio and H/O ratio of the UCO is known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: About 95% of consumed ethanol is metabolized by oxidative pathways. Less than 1% is metabolized via nonoxidative pathways: glucuronidation, sulfation, and the formation of fatty acid esters of ethanol. In neonates, the glucuronidation pathway has been reported to be underdeveloped but matures with age. This work compared the test results of patients' random urine samples submitted to our facility for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) measurements across pediatric and adult populations. Methods: Test results (n = 63 498) from urine samples tested for EtG and EtS by quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at our facility were utilized for this study. EtG and EtS concentrations were compared across the age partitions 0 to 17 years (pediatric), 18 to 80 years (adult), and 81 to 100 years (geriatric). Eight pediatric patients from a tertiary academic hospital contributed clinical context via abstracted clinical information. Results: Across the individual age partitions, 60% to 65% of patients had both EtG and EtS present in urine. Approximately 5% to 10% of patients had only EtG, and 25% to 35% had neither metabolite present. The lowest percentages (<1.5%) had EtS present in the absence of EtG. Markedly, no pediatric patients had only EtS present; compared to the adult population, this was statistically significant (Fisher exact test, P = 0.025). Conclusions: From the data presented in this work, EtG is more prevalent relative to EtS in urine samples of patients assessed for ethanol exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) is a process involving two sources of biomasses aiming at bio-crude production. Since there is a lack of studies performed with sugarcane bagasse and residual soybean oil, this study investigated different conditions for the co-HTL of these biomasses, with and without the presence of ethanol as a co-solvent to maximize the bio-crude yield. All co-HTL reactions were carried out in a 300 mL Parr® reactor at temperatures ranging from 200 to 300 °C. After the reaction, a vacuum filtration was performed to separate the bio-char, later washed with ethanol to extract heavy bio-crude, while the liquid-phase was mixed with dichloromethane to recover light bio-crude. Bio-crude yields of around 95 wt.% were obtained at 300 °C using ethanol and water as solvents. The highest bio-char yield (16.6 wt.%) was achieved when using only sugarcane bagasse as the substrate, without the presence of soybean oil. Bio-crude samples obtained at higher temperatures (280 °C and 300 °C) using ethanol as a hydrogen donor presented higher contents of both free fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters. This work presents a promising process to produce high-quality bio-crude using an abundant feedstock (sugarcane bagasse) in the presence of a lipid source which could cause environmental problems if poorly handled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speed of sound has a considerable influence on the parameters of fuel injection. It depends on the link between the fatty acid ethyl ester and the molecular structure and temperature. This study presents Gibbs energy additivity methods for predicting the speed of sound in saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, ethyl ester, or an ethylic biodiesel based on either (1) the number of carbon atoms (z) and number of double bonds (nd) of the fatty acid or (2) the saponification number (SN) and iodine value (IV) of the fatty acid. The proposed equations are straightforward to apply, and the estimated speed of sound values of pure fatty acid ethyl esters and ethylic biodiesels at various temperatures match the reported values well. Estimation using the proposed method is possible without knowing the sound speed of each fatty acid ethyl ester component in biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary emulsifiers are linked to various diseases. The recent discovery of the role of gut microbiota–host interactions on health and disease warrants the safety reassessment of dietary emulsifiers through the lens of gut microbiota. Lecithin, sucrose fatty acid esters, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and mono- and diglycerides (MDG) emulsifiers are common dietary emulsifiers with high exposure levels in the population. This study demonstrates that sucrose fatty acid esters and carboxymethylcellulose induce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in a mouse model. Lecithin, sucrose fatty acid esters, and CMC disrupt glucose homeostasis in the in vitro insulin-resistance model. MDG impairs circulating lipid and glucose metabolism. All emulsifiers change the intestinal microbiota diversity and induce gut microbiota dysbiosis. Lecithin, sucrose fatty acid esters, and CMC do not impact mucus–bacterial interactions, whereas MDG tends to cause bacterial encroachment into the inner mucus layer and enhance inflammation potential by raising circulating lipopolysaccharide. Our findings demonstrate the safety concerns associated with using dietary emulsifiers, suggesting that they could lead to metabolic syndromes. Common dietary emulsifiers such as lecithin, sucrose fatty acid esters, carboxymethylcellulose, and mono- and diglycerides can promote metabolic disorders and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The air-curing process of cigar tobacco, as a key step in enhancing the quality of cigars, is often susceptible to contamination by mold spores, which severely constrains the quality of cigar tobacco. Methods: This study employed high-throughput Illumina sequencing technology and a continuous flow analysis system to analyze the differences between the microbial communities and physicochemical components of moldy and healthy cigar tobacco leaves. Furthermore, correlation analysis was performed to reveal the impact of mold on the quality of cigar tobacco. Results: The differences between the microbial flora and physicochemical compositions of moldy (MC) and healthy (HC) tobacco leaves were analyzed, revealing significant disparities between the two groups. Aspergillus spp. represented the dominant mold in MC, with nine out of twelve isolated molds showing higher quantities on MC than on HC. Mold contamination notably decreased the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total alkaloids (TA), starch, protein, and flavor constituents while increasing the total fatty acid esters (TFAA), which was accompanied by a shift towards weakly acidic pH in the leaves. Fungal community analysis indicated a significant reduction in the fungal operational taxonomic unit (OUT) numbers and diversity indices in MC, contrasting with the bacterial trends. Aspergillus exhibited significantly higher relative abundance in MC, with LEfSe analysis pinpointing it as the primary driver of differentiation. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were observed between Aspergillus and TP, starch, TA, and protein, while a significant positive association was evident with TFAA. Network analysis underscored the pivotal role of Aspergillus as the species influencing disparities between HC and MC, with its abundance serving as a critical determinant during the air-curing process. Discussion: This study elucidated substantial quality distinctions between MC and HC during air-curing, with Aspergillus emerging as the key species contributing to leaf mold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Free fatty acids and lipid classes containing fatty acid esters are major components of lipidome. In the absence of a chemical derivatization step, FA anions do not yield all of the structural information that may be of interest under commonly used collision‐induced dissociation (CID) conditions. A line of work that avoids condensed‐phase derivatization takes advantage of gas‐phase ion/ion chemistry to charge invert FA anions to an ion type that provides the structural information of interest using conventional CID. This work was motivated by the potential for significant improvement in overall efficiency for obtaining FA chain structural information. Methods: A hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion‐trap tandem mass spectrometer that has been modified to enable the execution of ion/ion reaction experiments was used to evaluate the use of 4,4′,4″‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (ttb‐Terpy) as the ligand in divalent magnesium complexes for charge inversion of FA anions. Results: Mg(ttb‐Terpy)22+ complexes provide significantly improved efficiency in producing structurally informative products from FA ions relative to Mg(Terpy)22+ complexes, as demonstrated for straight‐chain FAs, branched‐chain FAs, unsaturated FAs, and cyclopropane‐containing FAs. It was discovered that most of the structurally informative fragmentation from [FA‐H + Mg(ttb‐Terpy)]+ results from the loss of a methyl radical from the ligand followed by radical‐directed dissociation (RDD), which stands in contrast to the charge‐remote fragmentation (CRF) believed to be operative with the [FA‐H + Mg(Terpy)]+ ions. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that a large fraction of product ions from the CID of ions of the form [FA‐H + Mg(ttb‐Terpy)]+ are derived from RDD of the FA backbone, with a very minor fraction arising from structurally uninformative dissociation channels. This ligand provides an alternative to previously used ligands for the structural characterization of FAs via CRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of the distillation system, geographical origin, and aging time on the volatiles of brandy was investigated. An untargeted metabolomics approach was used to classify the volatile profiles of brandies based on the presence of different distillation systems and geographical origins. Through the predictive ability of PLS-DA models, it was found that higher alcohols, C13-norisopenoids, and furans could serve as key markers to discriminate between continuous stills and pot stills, and the contents of C6/C9 compounds, C13-norisoprenoids, and sesquiterpenoids were significantly affected by brandy origin. A network analysis illustrated that straight-chain fatty acid ethyl esters gradually accumulated during aging, and several higher alcohols, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 4-ethylphenol, TDN, β-damascenone, naphthalene, styrene, and decanal were also positively correlated with aging time. This study provides effective methods for distinguishing brandies collected from different distillation systems and geographical origins and summarizes an overview of the changes in volatile compounds during the aging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal teas are blends of leaves, seeds, fruits, and flowers from various plants that provide relaxation, anti-inflammatory benefits, and immune system support for conditions such as diabetes and asthma. Despite their health benefits, comprehensive lipidomic data on herbal teas are limited in the literature. We used non-targeted liquid chromatography–linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry to identify and correlate the lipid species in the following six herbal tea samples: fennel, ginger, juniper, lemon peel, orange peel, and rosehip. A total of 204 lipid molecular species were identified, and multivariate analysis revealed a significant difference between lipid species in herbal teas. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are significantly abundant in juniper, including ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, followed by fennel. Cluster correlations showed that ginger contained mainly sphingolipids and lysophospholipids, whereas fennel was rich in phospholipids. No significant variations in the content of triacylglycerols were observed in any of the herbal teas analyzed. The ratio of PUFAs to SFAs in herbal teas showed that orange peel had the highest ratio, followed by lemon peel and fennel, indicating their potential health benefits. In addition, using high-resolution mass spectrometry, various lipids such as fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamines were identified and characterized in these herbal teas. This study provides a comprehensive lipid analysis and detailed characterization of lipids in six herbal teas, highlighting their plausible applications in the field of nutrition and various food industries for the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butyl butyrate is a short‐chain fatty acid ester (C8) with a fruity aroma. It has broad prospects in the fields of foods, cosmetics and biofuels. At present, butyl butyrate is produced by chemical synthesis in the industry, but it is highly dependent on petroleum‐based products. The growing concerns regarding the future scarcity of fossil fuels have been strongly promoted the transition from traditional fossil fuels and products to renewable bioenergy and biochemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a green biochemical technology to replace traditional petroleum‐based materials. In recent years, microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Clostridium have been engineered to serve as cell factories for the sustainable one‐pot production of short‐chain fatty acid esters, including butyl butyrate. This opinion highlights the recent development in the use of lipases and alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) for butyl butyrate production in microbial fermentation, as well as future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Obesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with multiple chronic diseases, including diabetes and chronic inflammation. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified lipids with mitigating and anti‐inflammatory effects in diabetes. Increasing work has shown that FAHFAs exert antioxidant activity and enhance autophagy in neuronal cells and cardiomyocytes. We systematically summarized the biological activities of FAHFAs, including their regulatory effects on diabetes and inflammation, antioxidant activity, and autophagy augmentation. Notably, the structure–activity relationships and potential biosynthesis of FAHFAs are thoroughly discussed. FAHFAs also showed potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers. FAHFAs are a class of resources with promising applications in the biomedical field that require in‐depth research and hotspot development, as their structure has not been fully resolved and their biological activity has not been fully revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fermentation of yellow maize using different inocula yields mahewu products with varying compositions. Comprehensive analysis of the metabolites influencing distinctive characteristics of mahewu from sorghum malt (YMSM); wheat (YMW), malted millet (YMMM) and malted yellow maize (YMYM) inocula was investigated using an untargeted gas chromatography high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐HRTOF‐MS)‐based metabolomics. Metabolites in mahewu from different inocula included phenols, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), benzenes, amides, amines, cyclic compounds, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), esters, ketones and vitamins which differentiated metabolites identified in raw yellow maize (RYM). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the mahewu and related inocula were distinguished across PC1 and PC2. The OPLS‐DA result further intensifies the significant (P ≤ 0.05) metabolite causing variations among samples. This study serves as the first report into the metabolome of yellow maize mahewu from different inocula, serving as a foundation for the quality control of mahewu products for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]