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One of the most widely used 3D printing techniques is fused deposition modeling (FDM) which builds things layer by layer by dispensing molten materials through a heated nozzle. To showcase the flexibility of 3D printing, test samples were made using polylactic acid (PLA). Trial runs with Taguchi's (L27) orthogonal array were performed. Layer thickness, printing speed, and carbon deposition (C-deposition) were the three input parameters that were improved. This was accomplished by combining principal component analysis (PCA) with multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis (MOORA) in an integrated approach to multi-criteria optimization. The main goal of this study is to maximize the input parameters for the Industry 4.0 technological production process of embossing components. The MOORA-PCA technique finds the best combinations of process variables; for example, printing at a speed of 75 mm/s, layer thickness of 0.1 mm, and carbon content of 15 mg yield the required results. The results of this study will help production managers and researchers choose the best FDM 3D printing methods for improving mechanical qualities and surface roughness. The economic feasibility of the 3D printing businesses may be strengthened by these research findings, which will benefit customers looking for ecologically friendly items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the integration of modal analysis and topology optimization in the design of a robotic arm to enhance both its reliability and efficiency. The primary objectives are to reduce the weight and minimize the vibration of the robotic arm. Initially, the kinematics and dynamics of the robotic arm were examined to identify the joint experiencing the highest torque. Finite element analyses (FEA) were then conducted on this critical joint to assess its vibration characteristics and redesign the joint for improved performance through topology optimization. Comparative analysis of the initial and optimized designs has highlighted significant improvements in weight reduction and vibration control. The selected robot arm component was manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM). Experimental modal analysis validated the theoretical predictions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the optimized design. The selected component of the robotic arm was redesigned using three different topology geometries and two different unit cell sizes for each, resulting in a maximum weight reduction of 29.37%. Stresses were reduced by 41% under critical operating conditions, which contributed significantly to the system's reliability. The improvements in efficiency were measured through reductions in weight and vibration, demonstrating the enhanced dynamic performance of the robotic arm. The optimized design was validated through experimental modal analysis, confirming the effectiveness of the redesign. This study underscores the synergy of modal analysis and topology optimization in advancing robotic arm technology, providing a comprehensive approach to design optimization for enhanced reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart clothing refers to clothing that is enhanced with technology to add functionality beyond its traditional use. It capable of perception and response it can mimic the characteristics of living systems. Conductivity in textiles is essential for smart clothing because electrical conductivity provides pathways for carrying information or energy for various functions. Textile conductivity can be imparted at various stages. Conductive polymers, fibers, yarns, fabrics, embroidery, and finishing are vital for the construction of smart clothes. most smart materials, electronic sensors or actuators are used to integrate the desired interactions with the environment. Typical textile methods, such as sewing, necessitate the adequate construction of electronic components, for example, by first soldering an electronic component on a flexible substrate with holes that can then be used for a sewn connection to a conductive yarn in a textile fabric. Most currently commercialized 3D printing processes involve fused deposition modeling (FDM) methods, which extrude thermoplastic filaments through nozzles. This process is similar to melt spinning, and modeling to print lines using one layer can yield a filament yarn shape. 3D printing outputs molten polymers by discharging thermoplastic filaments though a nozzle by an extrusion process. This method is similar to melt spinning. Currently, various types of materials are used in 3D Printing, However not all of these materials are suitable for textile applications. In addition, dogbone-type outputs were used to evaluate physical properties in previously reported studies in which the parameters of existing 3D printing were changed. but unlike filament-type outputs, dogbone-type outputs are composed of multiple layers rather than single layers. therefore, their properties are different from those of single-layer filament outputs. This study, as a basic study to develop smart textiles using 3D printing, herein we aimed measuring and analyzing the impact of conditions like printing speed and nozzle temperature on the surface structure, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of the outputs. Therefore, unlike dogbone-type sample forms, which have been used in many previous 3D-printing property evaluation studies, there is no adhesion between layers as the temperature increases. Therefore, the physical properties do not increase. This study entailed research to develop smart textiles using FDM-type 3D printing. A follow-up study that aims to evaluate the 3D printing spinning properties that combine extrusion 3D printing and melt spinning spools is underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the different investigations carried out on polymer additive manufacturing, the influence of the plate material is often neglected. The energy-saving perspective forces us to study the improvement of the 3D printer architecture to optimize the process conditions by minimizing power and energy consumption. This research moves from the intent to preserve the part quality and avoid energy dissipation in the 3D printer plate. This component requires the most energy input to work properly and it is also in direct contact with the workpiece, resulting in paramount for the lower layers. By analyzing a previously assessed set of process parameters, three plate materials were adopted and investigated in this study. Tensile and ultrasonic tests were carried out to evaluate the PLA specimen's quality and mechanical performance: Both gave good results proving the poor influence of the metallic plate on the workpiece. The results obtained in this experimental study allowed to release of some guidelines for better decision-making in the choice of a material plate for desktop 3D printers to print PLA from a sustainable perspective. The best results have been observed by selecting V = 110 mm/s and T = 215 °C as process conditions by using the aluminum plate. Also, the ultrasound analysis confirms greater uniformity of the material at a printing speed V = 110 mm/s for all the printing plates indicating a low influence of the printing plates used on the material uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization and evaluation of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) materials for reinforcing concrete elements present a promising avenue for advancing sustainable construction methods. This study addresses the challenges associated with PLA's dual nature—biodegradable yet mechanically limited for long-term applications—while leveraging its potential to enhance concrete reinforcement. The research identifies gaps in understanding PLA's mechanical and chemical behavior in alkaline environments, particularly its interactions with concrete matrices. To bridge this gap, four distinct PLA variants (high-impact PLA, engineering PLA, electrical ESD PLA, and gypsum PLA) and ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) were subjected to dissolution tests in NaOH solutions (pH 12 and 12.55) and mechanical evaluation under three-point bending using digital image correlation (DIC) technology. Test specimens were prepared using optimized 3D printing strategies to ensure structural consistency and were embedded in concrete beams to analyze their reinforcement potential. Force–displacement data and GOM ARAMIS measurements revealed significant differences in mechanical responses, with peak loads ranging from 0.812 kN (high-impact PLA) to 1.021 kN (electrical ESD PLA). Notably, electrical ESD PLA exhibited post-failure load-bearing capacity, highlighting its reinforcement capability. Chemical dissolution tests revealed material-specific degradation patterns, with high-impact and Gypsum PLA showing accelerated surface changes and precipitation phenomena. Observations indicated white crystalline precipitates, likely lime (calcium hydroxide—Ca(OH)2), residue from the dissolution tests (sodium hydroxide—NaOH), or material-derived residues formed on and near PLA elements, suggesting potential chemical interactions. These findings underline the critical role of material selection and optimization in achieving effective PLA–concrete integration. While PLA's environmental sustainability aligns with industry goals, its structural reliability under long-term exposure remains a challenge. The study concludes that electrical ESD PLA demonstrates the highest potential for application in reinforced concrete, provided its chemical stability is managed, as its peak value (1.021 kN) showed 25.7% higher load-bearing capacity than high-impact PLA (0.812 kN) and did not lose any of its structural stability in the dissolution tests. This work advances the understanding of PLA as a sustainable alternative in construction, offering insights for future material innovations and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an aluminum heating block with two inlets (for the Polylactic acid (PLA) filament and the continuous aramid fiber) was produced and placed onto an extruder, and continuous-aramid-fiber-reinforced PLA composites were fabricated by using the nozzle impregnation method. Layer height values of 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm and hatch spacing values of 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm, and 1.0 mm were used for the investigation of the processing parameters on the properties of composites by differentiating the reinforcement volume fraction. Additionally, atmospheric plasma treatment was used for the surface modification of the reinforcement fiber. The properties of composites reinforced by using surface-modified fibers were also investigated in order to reveal the efficacy of the atmospheric plasma treatment on the properties of composites. The effect of the atmospheric plasma treatment on the fiber properties was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Continuous-aramid-fiber-reinforced PLA composites were characterized mechanically by fiber pull-out, tensile, and flexural testing. The fracture surfaces of composites were analyzed by using SEM. The combination of a reduced layer height and a narrower hatch spacing yielded the best mechanical performance, with a tensile strength of 410.25 MPa achieved at a 0.6 mm layer height and a 0.4 mm hatch spacing. This combination minimizes void formation, enhances fiber alignment, and strengthens interlayer adhesion, leading to superior mechanical properties. The FTIR and XPS results showed that atmospheric plasma modification can enhance the interfacial bonding strength by improving the surface morphology and increasing the content of polar groups on the fiber surface. By combining optimized manufacturing conditions with the atmospheric plasma treatment, the mechanical performance of continuous-aramid-fiber-reinforced PLA composites was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel mathematical technique for an unsteady bioconvective flow of Williamson nanofluids over a vertical wavy cone in the presence of non-linear radiation and viscous dissipation impacts is investigated. The cone surface is described by a sinusoidal function while the components of the extra stress tensor are presented in terms of the dynamic viscosity. The irregular wavy surface is referred to the convective boundary conditions and nanoparticle passively controls conditions. The governing equations are presented in general forms then the condition $$G{r_L} \to \infty $$ G r L → ∞ and suitable transformations are used to map the wavy cone to regular domain. A fully implicit finite differences method (FDM) is applied to solve the converted system and wide ranges of independent variables are assumed. $$0 \le X\le 7, 0 \le Y\le 25$$ 0 ≤ X ≤ 7 , 0 ≤ Y ≤ 25. The major outcomes disclosed that the increase in the Williamson number $$We$$ We causes a reduction the nanofluid flow while the skin friction coefficient is rising. Further, there is an enhancement in the values of the Nusselt number up to 75% is obtained as Biot number $$Bi$$ Bi is altered from 0.1 to 0.4. Also, the convective boundary conditions in presence of the non-linear radiations are recommended to enhance the velocity, temperature and rate of the heat transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comprehensively analyzes the consequences of thermal radiation on natural convection, electrical and thermally conducted water-based flowing nanofluid past an exponentially accelerating surface. The paper investigates the thermal and momentum boundary layers with the effects of radiation and heat generation on the nanofluid flow. The magnetic field acts perpendicular to the flow direction. The non-dimensional governing equations were numerically solved using the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and illustrated through the use of MATLAB software. Thermal radiation enhances the nanofluid temperature and velocity, an essential phenomenon for designing solar collectors. The heat generation factor reduces the skin friction of the flow. It improves heat transfer by convection rather than conduction mode, enhancing the velocity and dropping the temperature of the nanofluid. The influence of some dimensionless parameters on the nanofluid velocity and temperature led to this paper's conclusion. Mass and heat transmission are fundamental due to their daily applications, including human body temperature regulations, electronic devices, and heating/cooling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of material flow rate on the tensile properties of components produced via fused deposition modeling (FDM), also known as material extrusion (MEX). A comprehensive experimental plan was conducted using polylactide acid (PLA), varying nozzle diameter (0.4–0.8 mm) and layer height (37.5–62.5% of nozzle diameter) to achieve flow rates between 2.4 and 16 mm3/s. Infrared thermography was employed to analyze cooling rates during deposition, while tensile tests along the building direction assessed interlayer adhesion. The extruder's energy consumption was monitored using a current sensor. Results reveal a complex interplay between material flow rate, thermal history, void dimensions, and mechanical behavior. Notably, smaller nozzle diameters (0.4 mm) produced components with small voids and high specific energy but short cooling times, while larger nozzles (0.8 mm) led to higher thermal inertia, longer cooling times, and larger voids. An intermediate nozzle diameter (0.6 mm) offered an optimal balance, resulting in improved tensile strength and elongation at rupture. This study highlights the critical relationship between process parameters, thermal dynamics, and mechanical properties in FDM, providing insights for optimizing print speed and component performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research on the technical–economic optimization of FDM parameters (Lh—layer height and Id—infill density percentage) for the manufacture of tensile and compression samples from recycled materials (r) of PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) and ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate) in the context of the transition to a circular economy. To carry out our technical–economic study, the fundamental principle of value analysis was used, which consists of maximizing the ratio between Vi and Cp, where Vi represents the mechanical characteristic (tensile strength or compressive strength) and Cp represents the production cost. The results of this study showed that, in the case of tensile samples manufactured by recycled PETG (rPETG), the parameter that significantly influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is Lh (the height of the layer), while for the samples manufactured additively from recycled ASA (rASA), the parameter that decisively influences the tensile strength is Id (the infill density percentage). In the case of compression samples manufactured by FDM from recycled PETG (rPETG) and recycled ASA (rASA), the parameter that signified influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is Id (the infill density percentage). Following the optimization of the FDM parameters, using multiple-response optimization, we identified the optimal parameters for the manufacture of parts by FDM from rPETG and rASA: Lh = 0.20 mm and Id = 100%. The results of this study demonstrated that the use of recycled plastics from PETG and ASA lends itself to a production and consumption model based on a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial neural network (ANN) models have been used in the past to model surface roughness in manufacturing processes. Specifically, different parameters influence surface roughness in fused filament fabrication (FFF) processes. In addition, the characteristics of the networks have a direct impact on the performance of the models. In this work, a study about the use of ANN to model surface roughness in FFF processes is presented. The main objective of the paper is discovering how key ANN parameters (specifically, the number of neurons, the training algorithm, and the percentage of training and validation datasets) affect the accuracy of surface roughness predictions. To address this question, 125 3D printing experiments were conducted changing orientation angle, layer height and printing temperature, and measuring average roughness Ra as response. A multilayer perceptron neural network model with backpropagation algorithm was used. The study evaluates the effect of three ANN parameters: (1) number of neurons in the hidden layer (4, 5, 6 or 7), (2) training algorithm (Levenberg–Marquardt, Resilient Backpropagation or Scaled Conjugate Gradient), and (3) data splitting ratios (70%–15%–15% vs. 55%–15%–30%). Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was used as the performance metric. The Resilient Backpropagation algorithm, 7 neurons, and using 55% of training data yielded the best predictive performance, minimizing the MAE. Additionally, the impact of the dataset size on prediction accuracy was analysed. It was observed that the performance of the ANN gets worse as the number of datasets is reduced, emphasizing the importance of having sufficient data. This study will help to select appropriate values for the printing parameters in FFF processes, as well as to define the characteristics of the ANN to be used to model surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt deposition modeling method (FDM) is one of the increasingly widespread additive manufacturing methods, known as 3D printing, based on the layered assembly of material filaments. However, it is seen that the parts produced with FDM in the aviation industry do not have the desired dimensional and geometric tolerance values. For this reason, different manufacturing methods are used to bring the parts produced by the FDM method to the desired tolerance values. In this study, experiments were carried out to improve the tolerance values of the holes on the plates made of polycarbonate material, which is widely used in prototyping and production tools (welding, drilling, fixing) with FDM, and the optimum processing parameters were determined using the integrated design of experiment and TOPSIS methods. According to the obtained results, the optimum drilling parameters for the plate without pre-drilling case could be obtained by selecting HSS as the drill material, using cutting fluid, and setting the feed rate to 390.9091 mm/min and the spindle speed to 1000 rpm. For the pre-drilled plate, the optimum drilling parameters were again obtained by selecting the drill material HSS, using cutting fluid and applying the feed rate to 369.6970 mm/min and the spindle speed to 781.8182 rpm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several proposed space-based X-ray observatories apply TES-based micro-calorimeters as energy-dispersive imaging detector. The number of independently readout pixels is an important figure of merit for the scientific yield of such instruments. Design studies have shown that the power consumption of the SQUID readout is one of the driving design parameters which limits the maximum number of pixels which can be accommodated. Different multiplexing schemes, each with different properties and multiplexing factors have been proposed and demonstrated for the readout of the TES-based detectors. In an effort to estimate how the different readout multiplexing schemes differ in scalability for future space-based applications, we have made a comparison of the reported power consumption of the main multiplexing schemes currently under consideration for different space-based telescopes, i.e. time-domain multiplexing, frequency-domain multiplexing, and microwave SQUID multiplexing. It was found that, despite the different architectures and multiplexing factors, the power consumption per pixel at cryogenic temperatures is rather similar. We will analyze the origin of this phenomenon, and discuss directions of development to further improve on this number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite structures have been widely used in recent years in the aerospace industry as well as in industries that require lightweight structures due to their lightness and high strength-to-weight ratio. The purpose of this research is to introduce and compare a new type of sandwich panel to introduce structures that can be used in the aerospace industry. The cores in this research are made using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with two types of PLA and ABS polymers. The face sheets used for this study are glass fiber reinforced composites and aluminum face sheets. In the first part of this study, a theoretical model for obtaining the force-displacement curve in nuclei with rectangular geometry was presented. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results showed that theoretical relationships have a good ability to predict the amount of force in experimental tests. The results obtained in this study showed that the use of composites made of epoxy glass fibers as a face sheet for sandwich panels leads to higher resistance to three-point bending. It was also found that sandwich panels made with ABS cores have higher strength compared to PLA cores, but their softness is less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates FDM's remarkable potential for a variety of high-performance applications, especially in the production of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced PLA and ABS composites. Improved flexural quality and modulus are examples of improved mechanical qualities that result from optimizing important preparation factors, such as temperature and layer thickness. In any event, there are still issues, particularly with surface quality, durability, and adaptability. Further research on fiber and natural influences initiation and advanced post-processing techniques are essential to fully utilizing FDM's mechanical capabilities. Addressing these gaps will pave the way for more extensive uses in industries like automobiles, buyer goods, and aircraft. Added substance Fabricating, especially intertwined testimony modeling, has revolutionized fabricating by empowering the generation of complicated geometries with tall fabric proficiency. This paper explores the mechanical properties of nonstop carbon fiber-reinforced ABS and PLA composites created through FDM. Key handle parameters, such as liquefier temperature, layer thickness, and nourish rate, were optimized to make strides fiber impregnation and holding quality, with ideal temperatures found between 200°C and 230°C. It illustrates critical changes in flexural quality and modulus, uncovering the potential of persistent fiber fortified thermoplastic composites in high-performance applications like aviation and car businesses. Also, challenges related to surface defects, reusing, and adaptability are talked about. The paper recognizes holes in long-term strength, natural affect, and adaptability, suggesting encourage inquire about into fiber introduction, reusing cycles, and natural components influencing fabric life span. These discoveries contribute to upgrading the possibility of FDM for industrial-scale generation of light weight, tough components. Major Findings: The Major findings of this work demonstrates FDM's remarkable potential for a variety of high-performance applications, especially in the production of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced PLA and ABS composites. Improved flexural quality and modulus are examples of improved mechanical qualities that result from optimizing important preparation factors, such as temperature and layer thickness. In any event, there are still issues, particularly with surface quality, durability, and adaptability. To fully exploit the promise of FDM for mechanical use, more research into fiber introduction, natural effects, and advanced post-processing techniques is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing, particularly the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique, has garnered considerable interest across multiple industries owing to its capacity to efficiently and inexpensively fabricate intricate geometries. To ensure optimal performance and dependability, it is essential to comprehend the impact of FDM process parameters upon a mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts. The main objective of this work is to investigate the impact of FDM process parameters using Polylactic Acid (PLA) material. The research employs a experimental design utilizing the Box-Behnken approach. Multiple sets of PLA specimens are produced using various FDM process parameters, including air gap, extruder temperature, layer thickness, infill density, and raster angle. Each specimen's tensile strength is measured using a universal testing machine, and result obtained is statistically analyzed for identification of significant correlations between the process parameters and the mechanical performance of the printed parts. The results indicate that specific process parameters in the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique significantly affect the tensile strength of parts made from Polylactic Acid (PLA). The relationship between layer thickness and infill density and their impact on tensile strength, percent elongation, and maximum force is significant, underscoring the need for careful parameter optimization in the printing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Within the scope of the work, the possible use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology in executing rapid prototypes of cutting tools for aluminum sheets was systematically studied. Relevant investigations have thus far mainly concentrated on tools for the 3D printing of bent and deep-drawn pieces, yet the implementation of FDM tools in cutting has been insufficiently covered. This study aims to determine the characteristics of FDM cutting tools, such as wear and tear, dimensional stability, and cutting efficiency. Various tool designs were tested under different wall thicknesses and orientations with respect to the feed of Al99.5 sheets with thicknesses of 0.22 mm and 0.3 mm. According to the results, in the best case, three-dimensional printed PLA tools performed six cuts with no burrs and an acceptable wear level due to the IT tolerances (IT9 and IT10). Tools with thicker walls and more appropriate orientations were found to be more robust. However, some designs failed when subjected to greater loads, revealing a deficiency in some of the strength properties of the material. These observations suggest that it is possible to create 3D printed tools for modeling and small-scale production at considerably cheaper and faster rates than conventional methods. Future work will integrate advanced materials and designs to enhance tool performance, further solidifying FDM as a transformative approach in industrial tool manufacturing. With this research, the authors wanted to demonstrate that FDM technology can also be used to produce a classic sheet cut, which, of course, is still of great importance for prototyping or setting up production processes. This research demonstrated that FDM printing can play a role in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work examines the mechanical characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) samples manufactured in 3D printing using various infill patterns. The infill patterns investigated are cuboid, grid, and octet, prepared at a constant infill density of 50 %. The study aimed to identify the most suitable infill pattern for specific mechanical requirements, considering tensile, compression, and flexural behaviour. Experimental testing was conducted on the 3D-printed PLA specimens to assess their mechanical performance. The findings reveal that the octet infill pattern showed the highest mechanical qualities across all three tests, including tensile, flexural, and compression evaluations, indicating improved strength and stability. The octet infill pattern samples had the highest tensile value of 17.3 MPa, maximum flexural stress of 35 MPa, and maximum compression stress of 34.4 MPa. These results emphasize the need to choose suitable infill patterns to adjust the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PLA components to meet particular application requirements.