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Cr-Ni3Al alloy films have been deposited on Si (100) substrate via DC magnetron sputtering. The effect of Cr enrichment on microstructure and mechanical properties has been studied. The evolution of phases, microstructure, surface topography and mechanical properties has been studied using GI-XRD, FE-SEM, AFM and quasi-static nanoindentation, respectively. Results revealed that the alloy films possessed a preferred orientation of (111) plane with a maximum hardness and Young's modulus of ~ 12.7 GPa and ~ 203 GPa for 0 W Cr-Ni3Al films which further decreased to ~ 7 GPa and 129 GPa, respectively, for 40 W Cr-Ni3Al films. The reported values of hardness and Young's modulus are very high in the case of alloy Ni3Al-based coatings when compared with the literature. This study also imitates that with the increase in Cr concentration in the host Ni3Al matrix, the surface roughness increased as a result of the evolution of pores. However, hydrophobicity is observed to be increased with increase in Cr concentration in host Ni3Al coatings with a maximum contact angle of 115.9° for 40 W Cr-Ni3Al alloy film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a greater emphasis on researching the potential use of ferrite nanoparticles as humidity-sensing materials. We report on the humidity-sensing properties of Mg 1-y Li y Fe 2 O 4 (y = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05), which were synthesized using the solution combustion synthesis route. According to the XRD analysis, it was observed that both the unit cell volume and the crystallite size increased as the concentration of lithium-ion increased. The crystallite size was measured to be 17–22 nm, indicating the presence of nanomaterials. Moreover, the material exhibited a single phase with the Fd-3m space group, suggesting its structural integrity and uniformity. The FE-SEM images revealed that the porous nature of the material became more pronounced with higher concentrations of Li, indicating potential benefits for sensing applications. The synthesized powder demonstrated promising characteristics for use in humidity sensors. Specifically, it was noted that increasing the Li composition led to a notable increase in resistance, particularly significant for the Li = 0.05 concentration, which exhibited the highest average sensitivity. This suggests that Li doping at this concentration effectively enhances resistance, a crucial aspect for sensor functionality. The response and recovery times of thin film humidity sensors fabricated from these materials were determined to be 9 and 12 s, respectively. These times indicate rapid and efficient sensing capabilities, essential for real-time monitoring applications. Moreover, the newly discovered sensing material exhibited exceptional stability and reproducibility, further highlighting its potential for practical sensor applications. In summary, the synthesized materials show great promise for humidity sensor applications due to their enhanced sensitivity, rapid response and recovery times, as well as their stability and reproducibility. These findings open up avenues for the development of advanced sensing technologies with improved performance and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decade, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been widely explored owing to their versatile properties and prodigious demands in the drug delivery, medical, energy storage, cosmetics, and the healthcare sectors. Therefore, the current work opts for an environmentally benign method to prepare ZnO NPs. The leaf extract of Calendula officinalis L. acts as a reducing agent for the metal ions; therefore, in the current research, ZnO NPs were prepared via green route by using Calendula officinalis leaf extract. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs were analysed with different spectroscopic techniques to confirm the structure and stability of nanomaterials. The prepared ZnO NPs were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR and UV–Vis studies. Also, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the synthesized ZnO NPs were investigated. The XRD result of synthesized ZnO NPs showed the crystalline size 28.23 nm with wurtzite hexagonal structure along with the most intense peak (101). Following preliminary confirmations of the intended ZnO NPs, both big and small agglomerated forms were observed in the FE-SEM, which is often used to determine their exterior assembly. Further, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated the formation of pure ZnO NPs with an absorption peak of the Zn–O bond between 4000 cm−1 and 500 cm−1 and no discernible peak in the monitoring range. The UV–Vis spectrum of the green synthesized ZnO NPs were revealed two prominent absorption peaks at 355 nm and 370 nm with energy band gap of 2.986 eV. Using the 1, 1-di phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, the antioxidant activity of the described ZnO NPs was assessed. It demonstrated how, ZnO NPs significantly increased their antioxidant activity by scavenging 1, 1-di phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. It could be seen that synthesis of the naturally occurring plant product ZnO NPs have been acting as an alternate of chemical antioxidant. The antimicrobial analysis was also performed with the help of disk diffusion method where three multi-drug resistant human pathogens namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E.coli were used. The Zone of Inhibition diameter values are 35.2 mm ± 0.9, 23.6 mm ± 0.1 and 13.5 mm ± 0.1, respectively, which showed that the ZnO NPs was highly effective against S. aureus. Thus, the green synthesis method of ZnO NPs using leaf extract of Calendula officinalis is evidence that it is superior and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of ZnO NPs and hence it can be utilized in various nano-medicine approaches.Article Highlights: Green synthesis (hydrothermal method) of ZnO-NPs using leaf extract of Calendula officinalis L. and its spectroscopic investigation. Found effective Antioxidant activities of green synthesised ZnO that can be employed as skin care and cosmetics. Green synthesized ZnO NPs having a significant bactericidal activity observed against bacteria S. aureus, K. pneumonia and E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peucedanum L. (Apiaceae) is broadly distributed in the Old World, and 11 taxa, including five endemic species, have been reported in Korea. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to describe petal epidermal cell patterns and evaluated their systematic implications for all Korean Peucedanum species except for one. This included two recently reported endemic species, P. miroense and P. tongkangense, which are closely associated with Heracleum moellendorffii. The epidermal characteristics of the petals, including cell type (papillose conical, papillose knobby rugose, tabular conical, or tabular rugose), anticlinal wall shape (straight, sinuous, or curved), cuticle sculpture (striate or wrinkled), and stomata (presence or absence) were observed. The petal epidermis could be categorized into three types and two subtypes. We concluded that petal epidermal characteristics provide evidence supporting the recent robust phylogeny that suggests the non-monophyly of the genus Peucedanum. In particular, P. japonicum and P. praeruptorum, which are positioned in different clades to the other species in the recent phylogeny, had different types of petal epidermis among the studied species. These petal epidermal micro-characteristics were evaluated as possible consistent parameters for the taxonomic delimitation of species of the genus Peucedanum.

A novel method for forming composite materials was investigated by incorporating activated carbon powder (ACP) as a reinforcing agent within a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix, utilizing the hand layup fabrication technique. The composite materials were synthesized by varying the weight percentages of the matrix and reinforcements, encompassing pure PLA as well as ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50. PLA is recognized for its biocompatibility and favorable thermomechanical properties, similar to conventional plastics. The incorporation of activated carbon powder, known for its remarkable aspect ratio, proved highly advantageous, yielding exceptional mechanical properties. Analysis revealed that the composite with a ratio of 90:10 wt% of carbon powder to PLA demonstrated significant improvements in tensile strength (26.8%), flexural strength (26.37%), impact strength (61.1%), compression strength (25%), and hardness (45.8%). Additionally, thermal analysis showed that the 90:10 wt% composite exhibited minimal weight loss and maximum heat flow sustainability at approximately 600 °C compared to other composite combinations. Morphological examination using field emission scanning electron microscopy unveiled a uniform distribution of activated carbon powder reinforcement within the matrix, actively contributing to the enhanced mechanical properties of the composite.

Under the scope of all-solid-state perovskite solar cells, the important role of methyl-ammonium lead halide film lies in facilitating the formation of a photo-generated electronrich film, which directly affects the overall photovoltaic performance. This study introduces a novel chemical strategy aimed at increasing the quality of perovskite film through minimal arsenic doping. The result of the inclusion of arsenic is characterized by high crystalline grains in the attainment of a homogeneous, uniform and ancient perovskite film. The analysis of the UV-Visible spectra indicates that the perovskite film, which is produced under sequential conditions, displays light extraction of electrons for light absorption, more effective electron transport, and adjacent electron transport layer. Different morphology obtained through customized perovskite conditions contribute to a better short-circuits current, which improves overall cell performance. Arsenic-doped perovskite-based solar cells demonstrate a 1.55% increase in power conversion efficiency compared to their non-decorated counterparts, exhibiting 0.20% efficiency. The outcomes not only offer a straightforward method for enhancing perovskite films but also introduce an innovative perspective on constructing high-performance perovskite solar cells using minimal amounts of arsenic, thereby minimizing toxicity in the fabricated solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the morphological factors contributing to resistance to yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis in chilli, an analysis was conducted on 15 chilli genotypes, examining various traitsviz. trichome density, length, and angle, along with leaf thickness, length, breadth, and area. Among the genotypes, SL-696 exhibited the highest trichome density (87.67/0.75mm2), while IS-267 displayed the lowest density (19/0.75mm2), and C-142 lacked trichomes altogether. In terms of trichome length, SR-4611 had the maximum (5.02 µm), contrasting with PUP-661, which had the minimum length (1.16 µm). PCH-757 featured the highest trichome angle (44.47°), while AC-105° showed the lowest angle. C-142 demonstrated the greatest leaf thickness (264.67 µm), whereas SL-466 exhibited the smallest thickness (79.60 µm). PUP-661 displayed the highest values for leaf length (9.10 cm), breadth (3.93 cm), and area (148.19 cm2), with PP-418 exhibiting the minimum values for length (3.87 cm), breadth (1.40 cm), and leaf area (44.03 cm2). Analyses of correlations between damage score/LCI and various morphological leaf traits indicated weak, negative, yet nonsignificant associations with trichome density, length, angle, and leaf thickness. Conversely, leaf area demonstrated a weak positive but nonsignificant correlation with the damage score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural corrosion inhibitor behaviour of a newly synthesized dopamine derivative Schiff base (4-DBAB) has been inspected on mild steel in aggressive 1 M HCl using linear polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The Schiff base was synthesized by eco-friendly pathway. Characterization of the synthesized new non-toxic inhibitor was performed using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy techniques. The anti-corrosive efficiencies at optimum concentration of 4-DBAB inhibitor was 87.4% after 1 h and 98.4% after 120 h by impedance technique in acidic solution. The potential of zero charge of mild steel was also determined to elucidate the inhibition mechanism in the presence of the highest 4-DBAB solution. The atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy researches performed on surface morphology to provide additional support on the interaction between the mild steel surface and 4-DBAB molecules. Adsorption behaviour of the inhibitor was also studied at different durations by experimental inhibition results and showed the Langmuir isotherm involving chemisorption. A new dopamine-derived Schiff base (4-DBAB) with natural and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibition properties was synthesized. (Synthesis of eco-friendly compound). 4-DBAB demonstrated a high anti-corrosive efficiency after 120 hours in aggressive 1M HCl, as determined by impedance technique. (Exceptional corrosion inhibition). The determination of the potential of zero charge of mild steel provided insights into the inhibition mechanism in the presence of the highest 4-DBAB solution. (Mechanism elucidation). AFM and FE-SEM studies on surface morphology supported the interaction between the mild steel and 4-DBAB molecules, affirming its corrosion inhibition properties. (Surface interaction analysis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to assess the green corrosion inhibitor effect of the compound known as vitamin B6 and called pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYB6) on mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution by some electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization resistance (LPR), potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for various concentrations and durations. In order to examine the interplay between PYB6 and mild steel surface, various adsorption isotherms were tried and the best correlation constant among them was acquired by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Experimental data calculated by the EIS method showed that the lowest inhibition efficiency value was 70.7% for 1.0 × 10−5 M PYB6 solution concentration after one hour of immersion, while the highest inhibition efficiency value was 96.8% for 1.0 × 10−3 M PYB6 solution concentration after 48 h of immersion. The finding of zero charge potential (PZC) of mild steel was found to be − 0.010 V in the solution containing the highest concentration of PYB6, which supports that the inhibition mechanism creates a protective film layer on the surface of mild steel with protonated PYB6 molecules. The surface analysis of PYB6 onto mild steel in a hydrochloric acid solution was also examined utilizing techniques such as atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). It was concluded that PYB6 green inhibitor formed a presentative adsorption film on the surface of mild steel, effectively reducing its corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the stability and viscosity of four different nanoparticles are discussed in conjunction with the physical properties of these nanoparticles. The aim is to provide guidance for nanoparticle selection in future nanofluid applications. Additionally, our goal is to examine hybrid nanofluids in comparison to single nanofluids, exploring their potential benefits and evaluating their industrial applications. A two-stage approach was employed, using ethylene glycol (EG) as a base fluid, to create these nanofluids. Single nanofluids were formed with SiO2, TiO2, MWCNT, and ZnO nanoparticles at 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% volume concentrations. Additionally, binary (SiO2–TiO2/EG), ternary (SiO2–TiO2–MWCNT/EG), and quaternary (SiO2–TiO2–MWCNT–ZnO/EG) hybrid nanofluids were formed with 0.1% volume concentrations. The dynamic viscosity of all nanofluids was evaluated over the temperature range of 20–50 °C. Analysis of nanofluids was extended by characterization studies using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-TEM), Zeta potential testing, and visual inspection. SiO2 nanoparticles exhibited the greatest stability, remaining in suspension for more than 28 days without sedimentation, while ZnO nanoparticles were the least stable, collapsing in < 7 days. Compared to ethylene glycol, ZnO/EG had the most increased viscosity (42.79%) at 20 °C and a 1% volume concentration. However, SiO2–TiO2–MWCNT/EG showed the largest decrease in viscosity (9.99%) at 20 °C. Hybrid nanofluids exhibit better viscosity performance compared to their base fluids and single nanofluids, enhancing the thermal efficiency of these heat transfer fluids. Additionally, this study is groundbreaking research as it emphasizes the efficiency of hybrid nanofluids as well as introducing quaternary nanofluids to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been an increased focus on investigating the possible use of ferrite nanoparticles as magnetic memory devices. In this study, we report on the structural, microstructural, Raman, density functional theory and magnetic characteristics of Mg 1-x Li x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.5 and 0.75). Samples were synthesized by solution combustion synthesis method. Samples were subjected to characterize X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman Spectra. XRD reveals that all synthesized samples show a single phase formation and unit cell volume, crystallite size varied with an increase in Lithium-ion concentration. SEM micrographs confirmed the porous nature increases with the rise of Li concentration. Particles are agglomeration and spherical type of nature was confirmed by TEM images. Further, Raman Spectra confirms the spinel cubic structure of MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles belongs to the Fd3m space group. Despite the fact that the full unit cell has 56 atoms (Z = 8), the smallest Bravais cell consists of only 14 atoms (Z = 2). Consequently, in order to understand this effect, the electronic structure of pure and doped models was investigated through the Band Structure and Density of States (D.O.S.) profiles. First the crystalline structure of pure and Li-doped MgFe 2 O 4 was analyzed based on the optimized lattice parameters and M − O (M = Mg, Li and Fe) bond distances. The band-gap was computed to be 2.54 eV being a direct transition between two points, in an excellent agreement with the experimental measurements. To investigate the temperature dependent magnetic properties, the M − H loops of Li doped MgFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles traced at below and above room temperature over the applied magnetic field ±60 kOe. The M − H loops recorded at above and below room temperature demonstrated that the ferromagnetic nature of the sample. Further, the magnetic properties was investigated using temperature dependent FC and ZFC magnetization measurements. Above room temperature, the ZFC and FC curves show irreversibility and split at certain temperatures, as well as a broad maximum in ZFC curves at blocking temperature (T B). Saturation magnetization (M s) values are higher at 15 K compared to 300 K, attributed to reduced thermal fluctuation. Our results suggest that synthesized materials are useful for room temperature magnetic memory device application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 86WC-10Co-4Cr powder was thermally sprayed onto cast 21-4N steel using High Velocity Air-Fuel (HVAF) technology. The deposited coating exhibited a dense structure with minimal porosity (1.0 ± 0.3%) and excellent fracture toughness (5.1 ± 0.3 MPa m1/2). Slurry erosion tests had shown that the HVAF-coated steel had significantly improved erosion resistance compared to uncoated steel, attributed to its high hardness, fracture toughness, and dense microstructure. Statistical analysis revealed that slurry velocity and impact angle were the most influential parameters. Further, Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) image analysis showed that the coated steel exhibited a brittle mode of material removal, while the bare steel displayed a ductile mode. Overall, the study highlights the effectiveness of HVAF-sprayed 86WC-10Co-4Cr coatings in enhancing erosion resistance, providing valuable insights into the coating's microstructure and performance under different erosion conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of oil contaminants and heavy metals from contaminated water has recently become a huge necessity. Magnetic graphene oxide (rGO/Fe3O4) loaded polyurethane foam (PUF) was employed as a scaffold for oil contamination removal in this research. A set of characterization techniques verified the successful formation of the intended magnetic rGO/Fe3O4/PUF/PMMA such as the X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and contact angle. The XRD data demonstrated the existence of the synthesized structure's diffraction planes and corresponding angles. VSM results show that superparamagnetic materials exhibit a high saturation (60 emu/g) and insignificant remanent and coercivity values. The FTIR spectrum illustrates the occurrence of interactions along with the residence of corresponding bands. The SEM results emphasized the porous structure. Contact angle measurements demonstrate angles exceeding 115° which verifies the hydrophobic nature of the studied structure. The rGO/Fe3O4/PUF/PMMA separation efficiency was investigated using various oils such as toluene, vacuum pump oil, chloroform and others. The chloroform separation efficiency is optimal, approaching 99% in a time frame of seconds. The structure's validity for separating contamination from water may lead to a solution for affordable and cost-effective approaches for water treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymeric solution concentration is one of the most critical factors in forming of fibers in electrospinning technology. In this study, various polymeric concentrations of thermoplastic polystyrene are used. At the same time, keeping the other electrospinning process operating parameters (such as flow rate, voltage, capillary to collector distance), solution parameters (such as solution conductivity and molecular weight), and environmental conditions (such as temperature and humidity) constant. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphological changes that took place on the surface of the fibres and determine the typical fibre diameter. It was found that as the concentration of polystyrene increased from 15% to 30%, the average pore size increased from (0.5µm and 0.44µm) to (2.7µm and 2.6µm). The FT-IR demonstrated the main chemical bonds in polystyrene membranes and the change in peak intensity caused by increasing the polymeric concentration. According to contact angle measurements, which examine the change in hydrophobic properties, the hydrophobicity of membranes decreases as the water contact angle falls from 135 to 116 with increasing the polymeric concentration from 15% to 30%.

Aqueous solutions with heavy metals such as Cr (VI), Pb, and Cd (II) can have an adverse effect on human health because of their toxicity. As a result, it is important to remove these heavy metals from the aquatic environment to save the human healthy. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) used in this research to characterize cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles and confirm the structure of Co-Fe2O4. These particles were used to make porous samples and burned at 1050 °C in mixtures of (0, 3, 5, 7, and 10) wt.% of cobalt ferrite and kaolin with 20 wt.% of charcoal. These samples serve as adsorbents that remove Pb from the wastewater. The highest rates of removal were confirmed using various treatments at (pH 3, 7, and 9). A Williamson-Hall plot was used to determine the crystal size (33) nm. The FT-IR spectra exhibited spinel-ferrite characteristics. Studies using FE-SEM demonstrated that the sample was in Nano crystalline. Using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), different magnetic properties are taken from the hysteresis loops such as saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanence (Mr) and coercivity (Hc). It was found that increasing ferrite content, increased adsorption efficiency.

Phycocyanin from Spirulina (blue-green algae) is used as photosensitizer to fabricate biosensitized solar cells (BSSC). Pigments are extracted in different solvents such as water, ethanol and acetone. Pure and silver-doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by simple microwave technology, and BSSCs were prepared by spin coating method. The structure, morphology, optical properties and electrochemistry of the prepared materials were examined by powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The main observation of this research is the decrease of the energy band gap value due to doping of “Ag” ions, which will delay the recombination rate and increase the photovoltaic conversion efficiency by 2.87 % compared to pure ZnO nanoparticles (0.74 %). The photocurrent density-photo voltage (J-V) characteristics of fabricated BSSC using Pycocyanine pigments under various solvent-adsorbed conditions on nanocrystalline pure ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO film electrodes were carried out. The pigments in association with the water solution show the short-circuit photocurrent density Jsc of around 9.80 mA/cm2 and the open-circuit photovoltage Voc of 0.84 V, under an illumination intensity of 40 mW/cm2 respectively. The results of the present study reveals that “Ag” doped ZnO nanoparticles may be a promising candidate for the future BSSC applications.

In this work, three formulations based on hydrated lime and eco-friendly additives of powdered brick, fly ash and silica fume were designed to improve repair mortars for historic lime-based stucco and building materials. The microscopic features, physicalmechanical behavior and the microstructure of the prepared mortars were evaluated before and after artificial ageing (by humidity/drying cycles and salt weathering). However, a significant mechanical enhancement was reported for the studied mixes, but the silica fume mix showed a notable failure after salt ageing. The fly ash mix revealed the highest bulk density ratio (1.172 g/cm3) compared to the lime and silica fume mixes. The silica fume mix recorded the lowest percentage of water absorption (35.56%) and apparent porosity (28.11%). Further, the silica fume mix yielded the highest dry compressive strength value (22.19 kg/cm2), with an increase reached 31% when compared to the standard lime mix. The results demonstrated that the fly ash mortar is more compatible for sustainable restoration procedures of historic lime-based structures in respect of the physical-mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using air microplasma jets as the main reaction medium. Various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and UV—Vis spectroscopy, were employed to confirm the characterization of the artificially synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. The absence of additional peaks associated with secondary phases of ZnO, as revealed by the XRD analysis, indicates the exceptional purity of these nanoparticles. Through the use of SEM, we examined the surface morphology and observed a substantial rate of agglomeration. The energy band gaps of ZnO nanoparticles were determined to be 3.3 electron volts (eV). The cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles were assessed using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay on breast cancer cells exposed to various doses of the nanoparticles. The Acridine-Orange/Ethidium-bromide (AO/EB) dual stain was employed to assess apoptotic cells. The data indicate that ZnO NPs can induce apoptosis, suggesting their potential as an anticancer treatment in breast cancer cell lines. The presented findings indicate that nanoscale zinc oxide particles (ZnO NPs) possess significant potential for future utilization in many biological applications. An example of such an application could be the prospective substitution for chemotherapy in the management of various forms of cancer diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the co-precipitation technique was employed for the synthesis of Cadmium oxide (CdO) and Copper‒doped Cadmium oxide (Cu‒CdO) nanoparticles. The synthesized samples were subjected to powder X-Ray diffraction (P-XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transforms Infrared (FT-IR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and antibacterial investigations. According to the P-XRD analysis, both the samples were simple cubic in structure and have average grain sizes of 54 and 28 nm, respectively. FE-SEM was deployed to explore the surface textures of the samples. EDX technique was used to look at the elemental compositions of the samples. The technique of FT-IR was employed to identify the vibrational modes. UV–Vis spectra in diffuse reflectance mode were obtained and the optical bandgaps of the CdO and Cu‒CdO samples were obtained as 4.52 eV and 2.83 eV, respectively. The photoluminescence studies were conducted at an excitation wavelength of 300 nm and emission peaks were red-shifted in both samples. Fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to explore the lifetimes of synthesized nanoparticles. The technique of Agar-well diffusion was applied to assess the antibacterial performance of the generated nanoparticles against Micrococcus Luteus (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative) bacterium at variable concentrations. Both samples in the current study are significantly effective against both bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of Co0.5Cd0.5Fe2O4 have been fabricated using a typical sol–gel combustion technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emotion-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements were used to study the structure, morphology and magnetic characteristics of ferrite nanoparticles at varied calcination temperatures. The electrical characteristics of the structure are calculated from the first principles using the GGA approach in density functional theory. The X-ray analysis of calcined samples revealed the formation of the spinel fcc crystalline phase was unaffected by the increment in calcination temperature. Due to the presence of cubic cadmium oxide (CdO), several low-diffraction peaks with the symbol * are present. As calcination temperature rises, the average crystal size increases from 20.34 to 21.94 nm. The FE-SEM images indicated a porosity structure and agglomerations caused by the interaction of uniform magnetic nanoparticles. The compositional analysis of the Co0.5Cd0.5Fe2O4 sample reveals the existence of desired constituents and the elimination of all undesirable precursors. Raman spectroscopy proved spinel ferrite nanoparticles include tetrahedral (A) sites and octahedral (B) sites. The magnetic hysteresis curves demonstrate the ferromagnetic nature, and it was observed that calcination temperatures significantly impacted the magnetic characteristics. As calcination temperature increased, saturation and remanence magnetization decreased, and inter-sub-lattice (A–B) super-exchange interactions were slightly more pronounced in smaller particles than in larger ones. Coercivity increases as calcination temperature rises. This can be attributed to the increase in particle size within the singular domain region. In addition, theoretical results (band structures) indicate that cobalt-cadmium ferrite possesses half-metallic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrothermal technique was used to successfully synthesize tetragonal Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) nanoparticles and investigate the effect of various thiourea concentrations on structural, morphological and optical properties. XRD analysis revealed the formation of tetragonal CCTS nanoparticles and the average crystallite size (nm) varied from 26 to 40 nm. The Raman studies confirmed the vibrational modes of the CCTS nanoparticles. The FE-SEM images revealed that the thiourea concentrations induced morphological changes in the CCTS nanoparticles, which exhibited the nanosheets changing into spherical structures. TEM images indicated that the CCTS sample had a spherical structure and the SAED pattern demonstrated a polycrystalline nature. The valance states of metallic species, such as Cu+ and Co2+ were further confirmed by XPS. The optical band gap (1.53 eV) was calculated from UV–Visible data and the obtained bandgap value from the literature. The electrochemical measurements of the CCTS TU-10 electrode exhibited pseudocapacitive behavior with a notable specific capacitance of 198 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV/S along with favorable electrocatalytic activity. In the photocatalytic application, when compared to MB dye (78 %), the CCTS catalyst was found to have a higher degradation efficiency toward CV dye (84 %). For antibacterial studies, the Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria exhibited the maximum zone of inhibition at 20 mm for 100 μg/ml. Finally, the experimental results suggested that the synthesized CCTS nanoparticles had better electrochemical, photocatalytic, and antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an objective to produce superior quality natural rubber (NR) for preparing tyre treads, various coagulation techniques were attempted for NR latex such as mechanical stirring and heating, steam-induced, salt-induced and freeze–thaw process, from which their efficiency was compared with formic acid-coagulated natural rubber. The effect of coagulation methods on molecular weight and thermo-oxidative ageing of resulting rubber was evaluated. The processing and cure characteristics, rubber–filler interaction and mechanical properties of NR were also evaluated. Rubber separated by mechanical stirring followed by heating and freeze–thaw coagulation showed better retention of molecular weight coagulated NR field latex. FTIR spectrum detected a high amount of nitrogenous materials in rubber compared to acid-coagulated natural rubber. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Mooney viscosity and black incorporation time were used to characterise the rubber separated by different methods. Different coagulation techniques adopted have very little effect on the glass transition temperature (Tg). Technological and morphological properties of rubber obtained by stirring and freeze–thaw processes are superior compared to other processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that Schiff bases and their metal complexes have many properties in different biological systems and this varies with its structural properties. This paper has described the method for synthesis of Schiff base ligand (SB1) and derived Co (II) complex of this ligand. The synthesized metal complex is characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD shows the crystalline state of the complex and Schiff base as well as FE‐SEM shows the surface morphology and FTIR is used to characterize functional groups, bonding types, and nature of complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study frames the physico-chemical characteristics and the source apportionment of PM10 over National Capital Region (NCR) of India using the receptor model's Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Principal Momponent Mnalysis/Absolute Principal Component Score–Multilinear Regression (PCA/APCS-MLR). The annual average mass concentration of PM10 over the urban site of Faridabad, IGDTUW-Delhi and CSIR-NPL of NCR-Delhi were observed to be 195 ± 121, 275 ± 141 and 209 ± 81 µg m−3, respectively. Carbonaceous species (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC)), elemental constituents (Al, Ti, Na, Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, Mo Pb) and water-soluble ionic components (F−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) of PM10 were entrenched to the receptor models to comprehend the possible sources of PM10. The PMF assorted sources over Faridabad were soil dust (SD 15%), industrial emission (IE 14%), vehicular emission (VE 19%), secondary aerosol (SA 23%) and sodium magnesium salt (SMS 17%). For IGDTUW-Delhi, the sources were SD (16%), VE (19%), SMS (18%), IE (11%), SA (27%) and VE + IE (9%). Emission sources like SD (24%), IE (8%), SMS (20%), VE + IE (12%), VE (15%) and SA + BB (21%) were extracted over CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, which are quite obvious towards the sites. PCA/APCS-MLR quantified the similar sources with varied percentage contribution. Additionally, catalogue the Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) for directionality of the local source regions and morphology as spherical, flocculent and irregular were imaged using a Field Emission–Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, two different reducing agents namely sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide (NaOH and KMnO4) were used to synthesis of manganese oxide (Mn2O3) nanoparticles by the co-precipitation method and examined for the electrochemical applications. The as-prepared Mn2O3 nanoparticles using NaOH precursor, dried in a hot oven at 80 °C for 6 h (MN-1) and then annealed for 7 h at 600 °C (MN-2). Similarly, Mn2O3 nanoparticles were prepared using KMnO4 precursor, dried in a hot oven at 80 °C for 6 h (MK-1) and then annealed for 7 h at 450 °C (MK-2), respectively. The influences of reducing agents on structural, morphological and optical properties were investigated. The structural analysis revealed the prepared samples had tetragonal crystal structures with better crystallinity. FT-IR spectral analysis revealed the characteristic bonds of Mn–O–Mn were observed in the region of 486–573 cm−1. The FE-SEM and HR-TEM images showed coral-like and nanorod structures for samples MN-2 and MK-2, with exhibited lattice value of 0.27 nm related to the (222) plane. The presence of the elements manganese (Mn) and oxygen (O) was confirmed by EDAX mapping. The XPS study confirmed that the oxidation state of the prepared samples was +2. The UV-Vis spectra suggested that the adsorption edge was blue-shifted compared to the sample MN-2. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments demonstrated that charge storage in Mn2O3 exhibited faradic-dominated capacitive behavior. MN-2 nanorod structures were obtained at excellent specific capacitance value of 196 F g−1 compared to MK-2 nanoparticles. Based on this study, Mn2O3 nanoparticles was recommended as exceptional electrode materials for efficient supercapacitor applications due to its superior electrical conductivity, large surface area and redox properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Marchantia polymorpha L. is a common liverwort in the family Marchantiaceae. It is used in traditional Chinese herbal medications to heal cuts, scalds, snake bites, fractures, burns and open wounds. Chinese people used it to treat jaundice and inflammation also. Polyphenols (bis-bibenzyls and flavonoids), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and terpenoids have been identified as the primary metabolites in M. polymorpha by phytochemical studies. The present study was aimed to explore the phytochemicals and the fungicidal properties of M. polymorpha extracts against Rhizoctonia solani by Poisoned Food Technique. Methods: The plant was extracted in four different solvents (Acetone, Methanol, Hexane and Di-ethyl ether) for assessing antifungal activity by Poisoned Food Technique and for phytochemical characterization by GC–MS and LC-MS. The extract with best antifungal activity was further examined for its mode of action using FE-SEM and Fluorescence microscopy. Results: Significant fungal growth inhibition was caused by M. polymorpha extracts. The highest inhibition was shown by di-ethyl ether extract (PI= 77.25±0.68). Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy and Fluorescence microscopy depicted the ultrastructural changes in the fungal species induced after treatment with the plant extract. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds in di –ethyl ether extracts such as n- Hexadecanoic acid, Stigmasterol and Phytol with reported pharmacological properties. LC-MS revealed the presence of three antifungal compounds: Marchantin A, Marchantin B. and Plagiochin E. Discussion: The antifungal properties of M. polymorpha were equivalent to the standard, Amphotericin, which had significant effects against R. solani, indicating good efficacy of the plant extract. The damaging effect of plant extract was further confirmed by FE-SEM and Confocal microscopy. Thus, the present study potentially introduces a solution to the existing dilemma caused by antifungal agrochemicals.

In this study, BaO nanorods (NRs) were synthesized with inherent surface defects using the chemical coprecipitation process. The rich oxygen defect BaO NRs exhibited enhanced light sensitivity and effectively interacted with the organic pollutant methylene blue (MB) dye under UV-light illumination for wastewater treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the highly crystalline tetragonal structure of the BaO NRs. Microstructural characteristics were examined using theoretical approaches such as Debye-Scherrer (DS), Williamson-Hall (W-H), and Size-Strain Plot (SSP), revealing an average crystallite size of approximately 30 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed the rod-shaped structure of the BaO nanorods, with particles aligned on top of each other. UV–visible absorption studies demonstrated an increased optical bandgap in the BaO NRs compared to the bulk material. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of oxygen traps and surface defects, which aided the photodegradation process. The photocatalytic activity of the BaO NRs was assessed by degrading MB dye. We found that a concentration of 150 mg of BaO NRs exhibited the highest degradation efficiency at 85 %.

Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli presents a major challenge in the clinical settings, resulting in persistent infections and treatment failures. These bacterial communities, protected by a matrix, resist antibiotics and immune responses, thus causing a prolonged challenge to treat such infections. Developing effective strategies against E. coli biofilms is crucial for improving the patient outcomes and reducing the burden on the healthcare systems. This study aimed to extract, purify, and characterize mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then its antibiofilm activity was evaluated against the multi-drug resistant E. coli (MDR-E. coli) isolates obtained from various clinical sources (i.e., urine, stool, wound, and catheter). Using a standardized protocol with slight modifications, the crude mannan extraction yielded 37.6 %, and subsequent purification achieved an efficiency of 99.6 %. Characterization assays of the purified mannan included FT-IR; FE-SEM, carbohydrate content estimation, solubility, and melting point tests, which revealed the presence of α-1,6 and α-1,2 linked sugars; crystalline nature, high porosity (80 %) carbohydrate content, high solubility in water, and a melting point of 248 °C. The purified mannan exhibited a substantial ability to inhibit biofilm formation (37.50 %) and degrade the existing MDR-E. coli biofilms (37.43 %). These findings underscore the potential of S. cerevisiae mannan as an effective antibiofilm agent for the clinical applications. Further exploration and optimization of the mannan's therapeutic potential are essential to fully leverage its efficacy in combating the biofilm-associated infections caused by MDR-E. coli.

Mosquitoes are notorious insects that transmit a wide range of infectious diseases, including zika, malaria, chikungunya, filariasis, and dengue. The overuse and incorrect application of synthetic pesticides to control mosquitoes has resulted in resistance development and environmental contamination, both of which have had a negative impact on human health. To address this issue, the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of acetone extract from Casearia tomentosa fruits was investigated. The extract was evaluated in a lab setting against all larval instars and pupa of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, as well as against third instar larvae in a semi-field condition. Purified compounds through TLC were also tested against 3rd instar larvae of both mosquito and non-target organisms. The FT-IR and GC-MS analyses were used to characterise the extract. Morphological aberration caused by the acetone extract was observed using FESEM. The anal gills and respiratory siphon of both mosquitoes showed significant deformation from their normal state. 100 ppm was found to cause 100% larval mortality at 24 h of exposure in case of Cx. quinquefasciatus and at 72 h of exposure in Ae. albopictus larvae. After 72 h of exposure under in vitro conditions, the extract demonstrated considerable larvicidal activity with LC50 values of 38.33 and 47.56 against 3rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, respectively. The acetone extract can be considered as a highly effective mosquito larvicidal agent that is safe for the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, using the spin coating method to create polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) thin films, the effects of nano-tungsten oxide (WO2) doping were investigated. The novelty of this research lies in its investigation of varying weight concentrations of WO2 nanoparticles (NPs) within the composite films. Comprehensive characterization techniques were employed, including structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed a clear and prominent peak in the XRD of the PVDF/PEO films, and the films' polycrystalline nature with tetragonal structures. The grain size was noted to increase with higher WO2 NPs doping. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed hexagonal-like α-phase PVDF crystals and uniform distribution of WO2 NPs. Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the characteristics of PVDF/PEO and identified specific doping compounds, confirming successful incorporation. The optical transmittance spectra unveiled the films' optical band gap energy, optical transition types, and absorption characteristics, where novelty emerged as the band gap energy significantly increased from 3.0 eV to 3.64 eV with an increased WO2 NPs weight doping percentage, signifying profound electronic structure modifications and potential applications in optoelectronics and sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, spin coating was used to prepare thin films of poly (2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene vinylene) and silver (MEH-PPV/Ag) in this study. The physical characteristics of MEH-PPV/Ag thin films with various weight ratios (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04%) were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and thermal testing. FTIR analysis showed that there were occurrences of the polymer's predicted chemical bonds. AFM tests show that when different amounts of silver are added to a polymer matrix, the film's surface roughness (root mean square) goes up from an average of 83.51 to 511.3 nm. FE-SEM analysis showed that a pure sample of the polymer formed evenly. However, when different amounts of Ag were added, clear balls or circles formed, showing the energy of mixing between the MEH-PPV and Ag. As silver addition transformed the polymer from amorphous to polycrystalline, XRD analysis revealed both phases. In tests comparing pure MEH-PPV to MEH-PPV/Ag, the polymer containing silver showed higher thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWe propose a novel approach to achieve high pollutant degradation efficiency through the use of a visible light harvesting, microwave-assisted Z-scheme MoS2@TiO2 (MST) photocatalyst. The development of pure MST nanomaterial is confirmed through X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Optical absorption in the range of 200–1100 nm is examined using UV–visible spectroscopy, and the optical band gap of MST is calculated to be 2.1 eV based on Tauc’s plot. The morphological images clearly show the accumulation of particles, indicating the formation of various nanostructures such as sheets, spheres, and rods within the MST nanomaterial. To assess the practical photocatalytic activity, the degradation of methyl orange (MO), a toxic organic dye, is conducted during the daytime using the as-prepared MST. The photocatalytic performance of MST surpasses that of P25 TiO2 under visible light. This superiority can be attributed to MST's narrow bandgap and the Z-scheme, which reduce the rate of reunion of photoinduced ions. The efficacy of MST heterojunction in degrading MO dye reaches approximately 95.5% within 35 minutes, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (k) of 0.0365 min−1. This outstanding photocatalytic performance under sunlight is attributed to MST's large specific surface area, its nanosheet, rods, and spheres-like structures, narrow bandgap, and sufficient active sites. BET and FE-SEM investigations also support these results. Moreover, the repeatability tests consisting of six consecutive cycles demonstrate that the degradation efficiency of MST is significantly higher than that of reported MoS2@TiO2 composite photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, the cellulose fibers were extracted from Arundo donax through a three‐step treatment. The effects of the alkaline pre‐treatment, acid hydrolysis, and soxhlet‐based extraction on the qualitative and quantitative attributes of the resultant cellulose fibers were investigated. The results of the present study signify a positive correlation between chemical treatment and cellulose content. The overall yield conversion of cellulose was recorded as 156.67%, after Soxhlet‐based purification. It was also observed that the moisture content, percentage of water absorption, rate of water absorption, and ash mass fraction gradually declined after each treatment step. The correlation between the chemical treatment with quantitative and qualitative attributes revealed a gradual increment in cellulose content, crystallinity index, and purity of cellulose fiber extracted from A. donax. The FTIR spectra emphasized that the obtained cellulose was free from impurities after Soxhlet‐based extraction. Simultaneously the DTG curve of A. donax fiber revealed a low rate of derivatization in the fibers extracted after Soxhlet treatment. The SEM and EDX analysis illustrate that the cellulose fibers were devoid of impurities as well as contamination of heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) based alloys are the most promising hydrogen storage and fuel cell alloys due to their high hydrogen content. In the present work, multilayer thin films (Mg/Ti/Ni) were prepared using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering method. Multilayered Mg/Ti/Ni thin films were investigated by analyzing the data of different characterizations such as surface, structural, optical and electrical. Uniformity of the deposited thin films was analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) confirmed the presence of elemental composition. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) was used to analyze structural characteristics of annealed thin films before and after hydrogenation. The variation in optical absorption and band gap has been observed, with the hydrogenation of thin film and having a larger band gap (3.27 eV) as compared to annealed thin films (2.81 eV). The semiconducting behavior of films is revealed by current voltage (I–V) characteristics of the films, and conductivity reduces after annealing and hydrogenation i.e. from 6.36 to 1.41 kΩ−1cm−1. Furthermore, Hall mobility of annealed without hydrogenated and annealed with hydrogenated thin film was improved (in the order of 103) as compared with as-deposited film. Improvement certainly helps the movement of hydrogen particularly after hydrogenation, the accumulation of hydrogen, particularly at the thin film's interface, obstructs the flow of electrons, resulting in a decrease in thin film conductivity. As a result, multilayer Mg/Ti/NI thin films are the good choice in the consideration for solid state hydrogen storage purpose. [Display omitted] • Investigations of direct current (DC) magnetron sputtered Mg/Ti/Ni multilayer. • Hydrogenation impact on the conductivity and energy bandgap of Mg/Ti/Ni multilayer. • XRD and SEM-EDS study for uniformly deposition and elemental composition of thin film. • Hall Effect measurements to elaborate the n-type conduction of prepared Mg/Ti/Ni multilayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the medicinal attributes of the ethanolic extract obtained from Azadirachta indica (A. indica) leaves collected from the Jamia Salafiya Pharmacy College campus in Malappuram District, Kerala, South India. The plant was meticulously identified by Dr. Samuel Thavamni B, a plant pharmacognosy specialist. The ethanolic extraction process was performed using the Soxhlet method. Phytochemical analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass and Mass spectroscopy). The in vitro antioxidant, MTT ((3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay, Apoptosis, and Immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic A. indica were evaluated. The extraction resulted in a semi-solid, dark-coloured extract with a yield of 8.67%. Phytochemical analysis using LC-MS identified key constituents such as octadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, caryophyllene, 1,4-Eicosadiene, and triacontanoic acid, methyl ester, known for antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. In vitro antioxidant assays revealed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect, with the A. indica ethanolic extract demonstrating substantial antioxidant capacity (77.81% at 100 µg), comparable to that of ascorbic acid (97.22%). However, the MTT assay indicated a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability, emphasizing the need for caution owing to potential cytotoxic effects. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining provided insights into the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, highlighting the beneficial effects of the extract on cellular morphology. The scratch wound healing assay suggested the potential of the extract to promote fibroblast migration, implicating its role in enhancing wound healing. Immunomodulatory activity assessment revealed concentration-dependent modulation of immune responses, with the extract demonstrating a notable immunomodulatory effect of 77.81% at 100 µg. These findings shed light on the medicinal potential of A. indica, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The diverse chemical composition and multifaceted effects of the extract, from antioxidant and cytotoxic activities to immunomodulation and wound healing promotion, underscore its significance in pharmaceuticals and herbal remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysts have gained much attention because of the water pollution instigated by the rapid usage of organic dyes for industrial needs. The degradation of these dyes using photocatalysts under natural light is an economical and popular method for water treatment. There is a need to synthesize photocatalytic materials which can generate reactive oxygen species under natural light. Hence, keeping in mind the above point, rose flower-shaped CuS nanostructures have been synthesized first time by solvothermal technique by varying reaction duration. The self-assembled powder of CuS nanostructures is characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, DLS, EDS, XPS, Raman, FT-IR, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The XRD and TEM analyses confirmed the formation of a polycrystalline hexagonal structure with prominent diffraction peaks. FE-SEM study shows the formation of uniformly self-assembled rose flower-shaped nanostructures of size 2–3 μm composed of densely packed nanoparticles. XPS study shows the presence of Cu(II) and Cu(I) states of copper in the synthesized batch and stoichiometric composition Cu:S is found to be 60:40 at.%. The optical studies showed broad absorption spectra of CuS nanostructures in about 300–800 nm wavelength range. Besides, this work studies the degradation activity of methylene blue and crystal violet organic dyes under natural sunlight conditions without the presence of any additive agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc Oxide is an n-type direct bandgap (3.2 eV) material having large exciton binding energy of (60 meV) and strong optical nonlinearity. Zinc Oxide thin films plays crucial role in revolutionizing performance of optical and electrical devices. In this study, laser-induced third-order optical nonlinearity in Zinc oxide thin film samples are investigated. This method is used to investigate the nonlinear refraction using the high-intensity source. Zinc oxide has been deposited on p-type silicon substrate using sol–gel techniques with various substrate temperature of room temperature (RT), 300 °C, and 500 °C. The samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. And the deposited zinc oxide film shows hexagonal wurtzite structure and the lattice parameters change with substrate temperature. Surface morphology of Zinc oxide thin film samples are analysed using FE-SEM and branching like urchin morphology is observed and the size of rods and crystallites of thin films increases, when temperature is varied. A pulsed laser beam having a wavelength of 532 nm has been used as the excitation source. Reflective Z-scan (RZ-scan) technique of open aperture was performed, since zinc oxide thin film samples are opaque. Normalized reflectance is fitted to experimental data to calculate nonlinear reflective index, n2 of the sample and the values of n2 estimated for room temperature (RT), 300 °C, and 500 °C are 1.5 × 10–9 cm2/W, 2.9 × 10–9 cm2/W and 25.3 × 10–9 cm2/W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co1–xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) cobalt zinc nanoferrites (CZF) nanoparticles were created in this study utilizing the auto-ignition procedure with citric acid as an oxidizing agent. Following thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis, the prepared Co1–xZnxFe2O4 powder was sintered at 1000°C for 4 h. The single-phase cubic structure of Co-Zn ferrite nanoparticles was described by X-ray diffraction studies, and its outcomes show particle size fluctuation. Fourier transform infrared spectra show that phase formation occurred. Due to the ferrite samples, scanning electron microscope images demonstrate the aggregation of spherical grains. Peaks of the corresponding components Co, Zn, Fe and O were seen in the energy dispersive X-ray spectra, indicating the production of cobalt zinc ferrite. By employing a vibrating sample magnetometer to evaluate the magnetic characteristics of the ferrite output, soft ferrite material was found to be present. The range 58.55–74.46 nm is discovered to be the average crystallite size of the ferrite nanoparticles produced by field emission-scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy elaborates clustering of grains. With increase in Zn content in cobalt zinc ferrite nanoparticles, hysteresis loops were shown to be modified for magnetic characteristics, which include Ms, Mr, Hc and Mr/Ms. CZF nanoferrites can be employed in microwave devices because of their dielectric properties, i.e., the tangent loss is lower at high frequencies. Co0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4 exhibits surprisingly high dielectric permittivity with small dielectric loss and can be exploited for power storage at high frequencies. These results indicate CZF as a promising nanomaterial with unique technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) is a second‐generation platelet concentrate with multiple applications in wound healing and regeneration in both periodontitis and diabetes. However, the three dimensional (3‐D) structure and cytokine content of PRF might be altered in patients suffering from either/both of the chronic inflammatory conditions, ultimately influencing the efficacy of PRF as a biomaterial for regenerative medicine. Aim: The aim of the present study was hence to evaluate the effect of both these chronic inflammatory diseases on the 3‐D structure of PRF membrane. An attempt was also made to compare the growth factor content between the plasma and RBC ends of the prepared PRF gel. Materials & Methods: L‐PRF was prepared for twenty participants, healthy (5), periodontitis (5), T2DM (5) and T2DM with periodontitis (5). Porosity and fiber diameter of PRF membranes was visualized under FE‐SEM and measured using ImageJ Software. PDGF‐BB and TGF‐β1 levels in PRF gel were assessed by ELISA. Results: The average diameter of fibrin fibers under FE‐SEM was 0.15 to 0.30 micrometers. Porosity was higher at the plasma end (p = 0.042). Red blood cell (RBC) end of the membrane had thinner fibers arranged in a comparatively more dense and compact structure with smaller porosities. Healthy subjects had the least porous PRF compared to subjects with either/both of the chronic conditions. PDGF‐BB levels were similar along all the four groups. TGF‐β1 levels were highest in healthy subjects. Discussion: 3‐D structure and growth factor content of PRF are influenced by a person's periodontal and/or diabetic status. The RBC end of the PRF membrane, as compared to the plasma end, has thinner fibers arranged in a comparatively more dense and compact structure with smaller porosities, and hence should be favored during periodontal regenerative procedures. Conclusion: Both periodontitis and diabetes have a significant influence on the 3‐D structure and growth factor content of PRF produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous production of agricultural waste has created major problems for polluting the environment. Current efforts are focused on developing cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives for disposal of waste materials. Agricultural wastes might be utilized as biochar and activated carbon (AC) precursors due to their higher carbon contents. In the present study, the activated carbon derived from corn cob biomass has been prepared successfully by the pyrolysis method at different temperatures i.e. 600 & 800 °C using potassium hydroxide activation. The synthesized materials (AC) were characterized using different techniques like X-ray diffraction, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. The FTIR study identified the functional groups and XRD analysis revealed the structure of the prepared material. The FE-SEM images showed that activation of biochar resulted into formation of porous activated carbon with various shapes and sizes of pores. The high surface area 575 m²/g and pore volume 0.291 cm³/g of AC at 800 °C temperature were observed with BET analysis. The optical band gap determined using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy indicates that the absorption edge lies in the ultra-violet region of the optical spectra. The findings of the present study highlight the potential of utilizing agro-wastes as effective precursors for producing activated carbon with minimal expenses. This carbon variant shows promise in various applications such as water purification, metal recovery, energy devices, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining soil structure and stability is essential, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with poor soil structural stability. Destruction of soil and its crust can cause wind erosion and desertification. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using hydrogel nanocomposite mulch on the stabilization of sand surfaces. A wind tunnel test was used to evaluate the erodibility of samples treated with different amounts of hydrogel nanocomposite. The compressive strength of the samples was measured by a manual penetrometer. The prepared nanocomposites were examined using scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) images. The results of the wind tunnel showed that the addition of hydrogel nanocomposite to the samples improved the soil erosion rate by 100% at a speed of 15 m/s compared to the control sample. Bonding between sand particles by spraying hydrogel nanocomposites improves the erodibility of sand. Measurement of mechanical strength of treated samples after 30 days showed that the resistance of the crust increased with increasing the amount of nanocellulose in the composite, which can be expressed due to the increased surface area of the nanoparticle and the possibility of further bonding of the nanocomposite polymer bed with sand particles. While the crust diameter showed no significant difference with increasing concentration and the sample treated with nanocomposites containing 3% nanoparticles was thicker compared to other samples.