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1. Multidimensional Poverty in Ethiopia : Changes in Overlapping Deprivations

Author

Ambel, Alemayehu, Mehta, Parendi, and Yigezu, Biratu

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE, TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS, SELF-ESTEEM, SOCIAL WELFARE, CHILDREN, CASH EARNINGS, FAMILIES, ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, MEASUREMENT, HEALTH CENTERS, FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, GENITAL MUTILATION, WATER SOURCES, POOR, POPULATION, WOMEN, WORKERS, URBAN WOMEN, ENROLMENT RATES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, HEALTH OUTCOMES, WELFARE MONITORING, DIETS, POPULATIONS, HEALTH, AGED, VIOLENCE, TELEVISION, GIRL CHILD, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, FEWER HOUSEHOLDS, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, SANITATION, RURAL POVERTY, BABIES, RURAL AREAS, HEALTH FACILITIES, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, PROGRESS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, MORTALITY, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, DRINKING WATER, FEMALE CIRCUMCISION, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY INDEX, CHILD MORBIDITY, DIMENSIONAL POVERTY, CLEAN WATER, LEVEL OF POVERTY, NUMBER OF WOMEN, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, REMOTE PLACES, INFANT, INEQUALITY, SKILLED HEALTH PERSONNEL, EDUCATION FOR GIRLS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, RURAL POPULATION, INFANT MORTALITY, SANITATION FACILITIES, ACCESS TO SANITATION, ANTENATAL CARE, URBAN POVERTY, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, CULTURAL PRACTICES, CLEAN DRINKING WATER, PHYSICAL HEALTH, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, FEMALE CHILDREN, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, CIRCUMCISION, POLICIES, POLICY, REGIONS, IMMUNIZATION, POVERTY ANALYSIS, PREGNANCY, HEALTH CARE, SAFE DRINKING WATER, NUTRITION, HYGIENE, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, POVERTY DATA, POLICY RESEARCH, REGION, POVERTY INDICATOR, MORBIDITY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PEOPLE, PRIMARY SCHOOL, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, REMOTE LOCATIONS, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, CROP LAND, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, RADIO, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, GENDER EQUALITY, SCHOOL HEALTH, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, RURAL, BIRTH ATTENDANTS, ANTENATAL VISITS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, HEALTH SERVICES, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, URBAN AREAS, CHILD MORTALITY, RURAL WOMEN, SCHOOLING, POVERTY RATE, HOSPITAL, RURAL POPULATIONS
Abstract

This paper presents trends in monetary and nonmonetary dimensions of wellbeing in Ethiopia using data from the Household Consumption and Expenditure and Welfare Monitoring surveys implemented in 2000, 2005, and 2011. The paper provides evidence on changes in overlapping deprivations using a non-index approach to multidimensional poverty. It assesses the performance of various dimensions in education, health, and living standards, taking one indicator at a time. It then examines the overlap between different dimensions of poverty and examines how this has changed over time in Ethiopia and across rural and urban areas. It highlights that although Ethiopia’s multidimensional poverty index is very high, there have been improvements in overlapping deprivations and, as a result, the number of individuals deprived in multiple dimensions has fallen.

Published
2015

2. The Local Socioeconomic Effects of Gold Mining : Evidence from Ghana

Author

Chuhan-Pole, Punam, Dabalen, Andrew L., Kotsadam, Andreas, Sanoh, Aly, and Tolonen, Anja

Subjects
INFANT MORTALITY RATES, RECREATION, LOCAL POPULATION, INFORMATION, INVESTMENT, MIGRANT, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, SCALE MINING, CHILD HEALTH, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT, SPILLOVER, POPULATION GROWTH, ACTIVE MINES, POPULATION, NATIONAL LEVEL, MIGRANTS, INCOME, OUTCOMES, LOCAL MINING COMMUNITIES, PRODUCTIVITY, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, WOMEN, URBANIZATION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, CHRONIC MALNUTRITION, MOTHER, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, HIGH POPULATION GROWTH, DISEASES, POPULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, MINES, WAR, STANDARDS, ORGANIZATIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FEWER HOUSEHOLDS, SEXUAL RISK, MARKETS, POPULATION CENSUS, SANITATION, POLLUTION, PRICES, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, WAGES, TRANSFERS, GOLD RUSH, FERTILITY, GOLD, GOLD MINES, MINING COMMUNITIES, INFANT HEALTH, PROGRESS, GOLD PRODUCTION, MINING SECTOR, PRODUCTION, LABOR MARKET, MINING ROYALTIES, NATURAL RESOURCE, INCOME INEQUALITY, MORTALITY, PMI, WORKSHOP, NATIONALS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, YOUNG CHILDREN, SUPPLY, RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, LIVING CONDITIONS, INFANT, ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT, RENTS, INFANT MORTALITY, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, MINERAL RESOURCES, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, LABOUR, LARGE-SCALE MINES, CITIZENS, MIDWIFE, MIDWIVES, ACCOUNTING, DISPLACEMENT, VALUE, SECURITY, RISK, WOMAN, CHILD LABOR, FOOD SECURITY, POLICIES, POLICY, HEALTH CARE, EFFECTS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, PRENATAL CARE, GENDER BIAS, RESPECT, FEWER PEOPLE, LARGE-SCALE MINING, SURVIVAL RATE, MIGRATION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POLYGAMY, ILLNESS, ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING, POLICY RESEARCH, MINING ACTIVITIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, MINING INDUSTRY, LIFETIME FERTILITY, MANAGEMENT, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, LABOR, LABOR MARKETS, WORKFORCE, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, GOLD MINE, MINING COMPANIES, RADIO, ECONOMICS, MARITAL STATUS, GOLD MINING, SUBSISTENCE FARMING, HIV, JOB CREATION, MOTIVATION, ANTENATAL VISITS, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, NATURAL RESOURCES, LABOR FORCE, URBAN AREAS, CHILD MORTALITY, MINING ACTIVITY, RESOURCE DEPENDENCE, MINERAL SECTOR, HUMAN WELFARE
Abstract

Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid expansion in industrial production. The paper uses a rich data set consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, and conducts two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence. The first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic footprint area very close to a mine; the second is a district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners and that women are more likely to gain from indirect employment opportunities in services, although these results are imprecisely measured. Long-established households gain access to infrastructure, such as electricity and radios. Migrants living close to mines are less likely to have access to electricity and the incidence of diarrheal diseases is higher among migrant children. Overall, however, infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities.

Published
2015

3. Good Jobs in Turkey

Author

Grun, Rebekka, Ridao-Cano, Cristobal, Immervoll, Herwig, Capar, Sinem, Levin, Victoria, Aran, Meltem, Gruen, Carola, Yener, Levent, and Cebeci, Tolga

Subjects
FARM EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENTRY BARRIERS, EXTERNALITIES, SEVERANCE PAY, EQUAL ACCESS, EMPLOYMENT, EXPORT MARKETS, CREATIVE DESTRUCTION, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET, POLICY MAKERS, EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, MINIMUM WAGES, DISMISSAL, NATIONAL LEVEL, UNEMPLOYMENT, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, WORKERS, URBANIZATION, INFORMAL SECTOR, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, OLDER AGE GROUPS, WAR, SERVICE SECTOR, FERTILITY RATES, RATE OF GROWTH, LABOR SUPPLY, INTEGRATION OF WOMEN, AGE GROUP, FEWER HOUSEHOLDS, WORKER, PUBLIC SERVICES, UNEMPLOYED, PEACE, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, FERTILITY, FIRM TURNOVER, RETIREMENT, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE, OLDER PEOPLE, HIGHER EDUCATION, MALE WORKERS, ELDERLY, YOUNG AGE, EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS, YOUNG CHILDREN, EMPLOYABILITY, PRODUCTIVE FIRMS, LIVING CONDITIONS, MINIMUM WAGE, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, EMPLOYEE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, LABOUR, YOUNG WOMEN, PARTICIPATION IN SOCIETY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SYSTEMS, EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITY, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, EMPLOYMENT LEVEL, TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES, RESPECT, SECONDARY SCHOOL, PRODUCTIVE LABOR, YOUNG WORKERS, FAMILY COMPOSITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, LABOR INTENSITY, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, EMPLOYMENT RATES, FEMALE LABOR, ADULT TRAINING PROGRAMS, LABOR MARKETS, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVE WORK, FORMAL LABOR MARKET, PARENTAL LEAVE, PRIVATE SECTOR JOB, PRODUCTIVE SECTOR, QUALITY OF CARE, PROTECTING WORKERS, URBAN MIGRATION, SUBSIDIZED LAND, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, OLDER WORKERS, RURAL WOMEN, WORKING HOURS, HUSBANDS, ADULT TRAINING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYERS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, PUBLIC SUPPORT, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, DRIVERS, FIRM SIZE, MIGRANTS, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL, HIRING, JOBS, NET JOB CREATION, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, OCCUPATION, EARLY RETIREMENT, SOCIAL CLASSES, CHILDREN PER WOMAN, LIVING STANDARDS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, TRAINING COURSE, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, URBAN WORKERS, BASIC EDUCATION, ELDERLY PEOPLE, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, EMPLOYMENT SITUATION, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, JOB TURNOVER, PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES, RURAL AREAS, MARRIED WOMEN, FERTILITY RATE, PRODUCTIVITY GAINS, AGE GROUPS, PROGRESS, LABOR MARKET, RURAL WORKERS, SOCIAL COHESION, PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, SEVERANCE PAYMENTS, TEMPORARY WORK, TERTIARY EDUCATION, LABOR MOBILITY, SOCIAL SECURITY, OLDER WOMEN, NON-WAGE COSTS, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, PRIVATE PROVIDERS, FAMILY MEMBERS, INNOVATION, UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, NEPOTISM, SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION, ACCOUNTING, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, WOMAN, SOCIAL MOBILITY, INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT, CREATING JOBS, NUMBER OF ADULTS, CHILD-CARE, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, NET EMPLOYMENT, FORMAL EDUCATION, URBAN CENTERS, FIRM PRODUCTIVITY, HUMAN CAPITAL, HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN, INSURANCE, CITIZEN, FIRM ENTRY, PRIVATE SECTOR, MIGRATION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, EMPLOYMENT LEVELS, MONOPOLIES, CHILD CARE, LIFELONG LEARNING, PUBLIC DEMAND, PRIMARY SCHOOL, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, SOCIAL BENEFITS, AGE CATEGORIES, JOB CREATION, MOTIVATION, LABOR FORCE, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR REALLOCATION, SKILLED WORKFORCE, AGE CATEGORY, URBAN AREAS, PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS, ACTIVE LABOR
Abstract

This joint study, by the World Bank and the Turkish Ministry of Development, explores the status and effects of good jobs in Turkey s current economy. After a brief account of economic events, it examines the relationship between growth and employment in Turkey, with a particular regard to the participation of different social groups in the labor market, such as women and youth. It then analyzes where jobs are being created and which activities are the most productive for the Turkish economy, and assesses if jobs have moved to more productive activities in recent years. Finally, the report proceeds to measure the impact of different types of jobs on the welfare of an entire household and on the household s relative position in the overall income distribution.

Published
2013

4. Vietnam Country Gender Assessment

Author

World Bank

Subjects
GENDER RELATIONS, MIGRANT, DRUG USERS, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH INSURANCE, AGING, SON PREFERENCE, YOUNG PEOPLE, SEX WORKERS, ADOLESCENTS, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR, SCHOOL AGE, UNEMPLOYMENT, IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION, URBAN WOMEN, URBANIZATION, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, SOCIAL COMMISSION, RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN, SOCIAL SERVICES, GENDER PARITY, AGED, SEX RATIOS, VIOLENCE, OLD AGE, ETHNIC GROUPS, FEWER HOUSEHOLDS, PUBLIC SERVICES, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, SEXUAL ABUSE, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, VICTIMS OF GENDER, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, VULNERABILITY, ELDERLY, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, ADULT LITERACY, DISABILITY, INCOME INEQUALITY, LACK OF CAPACITY, INJECTING DRUG USERS, VICTIMS, USER FEES, FERTILITY PREFERENCES, MATERNAL MORTALITY, WORK FORCE, LITERACY RATES, PREGNANT WOMEN, STDS, DEMANDS ON WOMEN, CLIMATE CHANGE, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, SEX-SELECTIVE ABORTION, MINORITY, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, MALE HEALTH, YOUNG WOMEN, CITIZENS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, SOCIAL POLICIES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, RURAL RESIDENTS, SUPPORT TO PARENTS, DISSEMINATION, SCHOOL STUDENTS, GENDER DIFFERENCES, HEALTH PROBLEMS, GENDER INEQUALITY, PREGNANCY, HEALTH CARE, NUTRITION, GENDER DIFFERENTIALS, MATERNAL DEATHS, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SMOKERS, CHILD MORTALITY RATE, SUICIDE, GENDER EQUITY, SPOUSES, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, ACCESS TO ABORTION, LESBIANS, ILLNESSES, POLICY FRAMEWORK, QUALITY OF LIFE, CHILD MORTALITY RATES, PUBLIC LIFE, WORKFORCE, SEX RATIO, PRISONS, GENDER EQUALITY, HIV, SOCIAL INEQUALITY, QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, DIFFERENTIALS IN MORTALITY, LAWS, TRANSPORTATION, GENDER INEQUALITIES, FAMILY RELATIONS, CHILD MORTALITY, DISABILITIES, INJURIES, MARKET ECONOMY, POLICY DIALOGUE, HUSBANDS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, EDUCATED WOMEN, LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, GENDER GAP, INFANT MORTALITY RATES, WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, FAMILIES, CONTRACEPTION, FEMALE MORTALITY, HEALTH SYSTEM, GENDER DISPARITIES, MINISTRY OF LABOUR, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND, LEGISLATIVE CHANGES, PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY, WORKING CONDITIONS, MIGRANTS, SEXUAL VIOLENCE, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, MIGRANT WOMEN, PUBLIC AWARENESS, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, LABOUR MARKET, CRIME, NATURE OF WOMEN, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, HEALTH OUTCOMES, BARRIERS TO WOMEN, VACCINATION, SMOKING, WALKING, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, LIVING STANDARDS, MIGRANT WORKERS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, DEMOCRACY, GENDER GAPS, DROPOUT, LIVE BIRTHS, SANITATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, RURAL AREAS, YOUNG MEN, PROGRESS, ISSUE OF GENDER, LABOR MARKET, DECISION MAKING, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES, MORTALITY, EQUAL RIGHTS, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, PUBLIC SPHERE, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, RISK GROUPS, HEALTH SECTOR, SOCIAL SECURITY, OLDER WOMEN, INFANT, VULNERABLE GROUPS, SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE, LOWER FERTILITY, GENDER GAP IN PRIMARY, INFANT MORTALITY, SEX OF THE FETUS, MASCULINITY, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, NATIONAL STRATEGY, ABORTION, GENDER STEREOTYPES, UNFPA, SOCIAL CHANGE, TERTIARY LEVELS, WOMAN, CONDOMS, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, FUTURE GROWTH, HEALTH INDICATORS, PRENATAL CARE, SEX, NATIONAL STRATEGIES, POLITICAL DECISION, MIGRATION, GENDER DISPARITIES IN EDUCATION, EXERCISES, ILLNESS, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, CHILD CARE, CHILDREN WITH BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS, CHILDBEARING, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, SEXUALITY, DRUGS, SEX WITH MEN, GENDER ISSUES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, PROSTITUTION, MARITAL STATUS, NATURAL RESOURCES, LABOR FORCE, HEALTH SERVICES, HIV INFECTION, DISCRIMINATION, HEALTH CARE ACCESS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, URBAN AREAS, NURSES
Abstract

Viet Nam has undergone a major socio-economic transformation over the past quarter century, rising from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle income country. Today it continues to develop rapidly, becoming more integrated with the global economy and undergoing significant regulatory and structural changes. Viet Nam has also made remarkable progress on gender equality, but important gender differences still remain. On the positive side Viet Nam has had considerable progress in addressing gender disparities in education, employment and health. The gender gap in earnings is lower in Viet Nam than in many other East Asian countries. Indeed by a number of measures, women's outcomes have improved significantly. However, upon deeper examination of the data, a number of challenges still remain. The report is organized into five chapters. The current chapter has provided a background to the report and the process through which it has been prepared. The next three chapters will deal with the substantive issues, focusing primarily on gender but addressing ethnicity and other forms of social inequality where relevant. Chapter two will provide an analysis of the situation and trends in gender equality in relation to the multiple dimensions of poverty, some of which are included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Chapter three will provide an in-depth gender analysis of livelihoods and employment, bearing in mind the likely impact of the recent crisis as well as the challenges of transition to middle income status. Chapter four will pick up on the issue of women's political participation in leadership positions and in the wider society. The final chapter will synthesize the key findings of the report and prioritize key recommendations.

Published
2011

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