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Summary: The production of functional foods has been on a consistent rise in the past few years. The increasing demand for these foods could play a pivotal role in addressing the escalating issue of food waste and in the creation of innovative food formulations. Utilising by‐products from the food industry has become commonplace due to their advantageous nutritional composition and functional properties. These by‐products retain richness in colour compounds, proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, sugars, fibres, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds. This abundance of elements can be harnessed to develop innovative food products. This review examines the potential of utilising food industry wastes for producing functional foods, focusing on residues from animal and vegetable origins; such residues find application in creating snacks, beverages, fermented foods, bakery items, dairy products, pasta, charcuterie, chocolate, flavouring agents, additives and culinary innovations. This study seeks to establish a sustainable strategy for minimising food waste disposal, fostering a bio‐based food production industry and enhancing overall sustainability by uncovering alternatives for novel, nutritious and value‐added food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global food waste has a huge impact on the environment, as it is a source of greenhouse gas emissions and wasted natural resources. Across the world, over 30% of food is lost or wasted each year. Aside from this, the food industry, as well, is one of the biggest sources of agro-industrial waste and by-products, which can be valorized and used for different purposes. Such waste is a good source of bioactive organic compounds that can be extracted without altering their properties, where deep eutectic solvents can serve as green solvents and as an excellent replacement for volatile organic solvents. Isolated compounds can be used in innovative food production, chemical production, cosmetics and other industries. Deep eutectic solvents have attracted extraordinary attention due to their advantages such as environmental friendliness, availability and easy preparation, easy handling and utilization of non-toxic components for their formation. Due to these properties, they are a greener alternative to classic organic solvents for many processes, including extractions. In this paper, we review the utilization of deep eutectic solvents as potential green media for the extraction of organic compounds such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, proteins and alkaloids from by-products of the food industry and from agro-industrial waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a sophisticated molecular exchange mechanism highly regarded for their potential as a next-generation platform for compound delivery. However, identifying sustainable and biologically safe sources of EVs remains a challenge. This work explores the emergence of novel sources of plant and bacterial-based EVs, such as those obtained from food industry by-products, known as BP-EVs, and their potential to be used as safer and biocompatible nanocarriers, addressing some of the current challenges of the field. These novel sources exhibit remarkable oral bioavailability and biodistribution, with minimal cytotoxicity and a selective targeting capacity toward the central nervous system, liver, and skeletal tissues. Additionally, we review the ease of editing these recently uncovered nanocarrier-oriented vesicles using common EV editing methods, examining the cargo-loading processes applicable to these sources, which involve both passive and active functionalization methods. While the primary focus of these novel sources of endogenous EVs is on molecule delivery to the central nervous system and skeletal tissue based on their systemic target preference, their use, as reviewed here, extends beyond these key applications within the biotechnological and biomedical fields.

Global food waste has a huge impact on the environment, as it is a source of greenhouse gas emissions and wasted natural resources. Across the world, over 30% of food is lost or wasted each year. Aside from this, the food industry, as well, is one of the biggest sources of agro-industrial waste and by-products, which can be valorized and used for different purposes. Such waste is a good source of bioactive organic compounds that can be extracted without altering their properties, where deep eutectic solvents can serve as green solvents and as an excellent replacement for volatile organic solvents. Isolated compounds can be used in innovative food production, chemical production, cosmetics and other industries. Deep eutectic solvents have attracted extraordinary attention due to their advantages such as environmental friendliness, availability and easy preparation, easy handling and utilization of non-toxic components for their formation. Due to these properties, they are a greener alternative to classic organic solvents for many processes, including extractions. In this paper, we review the utilization of deep eutectic solvents as potential green media for the extraction of organic compounds such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, proteins and alkaloids from by-products of the food industry and from agro-industrial waste.

The combined necessity for sustainable production, a decrease in the human impact on the environment, the European Union striving to be climate neutral, and the pressure on the food industry to introduce sustainable technologies and products and reduce emissions into the environment to the minimum has led to perceiving food industry by-products (FIB) as valuable raw materials rather than waste. This has driven a constant increase in scientific research regarding the use of FIB. The aim of this research was to establish focal points and directions of the scientific research regarding FIB. Descriptive bibliography and visualization using software CiteSpace II were used to analyze research published in journals indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection and determine and explain development trends. The results showed a constant growth of the scientific interest for FIB, which intensified since 2015. Research is being conducted worldwide, with Spain (13%) and Italy (11%) as leading countries. The results are published in journals with high impact factors and quartiles, using references published in the same rank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute an intricate system of molecular exchange that has recently gained tremendous interest. However, sustainable sources of safe biological EVs remain scarce and elusive. This study explores and defines the use of food industry by‐products (BP) as a circular source of safe biocompatible EVs. Averaged diameter and molecular compositions indicate a large yield of exosomes and high abundancy of membrane lipids with signaling capacity in these vesicles. Complex proteomes mimicking those circulating in human blood plasma are also identified. Furthermore, BP‐EVs do not show relevant cytotoxicity and display excellent oral and intravenous bioavailability together with specific organ targeting capacity. Collectively, it is believed that the novel findings reported here will open substantial venues for the use of BP as an optimal source of biocompatible nanovesicles in manifold applications of the biotechnological and biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscadine grape (MG) and blueberry (BB) pomaces processed via water-based continuous flow microwave-assisted extraction (CFMAE) yielded flavonoid-rich extracts, which were complexed with chickpea [CH] or pea:rice [PR] protein and spray dried (SD) into protein-polyphenol aggregate particle treatments: BB-CH, BB-PR, MG-CH and MG-PR. Particles were characterized for physicochemical characteristics, phytochemical composition and functional attributes. The volume-weighed mean diameter for protein-polyphenol particles (20.75-24.67 µm; p > 0.05) were significantly smaller (p < 0.05) than original protein sources CH and PR (57.77-71.10 µm). Highly polymerized proanthocyanidins (PAC) were captured in BB treatments (up to 79 % of total PAC), while monomers predominated in muscadine-derived particles (∼56 % of total PAC). BB-CH particles had highest protein solubility (51-62 %). BB-CH and BB-PR had good emulsifying capacity (∼8.73 m2/g), and particle treatments had higher emulsifying stability than unmodified proteins CH and PR alone. BB-CH particles were prioritized to produce a RTD smoothie beverage rated to have pleasant sensory properties. CFMAE proved to be a sustainable strategy to recover residual phytochemicals from fruit by-products (using only water as the solvent) for use in versatile value-added protein-polyphenol particle ingredients.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a sophisticated molecular exchange mechanism highly regarded for their potential as a next-generation platform for compound delivery. However, identifying sustainable and biologically safe sources of EVs remains a challenge. This work explores the emergence of novel sources of plant and bacterial-based EVs, such as those obtained from food industry by-products, known as BP-EVs, and their potential to be used as safer and biocompatible nanocarriers, addressing some of the current challenges of the field. These novel sources exhibit remarkable oral bioavailability and biodistribution, with minimal cytotoxicity and a selective targeting capacity toward the central nervous system, liver, and skeletal tissues. Additionally, we review the ease of editing these recently uncovered nanocarrier-oriented vesicles using common EV editing methods, examining the cargo-loading processes applicable to these sources, which involve both passive and active functionalization methods. While the primary focus of these novel sources of endogenous EVs is on molecule delivery to the central nervous system and skeletal tissue based on their systemic target preference, their use, as reviewed here, extends beyond these key applications within the biotechnological and biomedical fields.

The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are crucial for host health and production efficiency in ruminants. Its microbial composition can be influenced by several endogenous and exogenous factors. In the beef and dairy industry, the possibility to manipulate gut microbiota by diet and management can have important health and economic implications. The aims of this study were to characterize the different GIT site microbiota in water buffalo and evaluate the influence of diet on GIT microbiota in this animal species. We characterized and compared the microbiota of the rumen, large intestine and feces of water buffaloes fed two different diets with different non-structural carbohydrates/crude proteins (NSC/CP) ratios. Our results indicated that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in all the GIT sites, with significant differences in microbiota composition between body sites both within and between groups. This result was particularly evident in the large intestine, where beta diversity analysis displayed clear clustering of samples depending on the diet. Moreover, we found a difference in diet digestibility linked to microbiota modification at the GIT level conditioned by NSC/CP levels. Diet strongly influences GIT microbiota and can therefore modulate specific GIT microorganisms able to affect the health status and performance efficiency of adult animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The increasing production of almonds worldwide has resulted in the significant generation of byproduct streams that require end uses. One potential use for byproducts is for cultivation of additional food sources including insects. Studies were performed to determine if black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) could be cultivated on almond byproducts (hulls and shells) and to examine the effect of aeration and moisture on larvae growth and hull composition. RESULTS: Increasing aeration from 0.04 to 0.36 mL min−1 g dry weight−1 tripled the harvest weight of larvae and increased larvae yield by a factor of five. Larvae calcium content increased by 18% with an increase in aeration from 0.04 to 0.95 mL min−1 g dry weight−1. Moisture content also affected harvest dry weight and yield; increasing moisture content from 480 g kg−1(wet basis) to 680 g kg−1 increased harvest weight by 56% and yield by a factor of 2. Variables did not affect larvae methionine and cysteine content. Low moisture content and aeration rate yielded an environment that supported microbial consumption of hulls over larvae consumption and growth. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that almond hulls are a suitable feedstock for larvae production under controlled management of moisture content and aeration. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The direct use of phenolic extracts from grape by‐products can be useful when formulating functional food to improve consumer health. The use of phenolic extracts instead of pure polyphenols as an ingredient is relevant in this context. The present study investigated the bioavailability and absorption of polyphenols from grape by‐product extracts and their health effect on cholesterolemia, by adding the extract (GE) to Wistar rats diet (50 g kg−1) in vivo. RESULTS: GE caused the appearance of (+)‐catechin, myricetin and quercetic acid in plasma and liver. (+)‐Catechin was the most abundant compound (6 μg mL−1 in plasma and 0.7 μg mg−1 protein in liver), whereas no phenolic compounds were detected in plasma or liver in the control group. Similarly, 3,4‐hydroxyphenylacetic, a major product of polyphenol digestion, was detected in the plasma, liver and urine of the GE‐group only. GE‐group had significantly lower cholesterol level and lower total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein ratio in plasma. Total bile acid content significantly increased in fecal matter after 24 h administration of the GE‐enriched diet. CONCLUSION: Grape extract polyphenols are partially bioavailable and showed improvement in lipid metabolism. Thus, the results suggest that GE is promising as a functional ingredient in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the current knowledge on cold‐press oil cakes composition, the present study aims to determine the chemical composition of oil cakes from hull‐less pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and hemp (Canabis sativa L.) before and after the biological treatment with Trametes versicolor and Humicola grisea using fungal‐based solid‐state technology. After 10 days of treatment, the content of ash, total nitrogen, total proteins, and total organic carbon increased in all the three oil cakes, while the content of ether extracts decreased. After treatment, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates decreased in pumpkin and hemp seed oil cakes, whereas it increased in flaxseed oil cake. During treatment with T. versicolor, the content of fructose significantly increased in hull‐less pumpkin seed oil cake. Fiber content decreased in pumpkin and flaxseed oil cakes after treatment with both of the fungi, whereas it increased in flaxseed oil cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning the increasing global demand for food and accumulation of huge amounts of biomass waste from the agro-food industry whose manipulation is usually inadequate, the potential of livestock to convert by-products as alternative feed ingredients into valuable proteins has been proposed as an outstanding option. Soybean molasses present a by-product of soybean protein concentrate production with low commercial cost but high nutritive and functional value. It is a rich source of soluble carbohydrates in the form of sugars and soybean phytochemicals. Therefore, this paper provides a review of published works about the production of soybean molasses, chemical composition, and nutritive value. In addition, the possibility of the application of soybean molasses in animal nutrition as a pelleting aid and functional feed ingredient is also discussed. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the inclusion of soybean molasses in the diets for ruminants, non-ruminants, and aquaculture on animal performance and health.

Food industry annually generates huge amounts of waste and by-products, which represent untapped renewable resources to produce platform chemicals (e.g., organic acids) through biological processes, such as acidogenic fermentation (AF). Here, the AF potential of nine food industry by-products has been evaluated in anaerobic batch experiments, with main attention to the spectrum of attained products and related conversion yields. Farinaceous by-products, especially Bread Crust (BC) and Reground Pasta (RP), exhibited the highest conversion yield of the initial Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) into AF products, up to values of 55 ± 2% and 75 ± 9% (for RP and BC, respectively). Substantially lower values, ranging between 6 ± 1% (for Spinach, SP) and 22 ± 1% (for Grape pomace Lees, GL) were achieved with by-products from the vegetable and winery industry. Further experiments with GL, SP, and WP (White exhausted grape Pomace) in the presence of glucose as reference substrate, revealed the coexistence of both recalcitrant and inhibitory compounds in GL and WP, whereas no inhibition on microbial activity was displayed by SP. A sonication pre-treatment experiment (at a low frequency of 20 kHz for 15 min and at room temperature) allowed increasing the conversion yield of GL by approximately 45%. [Display omitted] • High conversion yields (up to 75%) of farinaceous by-products into valuable products. • Farinaceous by-products conversion resulted in a high yield of propionic acid. • Grape lees and white exhausted pomace contain recalcitrant and inhibitory compounds. • Sonication pre-treatment increased (up to 45%) the conversion yield of Grape Lees. • Spinach by-products were highly recalcitrant to the acidogenic fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of peptides are naturally generated in foods through the proteolysis phenomena taking place during processing. Such proteolysis is carried out either by endogenous enzymes in ripened foods or by the combined action of endogenous and microbial enzymes when fermented. Food proteins can also be isolated and hydrolysed by peptidases to produce hydrolysates. endo-peptidases act first followed by the successive action of exo -peptidases (mainly, tri- and di-peptidylpeptidases, aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases). The generated peptides may be further hydrolysed through the gastrointestinal digestion resulting in a pool of peptides with different sequences and lengths, some of them with relevant bioactivity. However, these peptides should be absorbed intact through the intestinal barrier and reach the blood stream to exert their physiological action. This manuscript is reporting the enzymatic routes and strategies followed for the generation of bioactive peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a pollutant by-product from the virgin olive oil production. Its high content in phenolic compounds makes them play an important role for their use in foods, for their high antioxidant significance. The present paper gives an overview on the techniques for OMW valuable ingredient separation, focusing on the most effective ones for their use in food products as functional ingredients. We report on effective methods to recover OMW phenolics, and give several examples on the use these extracts in foods. When added into vegetable oils, their effect on retarding lipid oxidation improves the oxidative status of the product, whilst several challenges need to be faced. OMW phenolic extracts were also used in food emulsions, milk products or other model systems, showing promising results and little or no negative impact on the sensory characteristics or other properties. Their possible use as antimicrobial agents is also another promising approach, as positive results were obtained when applied in meat products. Other examples of using natural phenolic extracts from other sources are suggested also for OMW extracts, to expand their use and thus to improve the nutritional and technological quality of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Now-a-days, there is an increased interest in fruits and vegetables processing by-products due to potential source of phytochemicals and pigments. Beetroot ( Beta vulgaris ) pomace extract is a rich source of betalain, phenolics and other bioactive components, which possess significant antioxidant activities. In the present study, process optimization was performed for developing ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) candy enriched with beetroot pomace extract using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of two process variables: blanching time (0–10 min) and beetroot pomace extract (0–10%) was evaluated on physicochemical characteristics and phytochemicals content of the developed product. Maximum phytochemicals’ activities were obtained under optimum conditions of 7.81 min blanching time and 9.24% beetroot pomace extract. FTIR analysis also confirmed the significant effect of beetroot pomace extract and it’s blanching on the phytochemical potential of ginger candy. The study would be useful for developing similar novel and antioxidants rich food products supplemented with beetroot pomace extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sage essential oil (SEO) and sage extract (SE) obtained from sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) herbal dust (food industry by-product) on microbiological and oxidative stability of fresh pork sausages was investigated. pH, microbiological analysis, TBARS value and sensory panel scores were assessed. Oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and diterpene polyphenols were the most abundant compounds present in SEO and SE samples. SEO and SE addition resulted in significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth. The inclusion of SEO and SE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the TBARS values. Moreover, SE had a positive effect on sensory properties of fresh pork sausages. Hence, the results of this study showed significant antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of SEO and SE obtained from sage filter tea processing by-products and potential of its utilization in production of fresh pork sausages in order to enhance their stability and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is focused on developing active packaging by using food industries’ by-products. Soy protein isolate (SPI) and fish gelatin (FG) were used as the sources of biopolymers and different concentrations of mango kernel extracts (MKE) from 1 to 5% were added as natural antioxidants. Thicker and more translucent films ( p < 0.05) were produced when a greater concentration of MKE was incorporated in both films. The mechanical test revealed that the addition of MKE increased the tensile strength of both films ( p < 0.05), with higher tensile strength recorded in FG films than in SPI films. The incorporation of MKE significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased the water solubility up to 22 and 33%, in FG and SPI films, respectively. The water vapor permeability (WVP) of SPI with the incorporation of MKE improved up to 10%. In contrast, FG films incorporated with MKE showed higher WVP in comparison with the control. The antioxidant activity increased with a greater concentration of MKE incorporated in both antioxidant films ( p < 0.05) with more impact in SPI films compared to FG film in DPPH, FRAP and ABTS analysis. DPPH analysis on SPI films revealed the highest antioxidant activity (89%) with the inclusion of 5% MKE extract. Though both films were found to have the potential to be developed as antioxidant films, yet the overall observations revealed that SPI outperformed FG as active packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of wax esters using microbial oils was demonstrated in this study. Microbial oils produced from food waste and by-product streams by three oleaginous yeasts were converted into wax esters via enzymatic catalysis. Palm oil was initially used to evaluate the influence of temperature and enzyme activity on wax ester synthesis catalysed by Novozyme 435 and Lipozyme lipases using cetyl, oleyl and behenyl alcohols. The highest conversion yields (up to 79.6%) were achieved using 4 U/g of Novozyme 435 at 70 °C. Transesterification of microbial oils to behenyl and cetyl esters was achieved at conversion yields up to 87.3% and 69.1%, respectively. Novozyme 435 was efficiently reused for six and three cycles during palm esters and microbial esters synthesis, respectively. The physicochemical properties of microbial oil derived behenyl esters were comparable to natural waxes. Wax esters from microbial oils have potential applications in cosmetics, chemical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato pomace, a major byproduct of tomato paste production, is an abundant solid waste stream from food processing in California. Tomato pomace is a rich source of lycopene, a red carotenoid and antioxidant, and lignocellulose, the recalcitrant but energy-rich polysaccharide matrix that comprises plant cell walls. Harvesting both of these co-products could add substantial value to the pomace and potentially reduce waste. In this study, lycopene was extracted from tomato pomace using a mixed organic solvent approach. Yields of lycopene from the tomato pomace tended to be higher than most literature values reported for raw tomatoes, and consistent with many reported values for lycopene in tomato pomace and other products. However, review of the current literature indicates that reported lycopene content of tomatoes products varies by roughly two orders of magnitude, which suggests a need for investigation of the factors responsible for this unusually wide range. After lycopene extraction, direct bioconversion to methane via anaerobic digestion and pretreatment with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ahead of anaerobic digestion were explored. Under certain conditions, especially 100 °C for 1 h, pretreatment was beneficial to enzymatic digestion of cellulose. Extraction resulted in a statistically significant reduction in methane yield compared to raw pomace after 90 days of anaerobic digestion. However, supplementation of extracted pomace with the non-lycopene-containing aqueous fraction from the extraction is expected to restore the methane yield to that of raw pomace based on measured values for chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. Ionic liquid pretreatment decreased methane production of extracted pomace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to optimize the pellets formulation (deoiled rice bran (DOB), banana peel powder (BPP) and plasticizers viz. cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and glycerol). The maximum hardness and bulk density as desirable responses were obtained for pellets having 100g DOB, 100g BPP, 12% of CNSL and 12% glycerol. Specific mechanical energy during extrusion was higher (85.565 kJ/kg) for pellets containing CNSL. On the basis of Hausner ratio (1.068-1.070), pellets were classified as free flowing. Pellets with CNSL were found durable and more shelf-stable. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the intermolecular interactions of pellets containing CNSL were better with smoother surface and minimum voids as compared to pellets containing glycerol. Thermal properties revealed that pellets with glycerol had reduced glass transition temperature as compared to pellets with CNSL owing to higher polymer mobility in glycerol. Significant correlations were observed among physical, mechanical, aerodynamic, and functional properties of pellets. Practical Applications Banana peels are obtained in excess amount which gets accumulated in bulk. Therefore, value addition to banana peels by developing pellets can be a better option. Characterization of the durability (engineering, functional, aerodynamic, thermal and morphological) will provide an insight of the quality attributes of the pellets during various processing operations (handling, transportation, injection molding). These pellets can be further injection molded products into various products e.g., biodegradable planters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple pomace (AP) is the main by-product of apple juice production. Large amounts of this material disposed into landfills can cause serious environmental problems. One of the solutions is to utilise AP as animal feed. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of dried AP inclusion into model mixtures made from conventional feedstuffs on pellet quality and pellet press performance. Three model mixtures, with different ratios of maize, sunflower meal and AP, were pelleted. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied when designing the experiment. The simultaneous and interactive effects of apple pomace share (APS) in the mixtures, die thickness (DT) of the pellet press and initial moisture content of the mixtures (M), on pellet quality and production parameters were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and standard score (SS) analysis were applied for comprehensive analysis of the experimental data. The increase in APS led to an improvement of pellet quality parameters: pellet durability index (PDI), hardness (H) and proportion of fines in pellets. The increase in DT and M resulted in pellet quality improvement. The increase in DT and APS resulted in higher energy consumption of the pellet press. APS was the most influential variable for PDI and H calculation, while APS and DT were the most influential variables in the calculation of pellet press energy consumption. PCA showed that the first two principal components could be considered sufficient for data representation. In conclusion, addition of dried AP to feed model mixtures significantly improved the quality of the pellets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wild apple fruit dust, discarded as by-product from filter tea factory, represents under-utilized raw material, which contains high amount of bioactive compounds. The aim of present work was utilization of wild apple fruit dust by application of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process for recovery of polyphenolic antioxidants. MAE was used for isolation of polyphenolic fraction from this kind of raw material. Box-Behnken experimental design at three levels and three variables was used for process optimization. The influence of extraction time (15-35 min), ethanol concentration (40-80%), and irradiation power (400-800 W) on total extraction yield, total phenols content, total flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity parameters, was evaluated. Experimental results were fitted to a second-order polynomial model and adequacy of the applied models was evaluated by analysis of variance. Results showed that wild apple fruit dust could be used as good source for recovery of polyphenols and preparation of liquid extracts with increased antioxidant activity. Practical Applications Nowadays, there is growing interest for developing economically feasible and environmentally friendly extraction processes for isolation of bioactive compounds from natural resources. At the same time, sustainable and relatively cheap raw material should be utilized in the production. This research provides information about optimization of novel extraction technique (microwave-assisted extraction), which could be successfully used for polyphenols extraction due to increased yield of target compounds and improved quality of the liquid extracts in terms of antioxidant activity. Therefore, wild apple by-products from filter-tea factory, could be used as alternative raw material for production of polyphenols-rich liquid extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, most industries are required by law to treat their wastewater, but the selection of the most appropriate wastewater treatment technologies involves a complex decision making process. Environmental decision support systems can be useful to reduce the time needed to make decisions, to improve the consistency and quality of the decisions and to provide direct access to experience, expertise and human-kind reasoning. This study aims to obtain an environmental decision support system to select the most suitable alternative for industrial wastewater treatment in the food, drink and milk sector. The process developed is described, and a set of case studies showing the capabilities of the tool is presented in order to validate the system procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude vegetable oils and fats after oil extraction may contain contaminants introduced in the supply chain. Many of these contaminants are largely removed from the oil by the refining process. However, these contaminants will concentrate in the refinery by-products; acid oil from soapsplitting and filter blowing, spent bleaching earth, and deodorizer distillate. The contaminant levels in these by-products are calculated by determining the lipids balance of the refinery and the fate of the contaminants in the refining process. Calculations of some example oils with characteristic contaminant levels show that deodorizer distillate from chemical refining has a high-contamination risk, deodorizer distillate from physical refining and spent bleaching earth has a medium risk, whereas acid oil from soapsplitting and filter blowing have a low-contamination risk. Extracted oils and fats contain impurities like free fatty acids, phospholipids, etc., and may contain contaminants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. The impurities and some entrained oil form the refinery by-products; acid oil, spent earth, and deodorizer distillate. The contaminants will concentrate in these by-products. For application in animal feed, acid oil is relatively safe (green), oil from spent bleaching earth requires contaminant analysis (orange), whereas contaminant levels in deodorizer distillate are often too high for use in feed (red). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the chemical composition, in vitro and in vivo digestibility, aerobic stability and ensiling capability of the fresh wet fibrous by-products Aspergillus residue, soy pulp (okara), pomegranate pulp, grape pulp and avocado pulp. Ensiling was assessed in glass silos, and aerobic stability in open PVC containers. Intake and in vivo digestibility were measured in mature male Assaf lambs (four lambs/replicates per dietary treatment) held in individual metabolic cages, and ad libitum -fed one of the total mixed rations containing the examined fresh by-product and appropriate supplement. A spergillus residue is an acidic, fibrous by-product, characterized by high in vivo digestibility of organic matter (OM, 0.85) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 0.95), and high stability under aerobic exposure. Ensiling results give large dry matter (DM) losses (41.2%) and continuous yeast fermentation to ethanol and volatiles. Okara is an acidic, fibrous by-product that is rich in protein (290 g/kg DM), characterized by high in vivo digestibility of OM and NDF (0.88 and 0.93, respectively), but low stability under aerobic exposure. It can be ensiled with moderate DM losses (16%), producing butyrate and acetate. Pomegranate pulp contains high levels of soluble phenolics and sugars and its voluntary consumption by sheep is low. When fed to sheep it is characterized by low in vivo OM and NDF digestibility (0.44 and 0.20, respectively), and low aerobic stability. However, it can be ensiled with moderate DM losses (20%). Grape is rich in ethanol and avocado pulps in fat content, and both byproducts are rich in lignin content and therefore have low in vivo OM digestibility (0.30 and 0.43, respectively) originating from their low NDF digestibility (0.12 and 0.31, respectively). These by-products are characterized by low stability under aerobic exposure. Both by-products can be ensiled without any DM losses or NDF solubilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the role of information in consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for food products with corporate social responsibility (CSR) certification. The item used for the experimental design was canned tuna fish, a product on the market that is already exhibiting various kinds of certification related to social and environmental attributes. Two different kinds of certifications were examined, namely Friend of the Sea, which involves environmental aspects, and SA8000, related to workers' rights and more general social attributes. We implemented experimental auctions, taking into account three information treatments. The initial findings show that the WTP for both CSR labels is higher than the WTP for tuna fish without any CSR certification. Nevertheless, the information provided on CSR certification did not change consumers' WTP among the certification schemes. Our findings could also serve to fine-tune marketing strategies to consumer preferences and determine which CSR activities are worth undertaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a methodology for the computation of the full cost of several citrus byproducts and attempts to analyze, through a simulation model, the decision making process of a citrus firm seeking to upgrade citrus waste (CW) to several by-products. The results show the importance of using the full cost in the management of resources. Economic sustainability can be achieved by an increase in production efficiency, improving existing technologies and the ability to reuse waste. Yet a large amount of investment is still required, which only large firms can support, at least in the short-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of organic wastes to improve soils or for growth media components in local farms and nurseries can reduce the environmental pollution linked to waste disposal while increasing the sustainability of crop production. This approach could be applied to waste products generated from the production of guacamole (an emerging activity in the avocado production areas in mainland Spain), where appropriate treatment of this oily and doughy waste product has not been previously reported. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility of co-composting guacamole production residues (GR) with garden pruning waste (PW) as bulking agent, and the possible use of the compost produced depending on its quality. A windrow composting trial using three GR:PW ratios, 2:1, 1:2, and 1:7 was carried out. Temperature, moisture, organic matter, and C/N ratio were used to follow the evolution of the composting process during 7 months. After an additional 3-month curing period, composts were sieved to less than 10 mm and a set of European quality criteria was used to assess compost quality and intended use. In general, the 3 composting mixtures followed the classical process evolution, with minor differences among them. The 1:2 GR:PW ratio appeared most adequate for combining better process evolution and maximum GR ratio. Except for their high pH that limits their use as growing media component in some particular cases, the obtained composts fulfilled the more stringent European standards for commercial composts. Self-heating tests confirmed the high stability of the composts produced. The germination of cress by the direct contact method was satisfactory for composts GR:PW 1:2 and 1:7, showing no signs of toxicity. Avocado seedlings planted in substrates containing 67% of the GR:PW composts exhibited greater plant growth than those in the control treatment, and with no signs of phytotoxicity. The results open an interesting opportunity for the sustainable treatment of avocado fruit by-products derived from guacamole and avocado oil processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents preliminary results of settling tests on anaerobic sludge from food-processing wastewater treatment, using 2, 4, and 8 L ylinders. A sedimentation model from the literature was applied to the sedimentation data. The specific settling velocities for the 2 and 4 L cylinders did not differ (t-test; P = 0.896), therefore the data were pooled. The specific settling velocity mean was nearly three times higher (P = 0.027) for the 8 L cylinder (21.03 x 10[sup -4] ± 6.27 x 10[sup -4] m/s) than the pooled smaller cylinder size (7.29 x 10[sup -4] ± 2.32 x 10 -4 m/s). Measurement challenges were encountered while working with the 8 L cylinder. Given that tests using a 1 L cylinder resulted in sludge compression, the results indicate that use of both 2 and 4 L cylinders is feasible for lab-scale measurement of sludge settling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive (Olea europaea L.) oil processing produces significant amount of waste that can be utilized for the production of high value-added ingredients for various industrial applications. In this work, the effects of temperature on drying kinetics and quality indexes of the olive-waste cake during convective dehydration (40-90 °C) were investigated. Results on effective moisture diffusivity, physicochemical parameters, fatty acid profile, total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavanol contents as well as antioxidant capacity are also reported. Most of the fatty acids increased their content with respect to control sample with a temperature increase, i.e. oleic and linoleic acids increased 48% and 43% at 70 and 40 °C, respectively. Total flavanol content increased with temperature (48-62 mg catechin equivalents [CTE] 100 g-1 DM) except for 80 °C. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were highly correlated to antioxidant capacity (0.923 < r < 0.992), except for 70 and 80 °C, the rest of the samples maintained their initial antioxidant capacity by ORAC analysis. Thus, these parameters show that dried olive-waste cake has a high bioactive compounds with potential use as additives for the food or other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy feeding systems in many semi-arid countries are based on imported concentrates and forages. This has economic and ecological implications given the increase in global feed prices and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land use change. This paper aims to explore alternative dairy feeding systems under semi-arid conditions, using Jordan as an example. The feedings systems under investigation vary in their share of food industry by-products (replacing concentrates in the diet) and are compared against the current concentrate-based feeding systems. The systems are evaluated against three criteria: their nutritional value, their impact on the cost of milk production, and their GHG mitigation potential. Feed samples from eleven food industry by-products and ten conventional feeds were collected from food factories and from three typical dairy farms, representing the typical large-, medium- and small-scale farm types, respectively. Feed samples were analysed for their chemical composition and metabolisable energy contents. In addition, economic and production farm data were collected and entered into a model for GHGs calculation and economic evaluation. The results suggest that inclusion of locally available food industry by-products in the rations of milk cows in semi-arid production systems can be instrumental in reducing production costs and mitigating GHG emissions. Cost of milk production in the model farms can be lowered by up to 14 %; mitigation of CO eq. emission ranged between 70 and 290 g CO eq./kg milk. The degree to which these benefits can be reaped is positively related to the level of inclusion of by-product feeds in lactating cows' diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malic acid is a C dicarboxylic acid that is currently mainly used in the food and beverages industry as an acidulant. Because of the versatility of the group of C dicarboxylic acids, the chemical industry has a growing interest in this chemical compound. As malic acid will be considered as a bulk chemical, microbial production requires organisms that sustain high rates, yields, and titers. Aspergillus oryzae is mainly known as an industrial enzyme producer, but it was also shown that it has a very competitive natural production capacity for malic acid. Recently, an engineered A. oryzae strain, 2103a-68, was presented which overexpressed pyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, and a malic acid transporter. In this work, we report a detailed characterization of this strain including detailed rates and yields under malic acid production conditions. Furthermore, transcript levels of the genes of interest and corresponding enzyme activities were measured. On glucose as carbon source, 2103a-68 was able to secrete malic acid at a maximum specific production rate during stationary phase of 1.87 mmol (g dry weight (DW)) h and with a yield of 1.49 mol mol. Intracellular fluxes were obtained using C flux analysis during exponential growth, supporting the success of the metabolic engineering strategy of increasing flux through the reductive cytosolic tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) branch. Additional cultivations using xylose and a glucose/xylose mixture demonstrated that A. oryzae is able to efficiently metabolize pentoses and hexoses to produce malic acid at high titers, rates, and yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting brown rice grain for corn grain in total mixed ration ( TMR) silage containing food by-products on the milk production, whole-tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 30.9% steam-flaked corn (corn TMR) or 30.9% steam-flaked brown rice (rice TMR) with wet soybean curd residue and wet soy sauce cake. Dietary treatment did not affect the dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions in dairy cows. The dry matter and starch digestibility were higher, and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR. The urinary nitrogen ( N) excretion as a proportion of the N intake was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR with no dietary effect on N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. These results indicated that the replacement of corn with brown rice in TMR silage relatively reduced urinary N loss without adverse effects on feed intake and milk production, when food by-products such as soybean curd residue were included in the TMR silage as dietary crude protein sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study has been carried out to investigate the dielectric and mechanical properties of composites based on reinforcing carrot foliage (CF) and corn gluten meal (CGM) as by-products of food processing units into ethylene propylene diene rubber matrix. Transmission electron microscope micrographs indicate that both types of fillers are in the nanoscale. The permittivity ε′ and dielectric loss ε″ were measured in the frequency domain and at room temperature ∼ 25°C. The increase in ε′ and ε″ by increasing filler content is due to its reinforcing nature which was found to be more pronounced in case of CF than CGM. The mechanical properties are found to increase in the same manner. The values obtained for ε′ and ε″recommend such composites to be used in the electrical insulation purposes. The analysis of composite morphology indicated that at low concentration both types of fillers are fine distributed in the EPDM matrix, whereas at higher filler loading aggregation of filler is clearly appeared. The composites under investigation are found to be highly thermal aging resistant as both electrical and mechanical properties are slightly affected by such aging. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Presently, producers are striving to create products which contain a value added factor, such as dietary fibre or in more recent times, phytochemicals. The production and addition of such nutrients can be quite costly for the producer. In the fruit and vegetable industry, the preparation and processing procedures can lead to one third of the product being discarded. This can be costly for the manufacturer and also may have a negative impact on the environment. Research has shown that these by-products can have a high nutritional value. It has also been suggested, that they could be used as a food ingredient due to their functional abilities such as gelling and water binding. The focus of this review is on the nutritional and functional properties of the by-products of food processing and their potential applications as nutritional new ingredients in foods. Industrial relevance: Processors are constantly trying to utilize as much of their product as possible, and this paper puts forward an alternative use for their ‘waste’ which would be of a significant benefit to their business.This new food ingredient contains a nutritional benefit, such as dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals and bio-actives such as flavonoids and lycopene.Due to the nature of the by-products, functionally they hold such properties as increased water holding and binding, gelling and thickening.This review suggests a solution for creating a cheaper value-added ingredient which in turn decreases the present ways of disposing these by-products (which can be harmful to the environment), while also saving the producer''s money.Ingredient companies are continually looking for cheaper but value-added ingredients; this paper reflects the opportunity for fruit and vegetable byproducts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A full-cycle laying hen study was conducted to evaluate crab meal (CM) and lobster meal (LM) as feed ingredients for laying hens by assigning four hundred thirty-two 35-wk-old White Leghorns to 1 of 6 diets [control, 2.5% CM, 2.5% LM, 5% CM, 5% LM, and 2.5% CM + 2.5% LM (blend)]. Productive performance and egg parameters were evaluated every 28-d period. Eggs were collected at 67 wk of age from the 5% CM, 5% LM, and blend treatments for analysis of yolk fatty acid composition. At 55 and 67 wk of age, ulnas were collected to determine breaking strength, percent ash, and calcium. Body weights, feed consumption, hen-day production, feed efficiency, and egg quality were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment. The L* scores of eggs from 5% CM, 5% LM, and blend were lower (P < 0.05) than eggs from the control by the end of the second 28-d period. The a* score of the eggs from 5% CM, 5% LM, and blend was higher (P < 0.05) than the control by the end of the first 28-d period. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in egg yolks was different (P < 0.05) among the control (0.17 g/100 g), 5% CM (0.46 g/100 g), 5% LM (0.32 g/100 g), and blend (0.38 g/100 g) treatments. Treatment did not affect (P > 0.05) any of the bone parameters measured at 55 and 67 wk of age. CM and LM supported similar egg production, feed efficiency, egg yolk color, adequate bone strength, and the incorporation of DHA into egg yolks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses opportunities for diverting residual biomass, which are the by-products of agricultural and food-processing streams, to the production of chemicals. The authors note that most of the carbon-based compounds manufactured by the chemical industry are derived from petroleum, arguing that increased costs and a dwindling oil supply have necessitated a shift in focus on alternative routes to making chemicals, fuels, and solvents from biomass. An overview of studies assessing the merit of applying various dedicated crops for the production of chemicals, including grasses, corn stover, and sugar cane, is presented.