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To accurately describe operational electric vehicle (EV) drivers' irrational charging decision-making behaviors, a decision-making model for charging of operational EVs based on adapted cumulated prospect theory (ACPT) is established. Firstly, considering factors including arriving time, battery power remaining and psychological safety electricity, the charging demand models according to different mixes of peak and valley electricity tariffs is constructed. Then, a variable heterogeneous reference point model for the risk-preference-based ACTP is proposed with consideration of drivers' differences in psychological perception of arriving time and battery power remaining. Finally, the charging decision is evaluated based on the cumulative prospect values of the operational EV. Simulations are implemented and the results show that under the premise of a psychologically safe power level, owners with weaker psychologically perceived value will charge in advance instead of delaying charging. By combining risk preference and psychologically perceived value, the charging decision-making model proposed by this paper can explain irrational decision-making behaviours of operational EV drivers more accurately.

An ionic liquid, namely [Betaine][H 2 PO 4 ], was found to be an efficient catalyst for the direct substitution reaction of xanthen-9-ol with different nucleophiles under solvent-free conditions. This catalytic system is easy to be operated and the following work-up procedure is simple, with the ionic liquid catalyst reusable for at least five cycles at a high catalytic activity level. In addition, the ionic liquid is easy to prepare and its raw materials are inexpensive and have good biocompatibility. Therefore, our study presents an intriguing and sustainable protocol for the direct substitution of alcohol., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)