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Abstract CSF1R is a receptor tyrosine kinase responsible for the growth/survival/polarization of macrophages and overexpressed in some AML patients. We hypothesized that a novel multi-kinase inhibitor (TKi), narazaciclib (HX301/ON123300), with high potency against CSF1R (IC50 ~ 0.285 nM), would have anti-AML effects. We tested this by confirming HX301’s high potency against CSF1R (IC50 ~ 0.285 nM), as well as other kinases, e.g. FLT3 (IC50 of ~ 19.77 nM) and CDK6 (0.53 nM). An in vitro proliferation assay showed that narazaciclib has a high growth inhibitory effect in cell cultures where CSF1R or mutant FLT3-ITD variants that may be proliferation drivers, including primary macrophages (IC50 of 72.5 nM) and a subset of AML lines (IC50

In this paper, an intelligent control method applying on numerical virtual flight is proposed. The proposed algorithm is verified and evaluated by combining with the case of the basic finner projectile model and shows a good application prospect. Firstly, a numerical virtual flight simulation model based on overlapping dynamic mesh technology is constructed. In order to verify the accuracy of the dynamic grid technology and the calculation of unsteady flow, a numerical simulation of the basic finner projectile without control is carried out. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experiment data which shows that the algorithm used in this paper can also be used in the design and evaluation of the intelligent controller in the numerical virtual flight simulation. Secondly, combined with the real-time control requirements of aerodynamic, attitude and displacement parameters of the projectile during the flight process, the numerical simulations of the basic finner projectile’s pitch channel are carried out under the traditional PID(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control strategy and the intelligent PID control strategy respectively. The intelligent PID controller based on BP(Back Propagation) neural network can realize online learning and self-optimization of control parameters according to the acquired real-time flight parameters. Compared with the traditional PID controller, the concerned control variable overshoot, rise time, transition time and steady state error and other performance indicators have been greatly improved, and the higher the learning efficiency or the inertia coefficient, the faster the system, the larger the overshoot, and the smaller the stability error. The intelligent control method applying on numerical virtual flight is capable of solving the complicated unsteady motion and flow with the intelligent PID control strategy and has a strong promotion to engineering application.

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the most promising method for the preparation of high-quality and large-area graphene films, especially the epitaxial growth of graphene on large-area single-crystal Cu foils. While single-crystal Cu foils are normally achieved by thermally annealing the commercial polycrystalline Cu foils, their size and therefore the size of graphene films grown on them are limited to the size of the reaction chamber. We report a simple and feasible method to prepare large-area Cu foils with decimeter grains by thermally annealing the rolled-up Cu foils, where the Cu layers are separated by thin porous carbon fiber cloths. The carbon fiber cloths prevent Cu layers from sticking to each other at high temperatures while do not block the gas transportation. In such a way, the utilization efficiency of the reaction chamber is significantly improved, e.g., 0.2 m × (1–2) m Cu foils can be processed even in a 5 cm diameter quartz tube chamber. High-quality graphene films grown on such Cu foils are then demonstrated. This method may be suitable for the annealing of other metal foils to enlarge grain size and the synthesis of other two-dimensional materials on them such as h-BN.

Receiving-end power grids are characterized by substantial loads and demand-side responsiveness. Considering demand-side response during energy storage allocation can reduce allocation capacity， thereby enhancing the economy and feasibility of the allocation. The paper focuses on energy storage within the receiving-end grid and introduces an energy storage allocation method that takes account of the grid’s demand-side response capacity. This method aims to analyze the potential for replacing energy storage with demand-side response. The optimal allocation of multiple energy storage is achieved by minimizing the storage allocation cost， cost of wind and solar PV generation curtailment， demand response compensation cost， and load shedding cost as the objective functions. The impact of demand-side response on energy storage capacity allocation is analyzed by controlling the capacity and pricing parameters of demand-side response. It is revealed through a numerical analysis that the demand-side response plays a significant role in substituting lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage， and that the pricing parameter of demand-side response exerts a more substantial impact on energy storage capacity allocation.

The aim of this study is to understand the American public’s attitudes toward the annual coronavirus disease booster vaccination, administered beginning in the fall of 2023. The authors carried out a national survey in the spring of 2023, with 40 percent of respondents saying that they are “very likely” to receive the regular booster when it becomes available. Several underlying predictors are identified through structural equation modeling analyses. People with more vaccine takers in their social circles, greater trust in others, higher approval of President Biden’s performance, and greater perceived risk of the pandemic are more likely to receive regular boosters. The social network has the most considerable influence, with the largest coefficient size after comparing all standardized coefficients. The effect of trust is enhanced through social networks, and there is a combined effect of President Biden’s approval and risk perception. These findings contribute to the literature and have policy implications for leveraging interventions and optimizing the vaccination campaign.

Conventional meta-atom designs rely heavily on researchers’ prior knowledge and trial-and-error searches using full-wave simulations, resulting in time-consuming and inefficient processes. Inverse design methods based on optimization algorithms, such as evolutionary algorithms, and topological optimizations, have been introduced to design metamaterials. However, none of these algorithms are general enough to fulfill multi-objective tasks. Recently, deep learning methods represented by generative adversarial networks (GANs) have been applied to inverse design of metamaterials, which can directly generate high-degree-of-freedom meta-atoms based on S-parameters requirements. However, the adversarial training process of GANs makes the network unstable and results in high modeling costs. This paper proposes a novel metamaterial inverse design method based on the diffusion probability theory. By learning the Markov process that transforms the original structure into a Gaussian distribution, the proposed method can gradually remove the noise starting from the Gaussian distribution and generate new high-degree-of-freedom meta-atoms that meet S-parameters conditions, which avoids the model instability introduced by the adversarial training process of GANs and ensures more accurate and high-quality generation results. Experiments have proven that our method is superior to representative methods of GANs in terms of model convergence speed, generation accuracy, and quality.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought an unprecedented impact on Americans for over three years. One effective strategy to mitigate the pandemic’s damage lies in the vaccine. This study aims to investigate the effects of state-level predictors that vary month-by-month on changes in vaccination rates. Panel data of state-level indicators are built for all 50 states from April 2021 to January 2022. The dependent variable is the monthly increase in vaccination rate, and the independent variables include measures of Biden’s approval, inflation, economic recovery, and COVID-19 mortality for each month of this study period. Fixed-effects regression is adopted for longitudinal statistical estimation. Findings show that over time Biden’s approval and COVID-19 death are positively associated with the growth in the vaccination rate, while inflation and economic recovery are negatively associated with the vaccination rate. Significant interactions are identified among these predictors. The findings from analyzing panel indicators at the state level complement the current literature dominated by examining cross-sectional data and provide public health officials with fresh insights to promote the vaccine rollout.

Highlights Systematic summary of ligand engineering in Sn-based perovskite solar cells at the molecular level (oxidation-suppression), crystal structural level (bulk-defect passivation and crystal orientation optimization), and film level (film stability). The classification and composition of ligand engineering in the review are the same as the actual preparation process, which will help researchers to understand the role of ligands in combination with the actual experiment process. Description of ligands focuses on the function of each functional group; the relevant conclusion can be universal.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a widely expressed cation channel that plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. However, most TRPV4 drugs carry a risk of side effects. Moreover, existing screening methods are not suitable for the high-throughput screening (HTS) of drugs. In this study, a cell model and HTS method for targeting TRPV4 channel drugs were established based on a calcium-activated chloride channel protein 1 Anoctamin 1 (ANO1) and a double mutant (YFP-H148Q/I152L) of the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Patch-clamp experiments and fluorescence quenching kinetic experiments were used to verify that the model could sensitively detect changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The functionality of the TRPV4 cell model was examined through temperature variations and different concentrations of TRPV4 modulators, and the performance of the model in HTS was also evaluated. The model was able to sensitively detect changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and also excelled at screening TRPV4 drugs, and the model was more suitable for HTS. We successfully constructed a drug cell screening model targeting the TRPV4 channel, which provides a tool to study the pathophysiological functions of TRPV4 in vitro.

BackgroundResearch examining online health communities suggests that individuals affected by chronic health conditions can obtain valuable information and social support through participation in peer-to-peer web-based information exchanges, including information sharing and seeking behaviors. The risks and rewards of these same behaviors in the case of acute illnesses, such as COVID-19, are less well understood, though there is reason to believe that individuals with COVID-19 and other acute illnesses may accrue similar benefits. ObjectiveThis study examines the propensity of American adults to disclose and discuss their COVID-19 diagnosis and symptoms on social media while actively infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as to engage in peer-to-peer information seeking in order to better understand the illness that they are experiencing. Additionally, this study seeks to identify the motivations for these behaviors as well as their subsequent impacts on perceived social connectedness and health anxiety in patients with COVID-19. MethodsWe conducted a representative survey of 2500 US-based adults using a sample purchased through an industry-leading market research provider. Participants were selected through a stratified quota sampling approach to ensure a representative sample of the US population. Balanced quotas were determined (by region of the country) for gender, age, race, ethnicity, and political affiliation. Responses were analyzed from 946 participants who reported having an active social media account and testing positive for COVID-19 at least once since the start of the pandemic. ResultsThe results show that only a small portion of social media users (166/946, 18%) chose to disclose and discuss their COVID-19 diagnosis while infected with the virus. However, among those who did, an overwhelming majority (206/251, 82%) said that doing so helped them feel more connected and supported while infected with the virus. A larger percentage of the 946 respondents (n=319, 34%) engaged in peer-to-peer information seeking while infected with COVID-19. Among those who did, a large majority (301/319, 94%) said that doing so was “helpful,” but more than one-third (115/319, 36%) said that reading about other people’s experiences made them “more worried” about having COVID-19, while 33% (108/319) said that it made them “less worried.” Illness severity and political affiliation were significant predictors of both information sharing and seeking. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the benefits (and risks) associated with online health communities are germane to patients with acute illnesses such as COVID-19. It is recommended that public health officials and health care providers take a proactive approach to cultivating professionally moderated forums supporting peer-to-peer engagement during future outbreaks of COVID-19 and other acute illnesses in order to improve patient outcomes and promote social support and connectedness among infected patients.

The recently adopted Ascon standard by NIST offers a lightweight authenticated encryption algorithm for use in resource-constrained cryptographic devices. To help assess side-channel attack risks of Ascon implementations, we present the first template attack based on analyzing power traces, recorded from an STM32F303 microcontroller board running Weatherley’s 32-bit implementations of Ascon-128. Our analysis combines a fragment template attack with belief-propagation and key-enumeration techniques. The main results are three-fold: (1) we reached 100% success rate from a single trace if the C compiler optimized the unmasked implementation for space, (2) the success rate was about 95% after three traces if the compiler optimized instead for time, and (3) we also attacked a masked version, where the success rate was over 90% with 20 traces of executions with the same key, all after enumerating up to 224 key candidates. These results show that suitably-designed template attacks can pose a real threat to Ascon implementations, even if protected by first-order masking, but we also learnt how some differences in programming style, and even compiler optimization settings, can significantly affect the result.

Highlights 4-Terminal inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells were made by using semi-transparent inorganic perovskite solar cells and narrow-bandgap organic solar cells as the sub-cells, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 22.34%, which is the highest efficiency for inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells. Inorganic perovskite solar cells made by drop-coating (self-spreading) gave much higher power conversion efficiency than the cells made by spin-coating, enabling perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with higher efficiency.

Objective To explore the effects of long noncoding-RNA (lncRNA) taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) on the proliferation and osteogenic/odontoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methods hDPSCs were isolated and cultured. The surface antigens CD44, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD133 and STRO-1 were detected by flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to identify the ability of cells to differentiate. RNA was collected on Days 0, 7 and 14 of the osteogenic induction of hDPSCs, and qRT-PCR was used to detect the relative expression of TUG1. The hDPSCs were stably transfected with a lentiviral vector containing the TUG1-silenced pSLenti-U6-shRNA(TUG1)-CMV-EGFP-F2A-Puro-WPRE to silence TUG1. The ability of hDPSCs to proliferate was assessed with the CCK-8 method. ALP and alizarin red staining and quantitative detection were used to detect the ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules of hDPSCs. The expression levels of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), Runt-associated transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) genes and proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Results The hDPSCs were successfully isolated and cultured, and TUG1 expression was significantly increased during osteogenic differentiation (P

Based on panel data of 286 prefecture-level cities in China, this study analyzes the direct impact of environmental regulation and its classified policies on green development, while exploring the indirect effects and threshold effects of technological innovation in the green development effect of environmental regulation. There are four main findings in this study. 1) The impact of environmental regulation on green development follows a U shaped pattern and its mode varies with the type of environmental regulation and the type of cities. 2) Environmental regulation can promote green development through technological innovation, and the industrial structure has a positive moderating effect. 3) Technological innovation is a threshold variable in the impact of environmental regulation on green development: when technological innovation surpasses the threshold value, the green development effect of environmental regulation changes from negative to positive. Therefore, governments should strengthen environmental regulation, effectively play the driving role of different environmental regulation policies, and transform the development driving force through strengthened technological innovation to achieve regional green development.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which re-emerged in China in 2010, has caused severe economic losses to the global pig industry. In this study, a PEDV strain, designated PEDV WMB, was isolated from piglets with severe diarrhea on a pig farm in Henan Province of China. Whole-genome sequencing and analysis revealed that the PEDV WMB strain belongs to subtype G2c and has a unique continuous mutation in the S10 antigenic epitope of the S protein. Moreover, the virus-neutralization (VN) test indicated that polyclonal antibodies against the S10 protein of other G1 and G2 strains showed reduced VN reactivity to PEDV WMB. The pathogenicity of PEDV WMB was further investigated in 3 day-old piglets. PEDV infection-related clinical symptoms and morphological lesions were observed and confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination (IHC). These results illustrated that continuous mutation of the S10 epitope might affect the immunogenicity or pathogenicity of PEDV, providing evidence of the need to monitor the genetic diversity of the virus and develop effective measures to prevent and control PEDV.

Abstract Functional additives have recently been regarded as emerging candidates to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, nicotinamide (N), 2‐chloronicotinamide (2Cl), and 6‐chloronicotinamide (6Cl) were employed as O‐ligands to facilitate the deposition of MAPbI3 (MA = methylammonium) and MA‐free FA0.88Cs0.12PbI2.64Br0.36 (FA = formamidinium) perovskite films by multifunctional anchoring. By density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements, it is identified that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level for additive modified MAPbI3 perovskite could reduce the voltage deficit for hole extraction. Moreover, due to the most favorable charge distribution and significant improvements in charge mobility and defect passivation, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2Cl‐MAPbI3 PSCs was significantly improved from 19.32% to 21.12%. More importantly, the two‐dimensional grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) analysis showed that PbI2 defects were effectively suppressed and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy demonstrated that the trap‐assisted recombination at grain boundaries was effectively inhibited in the 2Cl‐MA‐free film. As a result, the thermally stable 2Cl‐MA‐free PSCs achieved a remarkable PCE of 23.13% with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.164 V and an ultrahigh fill factor (FF) of 85.7%. Our work offers a practical strategy for further commercializing stable and efficient PSCs.

Wild type (WT) animals cannot be used to objectively assess the immunogenicity of animal tissue-derived biomaterials when used as recipients due to difference with human in α-Gal expression. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences of immunological responses between the GGTA1 gene-knockout (GTKO) rabbits and WT rabbits after implantation with animal tissue-derived biomaterials. The porcine-derived decellularized bone matrix (natural bone material, NBM) and fresh porcine cancellous bone (PCB) were implanted in GTKO rabbits and WT rabbits, respectively, and sham operation was used as control (Con). At 2- and 6-week post-implantation, the related immunological items including antibody levels, serum-mediated cell lysis, cytokines, lymphocyte subtypes, and histopathological changes were assessed.GTKO rabbits exhibited more sensitive immune responses than WT rabbits after PCB implantation, resulted from a significant increase of antibodies (except total antibodies) and cytokines levels, cell lysis ratios, CD4/CD8 proportions, and inflammatory cells infiltration. Immunological factors and inflammatory cells infiltrate in GTKO rabbits after NBM implantation were significantly lower than those in the PCB group. Among the three groups, the NBM group showed the highest contents of new bone formation elements.In conclusion, the GTKO rabbit is a more sensitive alternative model than WT rabbit for preclinical study of xenografts via in situ implantation. Studies on multiple gene-edited animals are also necessary for more comprehensively evaluating xenoimmunologen risks of animal tissue-derived biomaterials in the future. Additionally, the immunogenicity of NBM was remarkably decreased compared to PCB.

Objective: To explore the association between vitamin A (vit A) status and risk of asthma.Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library were electronically searched to identify related studies that reported the association between vit A status and asthma. All databases were searched from inception to November 2022. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed risk bias of included studies. Meta-analysis was performed on R software Version 4.1.2 and STATA Version 12.0.Results: A total of 19 observational studies were included. A pooled analysis showed that the serum vit A concentrations in patients with asthma was lower than that in healthy controls (standard mean difference (SMD)= −2.479, 95% confidence interval (CI): −3.719, −.239, 95% prediction interval (PI): −7.510, 2.552), and relatively higher vit A intake in pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of asthma at age 7 years (risk ratio (RR)= 1.181, 95% CI: 1.048, 1.331). No significant correlation was observed between serum vit A levels or vit A intake and the risk of asthma.Conclusion: Our meta-analysis confirms that serum vit A levels are lower in patients with asthma than in healthy controls. Relatively higher vit A intake during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of asthma at age 7 years. There is no significant correlation between vit A intake and asthma risk in children, nor between serum vit A levels and asthma risk. The effect of vit A may depend on age or developmental stage, diet and genetics. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the association of vit A and asthma.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/CRD42022358930, identifier CRD42022358930

Promoting the low-carbon development of the electricity market is the key to controlling CO2 emissions and achieving carbon neutrality in China. It requires the coordinated development between investment and carbon emissions in the electricity industry. Based on the panel data on electricity investment and carbon emissions from 2000 to 2019, this study systematically explains the coupling coordination mechanism between electricity investment and carbon emissions. We use the coupling coordination model to calculate the coupling coordination degree of each province. Then, the research uses the GM (1, 1) model to predict the coupling coordination development from 2020 to 2030. The study finds that the development of China’s electricity industry is in good shape. Although the coupling coordination degree has entered barely or primary coordination in most provinces, there are certain fluctuations in recent years; there are spatial differences in coupling and coordinated development among regions: the central region has a high coupling coordination degree, while the eastern and northeastern regions are relatively lagging behind. In the next 10 years, the coupling coordination degree will continue to grow, and all regions will reach the primary coordination. Among them, the central region will reach the intermediate coordination.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist, the mechanism of action is to inhibit DNA synthesis, repair and cell proliferation by decreasing the activities of several folate-dependent enzymes. It is widely used as a chemotherapy drug for children and adults with malignant tumors. High-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) is an effective treatment for extramedullary infiltration and systemic consolidation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, significant toxicity results in most patients treated with HD-MTX, which limits its use. HD-MTX-induced toxicity is heterogeneous, and this heterogeneity may be related to gene polymorphisms in related enzymes of the MTX intracellular metabolic pathway. To gain a deeper understanding of the differences in toxicity induced by HD-MTX in individuals, the present review examines the correlation between HD-MTX-induced toxicity and the gene polymorphisms of related enzymes in the MTX metabolic pathway in ALL. In this review, we conclude that only the association of SLCO1B1 and ARID5B gene polymorphisms with plasma levels of MTX and MTX-related toxicity is clearly described. These results suggest that SLCO1B1 and ARID5B gene polymorphisms should be evaluated before HD-MTX treatment. In addition, considering factors such as age and race, the other exact predictor of MTX induced toxicity in ALL needs to be further determined.

In order to investigate the impact of green energy technology on the environmental sustainability of China, take the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example, this paper first calculates the per capita ecological footprint (ef), ecological carrying capacity (ec) and ecological deficit (ed) of China and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 1990 to 2019 by using the ecological footprint (EF) model, and then uses an expanded STIRPAT model and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression to explore the impact and importance of green energy technology on EF in China and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. It is found that the ec of China and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is much lower than that of the ef from 1990 to 2019. It is always in the state of ecological deficit, and the sustainable development is faced with severe challenges. Progress in green energy technology can significantly reduce the EF of China and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The importance of each factor on the EF of China and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is different. The degree of dependence on foreign trade and urbanization rate are important influencing factors of Beijing’s EF. Urbanization rate, per capita GDP, population size, energy consumption per unit GDP and built-up area are the important influencing factors of EF in Tianjin and Hebei. Therefore, to reduce the EF of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, it is necessary to accelerate the progress of green energy technology, develop compact ecological city and change people’s consumption patterns.

C13H9ClN2O4, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 11.1882(11) Å, b = 8.0672(8) Å, c = 14.0813(15) Å, β = 94.084(2)°, V = 1267.7(2) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0427, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1104, T = 296(2) K.

The growth of green-oriented businesses for sustainable development (SD) is no longer optional in the current dynamic world, especially for manufacturing businesses in general. Accordingly, the present study investigates the interlinkages between green organizational strategy (GOS), environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR), and organizational sustainable performance (OSP) by exploring the key mediating role of green technology innovation (GTI). This study uses a quantitative method to gather data from Chinese manufacturing industries, employing a well-structured questionnaire. Senior and middle-level managers were the intended respondents. From the primary survey, 264 valid responses were gathered. The final data were analyzed using SmartPLS (version 3.3.9) by adopting structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the associations between the targeted constructs, and the results add to the recent literature by offering a cohesive model of GOS, ECSR, GTI, and OSP. The findings revealed that GOS has a strong positive effect on ECSR, GTI, and OSP. Further, ECSR has a strong positive impact on GTI and OSP. Meanwhile, GTI is a key mediating variable in these relationships, which previous studies have not explored. This study innovatively integrates the three green traits, namely, GOS, ECSR, and GTI, into a comprehensive model that is understudied in existing literature in order to help businesses improve their sustainable competitive advantage. The ultimate aim is to help businesses improve their environmental performance and achieve solid sustainability over the long term.

In order to examine the key determinants of carbon dioxide emissions and judge whether China’s carbon dioxide emissions can reach their peak value before 2030, this study first uses the extended STIRPAT model to analyze the determinants of China’s carbon dioxide emissions from 1995 to 2019 and then uses the model regression result to forecast the carbon dioxide emissions from 2020 to 2040 under six scenarios to investigate their prospect. It is found that population size, GDP per capita, energy intensity, the share of coal consumption, urbanization level, the share of secondary industry, and investment have significant positive effects on carbon dioxide emissions. Among them, the influence of population size is the biggest and energy intensity is the weakest. China’s carbon dioxide emissions can reach their peak in 2029 under the baseline scenario. Increasing the rate of population growth, energy intensity, and share of coal consumption will push back the peak year. A lower rate of economic growth and share of the secondary industry will bring the peak year forward. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the industrial structure and energy consumption structure, reduce the energy intensity, and control the population size in order to achieve the goal of peaking carbon dioxide emissions as soon as possible.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed a great challenge to the development of China's airline industry. Although the existing literature has analyzed the economic impact of the pandemic on the airline industry from different perspectives, it remains to be further studied given the operating characteristics of different types of airlines in China.MethodsUsing a new perspective of heterogeneous airline service models, this study collects high-frequency data on stock prices on six sample airline companies (including both full-service airlines and low-cost airlines) in China over 519 trading days, from August 1, 2019 to September 15, 2021, and identifies structural change points for each company's stock price using the Quandt-Andrews test. The outcome is used to construct an econometric model to quantify the economic impact of the pandemic on different airlines' stock prices under different structural changes.ResultsAll results have passed the Quandt-Andrews test. The impact coefficient of full-service airlines is negative, while that of low-cost airlines is positive. Most of them have passed the test at the significance level of 10%.ConclusionsAll Chinese airlines experienced significant sudden changes in stock prices due to the pandemic, but there are sectoral differences in the order of the sudden changes, with full-service airlines experiencing structural changes much earlier than low-cost airlines. In addition, the impact of the pandemic on stock prices varies across airline types, with a negative impact on full-service airlines and a significant positive effect on most low-cost airlines.

Screening high nitrogen (N) efficiency crops is crucial to utilize resources rationally and reduce N losses. In this research, the biomass, morphological and N-related parameters of 28 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars were assessed at seedling stage. Then, we selected representative materials to compare the changes in stem-leaf dry weight (SDW), total root length (RL) and plant N accumulation (PNA) during whole period. Lastly, we analyzed the expressions of NRT2 and AMT1 genes of alfalfa cultivars. The correlation coefficients between SDW, PDW, RL, RV, SNA, RNA, and PNA were all in the range of 0.522∼0.996. The coefficient of variations of SDW, PDW, RL, RV, SNA and PNA were all more than 20% under low and medium N levels. Though the comprehensive evaluation and cluster analysis, the comprehensive value of LW6010, Gannong NO.5, Longmu 806, Giant 2, Giant 601, Zhaodong, Crown were greater than 0.5 under low and medium N levels; the comprehensive value of Gannong NO.3, Gannong NO.4, Xinjiangdaye, Xinmu NO.1 were less than 0.5 under low N level, but were greater than 0.5 under medium N level. The comprehensive value of Gannong NO.7 Gannong NO.9, Longmu 801, Gongnong NO.3, Elite, Sadie 10, Giant 551 were greater than 0.5 under low N level, but were lesser than 0.5 under medium N level; and those of Longdong, Gannong NO.8, Gongnong NO.1, Reindee, Goldqueen, Weston, Tourists, Giant 6, Algonquin, Sadie 7 were lesser than 0.5 under low and medium N levels. Four N efficiency types of alfalfa cultivars were classified: (1) Very efficient; (2) Efficient; (3) Anti-efficient; and (4) Inefficient.The SDW, RL and PNA of LW6010 were higher than Longdong in each growth period. The expressions of NRT2 and AMT1 genes were highest for LW6010, and lowest for Longdong. So, N efficiency parameters assessed at seedling stage include: SDW, PDW, RL, RV, SNA and PNA. We developed new classification system of N efficiency types of alfalfa cultivars. It proved its effectiveness on 28 alfalfa in China.

Increasing attention has been paid to the safety and efficiency of batteries due to the rapid development and widespread use of electric vehicles. Solid-state batteries have the advantages of good safety, high energy density, and strong cycle performance, and are recognized as the next generation of power batteries. However, solid-state batteries generate large stress changes due to the volume change of electrode materials during cycling, resulting in pulverization and exfoliation of active materials, fracture of solid-electrolyte interface films, and development of internal cracks in solid electrolytes. As a consequence, the cycle performance of the battery is degraded, or even a short circuit can occur. Therefore, it is important to study the stress changes of solid-state batteries or electrode materials during cycling. This review presents a current overview of chemo-mechanical characterization techniques applied to solid-state batteries and experimental setups. Moreover, some methods to improve the mechanical properties by changing the composition or structure of the electrode materials are also summarized. This review aims to highlight the impact of the stress generated inside solid-state batteries and summarizes a part of the research methods used to study the stress of solid-state batteries, which help improve the design level of solid-state batteries, thereby improving battery performance and safety.

The objective of this study was to explore the genetic parameters of conformation traits and milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cattle and to provide a reference for dairy cattle breeding. We collected the phenotypic data of 23 conformation traits and five milk production traits of Chinese Holsteins and used animal models to estimate the genetic parameters of conformation traits and milk production traits. The estimated heritability of conformation traits ranged from 0.11 (angularity) to 0.37 (heel depth) and the genetic correlation between conformation traits ranged from −0.73 (bone quality and rear leg-rear view) to 0.76 (chest width and loin strength). The heritability of milk production traits ranged from 0.23 (somatic cell score) to 0.50 (305-d milk yield). The estimated values of genetic correlation between conformation traits and milk production traits ranged from −0.56 (heel depth and 305-d milk yield) to 0.57 (udder texture and milk fat percentage). There was a positive genetic correlation between most conformation traits and milk fat percentage, but a weak negative genetic correlation with milk yield. Strengthening the moderately and highly heritable milk production and conformation traits, especially the selection of rear udder traits and body shape total score, will be beneficial in improving the performance of dairy cows.

TEM, DSC and other techniques were used to characterize the heating aging precipitation behavior of 7050 aluminum alloy under compression pre-deformation conditions, and the influence law and mechanism of pre-deformation on heating aging precipitation were investigated. The results show that 7050 aluminum alloy can obtain excellent strength and corrosion resistance after pre-deformation heating aging, which can significantly shorten time and reduce energy consumption compared with traditional aging process. The pre-deformation greatly promotes the aging precipitation of 7050 aluminum alloy. The precipitate size increases rapidly as the increase of deformation during the same heating aging process, and its size distribution range increases rapidly too. The pre-deformation during heating aging process not only reduces the phase transformation activation energy of η' and η phases of 7050 aluminum alloy, but also accelerates the diffusion of solute atoms, which intensifies the Ostwald ripening and promotes the growth of precipitates. The calculation results show that the phase transformation activation energy of 7050 aluminum alloy gradually decreases with the increase of deformation. When the deformation amount increases from 0% to 18%, the phase transition activ-ation energy of η' and η phases decreases from 116.0 kJ/mol to 101.7 kJ/mol and 120.8 kJ/mol to 107.5 kJ/mol, respectively.

Summary: Hybrid lead halide ABX3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a strong competitor to the traditional solar cells with a certified power conversion efficiency beyond 25% and other remarkable features such as light weight, solution processability, and low manufacturing cost. Further development on the efficiency and stability brings forth increasing attention in the component regulation, such as partial or entire substitution of A/B/X sites by alternative elements with similar size. However, the relationships between composition, property, and performance are poorly understood. Here, the instability of PSCs from the photon-, moisture-, thermal-, and mechanical-induced degradation was first summarized and discussed. In addition, the component regulation from the A/X sites is highlighted from the aspects of band level alignment, charge-carrier dynamics, ion migration, crystallization behavior, residual strain, stoichiometry, and dimensionality control. Finally, the perspectives and future outlooks are highlighted to guide the rational design and practical application of PSCs.

Abstract The intrinsic phase instability of CsPbI2Br perovskite hinders its development and application in solar cells. Herein, we adopt 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6), a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL), to improve the phase stability of CsPbI2Br. Density functional theory calculation reveals that the formation energy of CsPbI2Br with BMIMPF6 is reduced, thereby restraining the [PbX6]4− octahedral tilting. The reduced structural distortion and relaxed lattice strain result in improved phase stability of CsPbI2Br. In addition, the interfacial dipole moment increases after introducing BMIMPF6, which facilitates the charge transfer. Consequently, the CsPbI2Br solar cells with BMIMPF6 deliver a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.2% along with excellent stability. The unencapsulated devices with BMIMPF6 maintain 98.9%, 88.6%, and 99.5% of the initial PCEs after 1200 h storage in N2, 1000 h storage in air (30% relative humidity), and 200 thermal cycles (25–100°C), respectively.

As the major pathogen for porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is no longer treated as an emerging virus anymore. The wide distribution of PCV2 infection in China causes huge economic losses in the swine industry. Currently, it is generally believed that PCV2 has eight genotypes (PCV2a to PCV2h), with PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d being widely distributed. To comprehensively explore the genetic diversity and prevalence of PCV2 in China, PCV-2 sequences submitted from China in the GenBank database were retrieved. With a total of 714 PCV2 strains were retrieved, we found that early-submitted PCV2 sequences were mainly collected from coastal provinces in the southeast part of China, which may indicate PCV2 was initially circulating in those regions. From 2002 to 2008, PCV2b was the dominant prevalent genotype in those retrieved sequences. From 2009, PCV2d became the dominant genotype in those sequences, dropping a hint that a potential shift of PCV2b to PCV2d might occur in 2009, which is similar to the patterns at the global level. In addition to the PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d genotypes, novel strains were also characterized. We further revealed that the amino acid sequences consistency of PCV2a Cap is higher than those in other genotypes. Together, this study provided clues for the possible prevalent genotypes and dynamics of genetic diversity in China from 2000 to 2019.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy worldwide in urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Since Velcade (bortezomib) was approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM in 2003, we have seen considerable improvement in extending MM patient survival. However, most patients are fraught with high recurrence rate and incurability. Acupuncture is known for alleviating patient symptoms and improving the quality of life, but it is not well investigated in MM, especially in combination with bortezomib. In this study, we employed LC-MS and UHPLC-MS together with bioinformatics methods to test serum samples from 5TMM3VT MM murine model mice with four different treatments [control (C) group, bortezomib (V) treatment group, acupuncture (A) group, and combined (VA) group]. MM mice in group VA had longer survival time than mice in group A or group V. Joint pathway analysis indicated the underlying arginine and proline metabolism pathway among the 32 significantly decreased metabolites in group VA. CCK-8 assay and in vivo experiments validated that ornithine, the metabolite of arginine, promoted MM cell proliferation. In addition, gene expression omnibus (GEO) database analysis suggested that MM patients with higher ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1) expression were evidently associated with poor overall survival. In summary, this study demonstrates the synergistic effects of acupuncture and bortezomib on extending the survival of MM model mice and provides potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of MM.

Abstract Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently been considered as one of the most competitive contenders to commercial silicon solar cells in the photovoltaic field. The deposition process of a perovskite film is one of the most critical factors affecting the quality of the film formation and the photovoltaic performance. A hot-casting technique has been widely implemented to deposit high-quality perovskite films with large grain size, uniform thickness, and preferred crystalline orientation. In this review, we first review the classical nucleation and crystal growth theory and discuss those factors affecting the hot-casted perovskite film formation. Meanwhile, the effects of the deposition parameters such as temperature, thermal annealing, precursor chemistry, and atmosphere on the preparation of high-quality perovskite films and high-efficiency PSC devices are comprehensively discussed. The excellent stability of hot-casted perovskite films and integration with scalable deposition technology are conducive to the commercialization of PSCs. Finally, some open questions and future perspectives on the maturity of this technology toward the upscaling deposition of perovskite film for related optoelectronic devices are presented.

Objective To investigate the role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoblastic differentiation of porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PVICs). Methods In vitro cultured PVICs were treated with LPS (4 μg/mL) to induce their osteogenic differentiation, and early and late osteogenic differentiation abilities of the cells were assessed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin red S staining. The expression levels of Runx2, OPN and OCN mRNAs in the cells were detected using RT-qPCR, and those of TGF-β1, TGF-βR, Bax, Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 proteins were determined using Western blotting. Results In cultured PVICs, LPS treatment significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, deposition of calcium salts, and the expression levels of Runx2, OPN and OCN mRNA (P < 0.01). In addition to the increase of the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers, the protein expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βR, Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 were also significantly increased in LPS-treated PVICs (P < 0.05); treatment with PD98059, a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor, significantly abolished LPS-induced increase in the protein expression of ERK1/2, Bax, and Runx2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion LPS induces osteoblastic differentiation of PVICs probably by activating TGF-β1/Smads and ERK signaling pathways.

Thermal buckling of subsea pipelines often occurs and seriously threatens pipeline safety. The spherical detector (SD) can realize quasi real-time detection of pipeline buckling owing to its low blockage risk and convenient launch-retrieval deployment. Vertical buckling can be judged by the rolling speed of the SD, while lateral buckling can only be judged by the interior magnetic fields. However, irregular magnetic remanence of the pipeline seriously hinders the magnetic detection of lateral buckling. To against this problem, this paper proposes a method of detecting the lateral pipeline buckling via demagnetization and interior magnetic measurement. It is experimentally demonstrated that demagnetization can remove most of the remanence of the pipeline and make the interior magnetic fields more regular and uniform; After the pipe is demagnetized, both severe and weak lateral bucklings can be sensitively indicated by the single or double peaks of the interior magnetic fields measured by the SD. The interior magnetic fields are also experimentally demonstrated capable of indicating the first and recurring weak buckling through comparing with the previous detection data.