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Although food waste is an urgent issue with widespread economic, societal, and environmental impacts, it remains understudied in the marketing discipline. This is surprising, since most food waste occurs at the retail and consumption stages of the food life cycle. This research fills this gap by examining how resource mindset and self-construal jointly shape consumer food waste. Specifically, inducing a scarcity mindset signals that there is no resource to waste, mitigating consumer food waste regardless of self-construal. In contrast, under an abundance mindset, where there is resource to waste, activating an interdependent (vs. independent) self-construal can effectively reduce consumer food waste. The authors identify sharing obligation, the tendency to share valuable resources with in-groups, as a key mechanism behind the effect. In support of this mechanism, enhancing sharing obligation (e.g., highlighting the sharing concept, highlighting others' food needs) or diminishing it (e.g., highlighting family resource abundance) attenuates the effect of self-construal on consumer food waste under an abundance mindset. The results from one large-scale field study, four controlled experiments, and a country-level secondary data analysis provide convergent support for the proposed framework. This research not only contributes to the related literature but also provides actionable strategies for mitigating consumer food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retailer price promotions, and in particular multi-unit deals such as the ubiquitous "buy one, get one," are often criticized as a cause of food waste, presumably because they lure households into buying more than they can realistically consume. In this research, the authors combine field data and experiments to provide the first systematic test of this claim. The field data, which span eight frequently purchased perishable foods, show no evidence of a positive relationship between single-unit or multi-unit price promotions and food waste. In fact, households that took advantage of a multi-unit deal reported wasting less than did households paying regular prices (RPs), but only when the quantity purchased was larger than usual. Given this result, and that households also reported consuming and freezing more, the authors hypothesize that promotion-induced overbuying triggers a concern for food waste that encourages waste prevention. One experiment finds support for this mechanism. A second experiment shows that the effect on food waste concerns is moderated by perishability and versatility but unaffected by convenience and healthiness. Overall, then, this research invites regulators and other professionals to rethink their stance on price promotions and work with retailers to design smart campaigns that motivate waste awareness and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary resource management is doubly burdened by high rates of organic material disposal in landfills, generating potent greenhouse gases (GHG), and globally degraded soils, which threaten future food security. Expansion of composting can provide a resilient alternative, by avoiding landfill GHG emissions, returning valuable nutrients to the soil to ensure continued agricultural production, and sequestering carbon while supporting local communities. Recognizing this opportunity, California has set ambitious organics diversion targets in the Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Law (SB1383) which will require significant increases (5 to 8 million tonnes per year) in organic material processing capacity. This paper develops a spatial optimization model to consider how to handle this flow of additional material while achieving myriad social and ecological benefits through compost production. We consider community-based and on-farm facilities alongside centralized, large-scale infrastructure to explore decentralized and diversified alternative futures of composting infrastructure in the state of California. We find using a diversity of facilities would provide opportunity for cost savings while achieving significant emissions reductions of approximately 3.4 ± 1 MMT CO2e and demonstrate that it is possible to incorporate community protection into compost infrastructure planning while meeting economic and environmental objectives.

Consumers have an aversion to purchasing near-expiry food products, which leads to enormous food waste and economic loss. Given the importance of this issue, past research has studied the effect of impending expiration date on product sales, but its focus has been limited to perishable food products. Since the expiration dates of non-perishable food products are treated as less important than those of perishable food products, we expect that the resulting effect on sales largely varies by shopping environment. With the growing importance of online shopping in food sales, we examine how the effect of impending expiration date differs between mobile and PC shopping environments. By analyzing a unique data set from an online salvage store, we find that consumer aversion toward near-expiry products is more salient in the PC shopping environment than in the mobile shopping environment. However, when there is a deeper price promotion, the between-channel difference is reduced as the sensitivity of an impending expiration date on sales increases in the mobile shopping environment. These findings not only represent novel contributions to the literature but also provide managerial implications for practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for essential nutrients provided by fruits has led to an increase in processed fruit products. However, this processing generates a significant amount of byproducts. Due to a lack of awareness about their nutritional and health benefits, these byproducts are often treated as waste, negatively impacting the environment. To address this, this review focuses on the potential health effects and industrial reusability of these byproducts and their bioactive compounds from commonly consumed fruits in the United States including apples, bananas, citrus, and watermelon. The reviewed studies showed that these by-products, including peels, seeds, pomace, skin, and rinds, are rich sources of bioactive compounds at higher concentrations than the fruit flesh, offering potential health benefits including antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Incorporation of these byproducts in foods improved their physicochemical and nutrition properties as they are rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols. While many studies show promising results in vitro and in animal models, further research is needed to understand their effectiveness in humans and their potential for sustainable food innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peach (Prunus persica) is consumed in almost every part of the world due to its unique taste, flavor, and other sensorial characteristics. The peach processing industry discarded many parts of the fruit including stone, seed, and peel as "peach waste" (PW) after separating the fleshy part of the fruit. PW components are an affluent source of protein, micronutrients, bioactive compounds, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose. This proffer review potentially identifies nutraceutical exploitation with health benefits demonstrated by functional bioactive compounds along with their industrial applications in the field of nutraceuticals, food, feed, and cosmetics. Moreover, Wastewater treatment and biosynthetic development of practically useful products are also discussed. The use of PW for the development and designing of innovative nutraceutical and functional foods with enhanced quality could also be significant for lowering food waste and improving food security and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne diseases induced by foodborne pathogens have become a global concern, which cause massive food waste and enormous economic losses, and even impose serious threats to human health because of the production of bacterial toxins. Although synthetic chemical preservatives exhibit efficient antibacterial effects, their abuse and overuse have raised a variety of health concerns and led to an increase in drug-resistant bacteria. Recently, an increasing demand for "clean label" foods from consumers has stimulated the interest in developing novel food preservative techniques. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is considered the most promising alternative to control bacterial growth, and subsequent bacterial toxin production and biofilm formation due to its production of a vast spectrum of antibacterial metabolites and/or competitive exclusion mechanisms. In addition, the potential application of L. plantarum to circumvent foodborne pathogenic bacteria has been exploited in varieties of food products. The aim of this review is to emphasize the significant antibacterial and anti-virulence properties of L. plantarum against foodborne pathogens and provide the most recent updates on the capacity of L. plantarum to serve as antibacterial and anti-virulence natural agent, thereby highlighting the promising potential in food bio-preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored rambutan peel (RP) as a sustainable alternative food bioproduct to extract cellulose for application in packaging. The RP was pre-extracted with Soxhlet apparatus and the residual fiber was treated with synergetic enzyme (xylanase-laccase) to produce cellulose. The synergetic enzymatic treatment before sodium chlorite bleaching reduced chemical input by 28% with a high crystallinity index. The study showed RP contains a high amount of lignin (> 30%) followed by α-cellulose of 28.3 ± 0.6% and hemicellulose (>19%). The thermogravimetric analysis showed good thermal properties with the maximum mass loss of 54%-59% occurring between 332 °C to 338 °C. The Soxhlet-assisted enzyme bleached cellulose fibers were combined with gum tragacanth (in the ratio of 1:1) to prepare a foam as an absorbent for meat packaging. The pore distribution in the foam was visualized in 3D by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography, and the crystallinity by Wide-angle X-ray scattering. The as-prepared foam exhibited weight loss, drip loss and swelling properties similar to that of commercial absorbent after 4 days of meat storage. The enzymatic biorefinery approach is promising for the valorization of rambutan peel and other lignocellulosic biomass. The cellulose demonstrates great potential for application in the food industry as an absorbent for meat packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides theoretical and practical perspectives on resource recovery (RR) in upcycled food (UF) supply chains. The goal of RR in UF supply chains is to minimize food waste and maximize the value derived from food byproducts and surplus. However, since these supply chains are fragmented and recovering and utilizing food waste involve inherent uncertainties, implementation is challenging. This study employs the fuzzy Delphi method and a fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory. The analysis validates 29 attributes of RR in UF supply chains, examines their causal relationships, and assesses hierarchical interdependencies. The findings reveal that financial resources, managerial strategies, and digital infrastructure causally drive collaborative innovation networks. This study provides managerial implications for the UF industry, highlighting the importance of engaging business stakeholders, supporting collaborative problem solving, allocating budgets strategically, developing lifecycle value strategies, and focusing on value creation. These insights can inform strategies and sustainable practices in the food sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPreventing food waste across the hospitality industry requires a drastic rethinking of food waste. However, to date, there has been limited attention given to the creative approaches taken by hospitality businesses to address the problem. By studying examples of food waste best practice, this study aims to identify the creative ways in which hospitality businesses prevent food waste. Applying an antenarrative lens, we demonstrate how sustainability-led businesses tell three food stories –food as a resource, back to our roots, and rethinking food waste – each of which has an underlying food waste narrative that incorporate the eco-efficiency and appreciation framings of food waste previously identified within existing literature. These narratives are coming together to create a new food waste narrative in which food waste is anything that cannot be made edible through creative cooking and preservation, and which is not then disposed of in a way that creates value. These insights contribute to the literature by demonstrating how rethinking what is edible results in creative practices to prevent food waste, whilst also raising questions about the future direction of hospitality food waste research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper connects food waste with food delivery service and aims to explore the impacts of the anti-food waste regulation on food waste generation and the selection of promotion strategy in an Online-to-Offline (O2O) supply chain. Using a game-theoretical approach, we focus on three prominent promotion strategies—a no-promotion strategy (N strategy), a price discount strategy (D strategy), or a volume-based price discount strategy (S strategy). Our research results indicate that the restaurant's choice of promotion strategy is almost independent of the intensity of anti-food waste penalties. However, the optimal strategy of the platform and the amount of waste are influenced by it. Under certain conditions, restaurants and platforms were able to achieve a win-win situation through promotion strategies. In the case of the relaxation of anti-food waste regulations, both restaurants and platforms tend to adopt the D strategy. In contrast, when penalties are stronger, platforms may be forced to accept D or S strategy because of the proactive behaviors of restaurants, even if they would prefer not to adopt promotion strategies. Overall, the government should consider bringing restaurants under regulation to protect platform revenue and effectively reduce food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application Apples are susceptible to postharvest bruises, leading to a shortened shelf life and significant waste. Therefore, accurate detection of apple bruises is crucial to mitigate food waste. This study proposed an improved lightweight network based on MobileViT for detecting early‐stage bruises in apples, utilizing hyperspectral imaging technology from 397.66 to 1003.81 nm. After acquiring hyperspectral images, the Otsu threshold algorithm was employed for mask extraction, and principal component analysis was used for feature image extraction. Subsequently, the improved MobileViT network (iM‐ViT) was implemented and compared with traditional algorithms, utilizing depthwise separable convolutions for parameter reduction and integrating local and global features to enhance bruise detection capability. The results demonstrated the superior performance of iM‐ViT in accurately detecting apple bruises, showing significant improvements. The F1 score and test accuracy for detecting apple bruises using iM‐ViT reached 0.99 and 99.07%, respectively. The fivefold cross‐validation strategy was used to assess the stability and robustness of iM‐ViT, and ablation experiments were performed to explore the effects of depthwise separable convolutions and local features on parameter reduction and classification accuracy improvement for early‐stage bruise detection in apples. The results demonstrated that iM‐ViT effectively reduced parameters and improved the ability to detect early bruises in apples.This study proposed an improved lightweight network to detect early bruises in apples, providing a reference for quick detection of bruises caused in the production process. Potential insights into the nondestructive detection of apple bruises using lightweight networks have been presented, which might be applied to mobile or online devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in food waste recovery by both consumers and companies. Food waste of plant origin is a source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phytosterols, carotenoids, and tocopherols, with well‐known antioxidant, anti‐glycemic, and antimicrobial properties. The use of green and sustainable technologies to recover bioactive compounds from food waste is a possible solution to valorize waste following the principles of green chemistry. Furthermore, today's consumers are more attracted, informed, and aware of the benefits associated with the consumption of functional foods, and with this in mind, the use of extracts rich in beneficial compounds obtained by green technologies from food waste can be a valid alternative to prepare functional foods. In this review, the recovery of polyphenols and fibers with green technologies from food waste for the formulation of functional foods was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of food waste produces hydrochar—a suitable biofuel—and process water (PW), which has a high organic content suitable for material and energy recovery. In this work, we study the effect of pH (4.8, 5.3, and 6.0) and organic loading rate (OLR; 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g COD L−1 d−1) throughout the dark fermentation (DF) of PW from the HTC of food waste (180 °C, 1 h) in a continuous stirred tank reactor. The highest hydrogen yield (197.5 mL H 2 L−1 d−1) was reached at pH 4.8 and OLR 5 g COD L−1 d−1, associated with a prevalence of Clostridium bacteria. The highest volatile fatty acids concentration (10.2 g COD ·L−1) was achieved at pH 4.8 and OLR 7.5 g COD L−1 d−1, with a dominance of Actinobacteria phylum. The integrated system HTC-DF allowed a potential energy recovery of 11.2 MJ kg−1. [Display omitted] • HTC process water from food waste has suitable characteristics for dark fermentation. • Optimal H 2 production was found at pH 4.8 and organic loading rate of 5 g COD L−1 d−1. • Highest VFA production was obtained at pH 4.8 and 7.5 g COD L−1 d−1. • The energy recovery of the coupled process achieved the 63.3% from food waste. • H 2 yield and VFA production rate is driven by dominant microbial consortia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanochitin was developed to effectively utilize crab shells, a food waste product, and there is ongoing research into its applications. Short nanowhiskers were produced by sonicating partially deacetylated nanochitin in water, resulting in a significant decrease in viscosity due to reduced entanglement of the nanowhiskers. These nanowhiskers self-assembled into a multilayered film through an evaporation technique. The macro- and nanoscale structures within the film manipulate light, producing vibrant and durable structural colors. The dried cast film exhibited green and purple stripes extending from the center to the edge formed by interference effects from the multilayer structure and thickness variations. Preserving structural colors requires maintaining a low ionic strength in the dispersion, as a higher ionic strength reduces electrostatic repulsion between nanofibers, increasing viscosity and potentially leading to the fading of color. This material's sensitivity to environmental changes, combined with chitin's biocompatibility, makes it well-suited for food sensors, wherein it can visually indicate freshness or spoilage. Furthermore, chitin's stable and non-toxic properties offer a sustainable alternative to traditional dyes in cosmetics, delivering vivid and long-lasting color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of utilizing sweet potato waste for distilled beverage production in two process scenarios: (i) acid hydrolysis and (ii) enzymatic hydrolysis. Laboratory experiments were conducted using in natura sweet potato waste and the data obtained were used to design a production system capable of producing 1000 L of distillate per day. Net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and discounted payback indicators were used for economic analysis, with a minimum attractiveness rate (MARR) of 15%. The initial investment for the projects was BRL 1 139 610.86 (USD 223 146.80) for enzymatic hydrolysis and BRL 1 314 824.54 (USD 257 455.36) for acid hydrolysis. Packaging costs were identified as the greatest expenses in the process. Assuming a selling price of BRL 14.50 (USD 2.84), the enzymatic hydrolysis process demonstrated an NPV of BRL 4 792 520.77 (USD 938 421.92) and IRR of 83.39%, and the acid hydrolysis process showed an NPV of BRL 2 191 636.78 (USD 429 143.68) and IRR of 42.49%. Consequently, establishing a production plant for distilled beverages proved to be more economically attractive when employing the enzymatic hydrolysis process and fermentation simultaneously, resulting in a return on investment within 1.46 years of operation. Upon scrutinizing the gain matrix, it became apparent that critical factors with the potential to affect the project's feasibility detrimentally, if increased, included the cost of acquiring packaging, the final volumetric fraction of the distilled beverage, and the tax rate. Nevertheless, an upturn in the selling price of the beverage and a process improvement yield both have the potential to underpin the project effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical fluid impregnation (SFI) is an emerging technique for the incorporation of target compounds into solid matrices. It has attracted attention in the food industry, where it can be applied. As it does not use organic solvents and supercritical CO2 is the most commonly used fluid, SFI is considered to be an ecofriendly and 'green' strategy. A review of the literature is essential in order to understand the complex interactions that occur in SFI. This is a scoping review of SFI applied to the food industry from 2018 to 2023. The search used the Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Guiding questions were identified, publications related to the topic were selected, and the information was extracted, organized, and grouped. An overview of the SFI, its operational characteristics, challenges, prospects, and strategies is presented. Initially, 329 records were found; 38 publications were eventually selected for inclusion in this scoping review. The results indicate that the packaging sector has been the focus of publications. However, trends include applications of SFI in micronization, developing of food waste biorefineries, and food protection from direct impregnation. This scoping analysis is therefore a powerful tool for creating new research into the application of SFI to food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulking agent and microbial agent are widely used to improving the aerobic composting condition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of composite microbial agent which is consisted of Azotobacter salinestris, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus and Trichoderma viride with different bulking agents (straw or sawdust) on organic matter degradation, enzyme activities, and functional genes associated with carbon and nitrogen cycling during aerobic composting of food waste. The results demonstrated that the inoculation of composite microbial agent significantly improved the degradation of starch, protein, cellulose, and grease, along with boosting microbial enzyme activity and the abundance of carbon degradation genes. Furthermore, the degradation of organic matter (OM), protein, cellulose, and grease were higher in the straw bulked composting with composite microbial agent treatment (B). Meanwhile, B also exhibited a higher abundance of cdh and rbcL genes compared to the other treatments. Pearson regression analysis identified temperature as the primary factor controlling organic matter degradation, while cdh and cex genes exhibited strong associations with cellulose degradation during food waste composting. These findings suggest that incorporating straw as bulking agent with composite microbial agent during food waste composting can effectively enhance organic matter degradation. [Display omitted] • Composite microbial agent significantly enhanced organic matter degradation. • Composite microbial agent stimulated the secrete of microbial enzyme. • Straw conditioned composting degrade organic matter more effectively than sawdust. • Temperature is the key factor of organic matter degradation during composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The production of functional foods has been on a consistent rise in the past few years. The increasing demand for these foods could play a pivotal role in addressing the escalating issue of food waste and in the creation of innovative food formulations. Utilising by‐products from the food industry has become commonplace due to their advantageous nutritional composition and functional properties. These by‐products retain richness in colour compounds, proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, sugars, fibres, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds. This abundance of elements can be harnessed to develop innovative food products. This review examines the potential of utilising food industry wastes for producing functional foods, focusing on residues from animal and vegetable origins; such residues find application in creating snacks, beverages, fermented foods, bakery items, dairy products, pasta, charcuterie, chocolate, flavouring agents, additives and culinary innovations. This study seeks to establish a sustainable strategy for minimising food waste disposal, fostering a bio‐based food production industry and enhancing overall sustainability by uncovering alternatives for novel, nutritious and value‐added food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to valorise different organic waste streams and the subsequent use of resulting larvae as a feedstock ingredient is increasing rapidly in several regions across the globe. The lack of knowledge about several safety issues including chemical contaminants (e.g. heavy metals) seems to affect the upscaling and commercialisation of this product. This study evaluates the safety of the BSFL against chemical contaminants including heavy metals and mycotoxins in both BSFL and frass samples reared with different food waste streams (e.g. soy waste, customised bread‐vegetable diet, food waste mixture, supermarket and childcare centre) from two commercial production facilities. The effect of larval instars and post‐harvest treatments (e.g. blanching and drying) on the safety of the BSFL was also investigated. The concentration of heavy metals was primarily influenced by the concentration in the food waste streams. The concentration was also higher in 6th instar compared to 5th instar larvae. The effect of blanching and drying have a varied effect on the concentration of heavy metals. Mycotoxins were found to be below the limit of quantification for all samples. The outcomes of this study indicated that BSFL grown on food waste streams and the resulting frass is safe against different heavy metals analysed. The findings of this study will assist the commercial BSFL manufacturers with the identification of relevant control points to ensure the chemical safety of their products. Therefore, encourage the use of different food waste streams as feedstock for rearing BSFL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate peel waste is a valuable reservoir of heat‐sensitive total hydrolysable tannins (THT), with potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals. Preserving THT is challenging due to degradation post‐extraction. We explore ionic gelation as an encapsulation method to optimize THT utilization. RESULTS: Through external gelation, we optimized the process variables using Box–Behnken design. At 40 g kg−1 sodium alginate, 25 g kg−1 calcium chloride, and 300 g kg−1 pomegranate peel extract (PPE), we achieved an 83.65% encapsulation efficiency. Compared to spray drying, external gelation demonstrated superior performance, with enhanced release percentages and stability. Physical, phytochemical, and release profiles of encapsulates were extensively analysed. External gelation achieved an 87.5% release in 30 min, outperforming spray‐dried counterparts (69.7% in 25 min). Encapsulated PPE exhibited robust antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) in powdered infant formula, with a 32 ± 0.01 mm zone of inhibition and 300 μg mL−1 minimum inhibitory concentration. Insights into S. aureus growth curves underlined the mechanism of action via membrane potential alterations. The results of carried investigations also showed that the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PPE extracts against the targeted organism was identical to the antibacterial activity exhibited by synthetic antibiotics used generally to kill microorganisms in food. Therefore, from the findings, it can be concluded that the PPE encapsulate produced using the external gelation technique at the optimized condition displayed superior storage stability possessing strong antimicrobial activity when compared to encapsulate produced using the spray drying technique. CONCLUSIONS: External gelation emerges as a potent technique for developing effective encapsulates enriched with natural antimicrobials or antibiotics. This approach holds promise for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals, enhancing stability and efficacy while reducing reliance on synthetic antibiotics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The latest World Food Security Outlook predicted stabilization in global food security by 2024; however, nearly one billion people still face the threat of food insecurity. Fertilisers, crucial for maximizing crop yields, are the subject of scrutiny due to their environmental impact and health concerns. Efforts are being made to use fertilisers more efficiently and maintain soil nutrient balance to address these issues. In this research, different solid and liquid wastes from the food industry were used to granulate organic biofertilisers with a rotary drum granulator. This included buckwheat biomass (BBM), buckwheat husks (BH), buckwheat husk ash (BHA), bone meal (BM), molasses solution (MS), and beaten eggs (BE). Using standardized fertiliser testing methods, it was found that the biofertilisers produced by the drum granulator comply with the requirements for bulk fertilisers, as they are rich in plant nutrients, the static strength of their granules is high (7–14 N/granule), and their moisture content is higher (4–8%) than that of conventional mineral fertilisers, but the hygroscopicity of the granules when stored in standard conditions (30–60% humidity, temperature of 20–25 °C) is low. Due to their slightly alkaline pH, it is likely that such fertilisers could be used in acidic soils and would have a double effect—they would improve plant growth and soil properties (increase the amount of organic matter and reduce acidity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Storage conditions for solid sidestreams for improved shelf-life and safety of upcycled products such as food, feed, and value-added products. Brewer's spent grain (BSG) and spent coffee ground (SCG) are solid sidestreams from beverage production increasingly being upcycled into food, feed and other value-added products. These solid sidestreams are prone to microbial spoilage, negatively impacting their upcycling potential. Three samples each of BSG and SCG were obtained from generators and recycling facilities in Singapore, and their chemical, elemental, and microbial composition was characterized. The spoilage mechanisms were investigated during storage under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Bacterial loads of sidestreams were low from craft brewery and café sources (<1 and 3.53 ± 0.03 log10 CFU/g) and high from recycling facilities (>6 log10 CFU/g). The microbiome of BSG from recycling facilities was dominated by Bacilli, and B. coagulans was identified as the most prevalent species. SCG from recycling facilities was dominated by lactic acid bacteria, with L. panis being the most prevalent species. Storage up to 14 days under anaerobic conditions led to further bacterial proliferation mainly by Bacilli, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria, while aerobic storage led to extensive fungal contamination, including potential aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus. The results shed light on the spoilage mechanisms, while highlighting the short shelf-life and food safety risks of BSG and SCG to inform valorization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy is a tangible paradigm in response to the unsustainable model of production and consumption of resources in the agri-food system. The circular economy allows for a reduction in the environmental impact through the minimization of food waste or the maximal generation of renewable energy from waste. Despite the relevance, in the extant literature, there are scant indications on how to apply circular business models in agri-food systems. Hence, the paper aims to analyze the circular economy implementation level in the agri-food system in 29 European countries, focusing on specific circular economy strategies. Selected indicators were analyzed to evaluate the level of circular economy implementation in the agri-food system (e.g., production values, energy sharing from renewable sources, and total waste emission) using a Panel data analysis method. The required variables were gained from the global databases within the recent five years (2014–2018). The results reveal an overall lack of circular economy implementation in the agri-food systems among European countries. A set of 12 managerial propositions was suggested to foster the implementation of the circular business models by interacting the recycling, extending, intensifying, and dematerializing strategies with aspects of the production process, waste emission, and renewable energy sharing in the agri-food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing food waste phenomenon is recognised as a global issue with significant social, economic, and environmental burdens. This is a major concern in developed nations, where consumers are the largest contributors to the total volume of food waste production. As a leading cause of food and water insecurity, economic inequality, and environmental degradation, preventing and minimising consumer food waste is a key objective for policymakers and practitioners. Due to the complex consumer behaviours and practices associated with food waste generation, current understandings of why food waste occurs remain scattered. The purpose of this review is therefore to map the history and development of consumer food waste research over time, highlighting key themes and inconsistencies within the existing literature. Adopting a narrative approach, the literature is organised into three distinct themes to explore and identify the various internal and external determinants of consumer food waste. Our analysis highlights consumer food waste as a complex and multi-faceted challenge which cannot be attributed to one single variable, but rather a combination of behaviours determined by various societal, individual, and behavioural factors. While previous research tends to frame food waste as mainly a consumer issue, this review identifies several collective actors who are central to the problem. These findings call for a holistic view across the food supply chain to help identify opportunities for multi-stakeholder actions that prevent and reduce food waste at the consumer level. Drawing upon these new insights, we provide practical recommendations to assist policymakers, retailers, and consumers in mitigating consumer-related food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste is a growing environmental, economic, and social challenge worldwide. This study aimed to assess the association between various socio-demographic characteristics and household food waste behaviors among university students in Italy. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated, online, anonymous, and voluntary-based questionnaire distributed among university students in Milan, Italy. Linear regression analyses were performed to explore the association between socio-demographic factors and anti-household food waste behaviors (preventive practice, abilities scores, and parental guidance). A total of 2779 students participated in the survey. Students residing outside Lombardy exhibited higher preventive practice scores (β = 0.11, p = 0.030). Regular smoking was negatively associated with preventive practice (β = −0.22, p < 0.001) and abilities scores (β = −0.11, p = 0.009). Cohabitation with a partner positively impacted abilities scores (β = 0.23, p = 0.007). Larger family sizes and students in scientific fields showed higher scores for parents' guidance (β = 0.18, p < 0.001). Frequent use of food delivery apps correlated with lower scores across all categories, while anti-food waste apps had a positive effect. Socio-demographic factors significantly influence food waste behaviors among university students. Tailored public health policies and educational programs addressing these factors could effectively reduce food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the age where environmental sustainability issues are progressively prioritized, green demarketing has risen as a strategic choice for organizations aiming to decrease customer demand for unsustainable services/products and stimulate more eco-friendly substitutes. This paper investigates the impact of green demarketing on brand credibility, green authenticity, and perceptions of greenwashing. This paper examines how restaurants that are engaged in green demarketing practices are perceived with regard to their commitment toward the environment and whether such practices improve or reduce a brand's credibility. Moreover, this study explores green authenticity and explores how an organization's brand looks in its sustainability practices when employing demarketing activities. The proper consequences of greenwashing, where customers might perceive these tactics as insincere or misleading, are also significantly explored. By employing a survey research method, 414 restaurant customers were targeted, and the gathered data were analyzed employing partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). This study's results might contribute to the increasing interest in sustainable marketing activities and deliver practical implications for restaurants aiming to navigate the complex multi-dynamics of ecofriendly responsibility and consumer credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes three environmentally sustainable household consumption behaviors (optimizing the use of domestic water, minimizing food waste, and minimizing plastic packaging usage) through the model of goal‐directed behavior. The findings show that attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, anticipated emotions, and habits are all significant predictors of the desire to adopt sustainable consumption behaviors, which directly fosters the intention to adopt these behaviors. Intention–behavior links were unique for each behavior; minimizing plastic packaging usage was the most difficult behavior to implement. This study offers useful insights into people's sustainable consumption goals and their intentions to adopt responsible consumption behaviors. A generalizable model of environmentally sustainable household behaviors that considers the three behaviors simultaneously is presented. This study suggests that business and policy strategies that could successfully promote sustainability in the household might proceed by, for example, empowering consumers or changing their habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of energy potential through anaerobic digestion is a widely used method for treating biodegradable waste. However, challenges related to operational issues, waste characterization, and process instability hinder its widespread application and result in low methane yields. This review aims to organize and analyze the static and dynamic parameters that influence biogas yield in order to optimize its production. Biogas typically consists of 50–70% methane (CH4) and 30–50% carbon dioxide (CO2) along with traces of other gases. The paper highlights various solutions to enhance CH4 production, including substrate pre-treatment, co-digestion, Fe0 powder addition, anaerobic fungi, multi-stage biodigester design, and controlling factors influencing anaerobic digestion. These factors primarily include methanogenic potential, C/N ratio, digestion temperature, pH, reactor tightness, and Pressure. However, the use of bioreactors faces technical, socio-economic, and environmental constraints that vary between developed and less developed countries, as discussed in the paper. Through an analysis of over 30 substrate types, the optimum ratios for certain substrates to achieve higher biogas yields were identified. For cow manure mixed with other materials, the yield increases within a C/N ratio of 20–30 and decreases at a ratio of 35. In the case of poultry droppings mixed with other substrates, the yield increases within a C/N ratio of 18–22. Food waste yield, on the other hand, varies significantly due to the differing characteristics of food waste sources. In summary, this study emphasizes the importance of optimizing biogas production through understanding and controlling the influencing factors. It provides insights into potential solutions and optimum substrate ratios for improved biogas yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis in humans, the severity of which depends on multiple factors, including intrinsic characteristics of the affected individuals and the pathogen itself. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications may also modulate host susceptibility to infection. Therefore, different clinical outcomes can be expected, ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to severe central nervous system and maternal-neonatal infections, and bacteremia. Furthermore, L. monocytogenes is a genetically and phenotypically diverse species, resulting in a large variation in virulence potential between strains. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been widely used to categorize the clonal structure of bacterial species and to define clonal complexes (CCs) of genetically related isolates. The combination of MLST and epidemiological data allows to distinguish hypervirulent CCs, which are notably more prevalent in clinical cases and typically associated with severe forms of the disease. Conversely, other CCs, termed hypovirulent, are predominantly isolated from food and food processing environments and are associated with the occurrence of listeriosis in immunosuppressed individuals. Reports of genetic traits associated with this diversity have been described. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is encouraging the search for virulence biomarkers to rapidly identify the main strains of concern to reduce food waste and economical losses. The aim of this review is to comprehensively collect, describe and discuss the methodologies used to discriminate the virulence potential of L. monocytogenes CCs. From the exploration of in vitro and in vivo models to the study of expression of virulence genes, each approach is critically explored to better understand its applicability and efficiency in distinguishing the virulence potential of the pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food loss and waste occur at an alarming rate while many households in the City of Vancouver are food insecure. Set within the context of City of Vancouver’s Zero Waste 2040 long-term strategic plan, the City seeks to promote a circular economy, including through food waste reduction and prevention, better food redistribution, and partaking in awareness campaigns. Food rescue and redistribution is often framed as a win–win solution to avoid throwing unwanted, unmarketable, or surplus foods from the landfill and instead redistributing the food to those who are food insecure. This solution has been framed as a useful tool to promote a circular economy. However, both food waste and food studies scholars have rightly noted that connecting unwanted foods with those who are food insecure to address systemic hunger is not a panacea, nor is it a systemic solution to prevent food waste. Drawing on key informant interviews with agri-food experts across the system (n = 20), this study identified the challenges, opportunities, and the overall vision of the circular food economy and how it is mobilised in the City of Vancouver. It seeks to understand how equity factors into the vision of a circular food economy and its implementation by agri-food and relevant actors. The findings in this study highlight the importance of dynamic governance systems that targets critical points for change including regulation, funding, and capacity building to ensure a circular food economy that considers equity and justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid fermentation (LAF) has recently been considered a promising strategy to store food waste (FW) prior to dark fermentation (DF), as it can stabilize organic matter with no negative impact on biohydrogen potential (BHP). However, concentrations can affect LAF and its subsequent impact on BHP is not known. This novel study evaluates the impact of storing FW by LAF at 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% total solids (TS), at 35 °C and 23 °C, subsequently converted to biohydrogen through DF. Storing FW in LAF at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% TS has no impact on its BHP (88 ± 23 mL/gVS). Storing at 1% TS increases variability of metabolic pathways, with replicates undergoing butyric fermentation instead of LAF, resulting in 33 mL/gVS and 13 mL/gVS of BHP, compared to the total average of all conditions at 84 ± 25 mL/gVS. Microbial analysis shows Lactobacillus sp. and Weissella sp. as the main genera selected during storage. The concentrations affect the relative abundance of various remaining genera, such as Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia sp. at 20% TS and Lactococcus sp. at 1% TS. Except at low TS, LAF is a robust storage strategy of FW prior to DF, preserving its BHP without the need for conventional refrigeration. [Display omitted] • Lactic acid fermentation (LAF) was investigated as storage for food waste (FW). • FW stored in LAF was converted to biohydrogen through dark fermentation (DF). • FW stored in LAF produced an average of 84 ± 25 mL/gVS of hydrogen in subsequent DF. • Storage at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% TS preserved biohydrogen potential (BHP) of FW. • Storage at 1% TS increased variability of metabolic pathways, resulting in BHP loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion is one of the most promising options for the disposal of biodegradable food waste. However, the relatively high content of oil in food waste inhibits the conversion efficiency of anaerobic digestion because of the accumulation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). In this study, activated anaerobic sludge was acclimated to accommodate high-oil conditions. The methane yield of high-oil food waste digested by the acclimated sludge increased by 24.9% compared to that digested by the raw sludge. To determine the internal changes in the acclimated sludge, the shifts in the microbial communities during the acclimation period were investigated via high-throughput sequencing (HTS) based on the 16 S rRNA gene. The results indicated that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria at the phylum level. The acclimation time allows some functional bacterial taxa to proliferate, such as Clostridium and Longilinea, which are able to degrade LCFAs and turn them into small organic molecules that also have nutrient value for other bacteria. Among the archaeal communities, the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanobacterium nearly supplanted the acetotrophic methanogen Methanosaeta. The time profiles of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and pH during this period provided additional evidence for the success of the acclimation. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of acclimation and the dynamic of microbial communities, which further contributed to the management and resource utilization of high-oil food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion Composts made from food waste will soon become more widespread on the market thanks to the upcoming enforcement of the legal obligation to sort biowaste. Our experiment aims at improving knowledge on the short‐term effects of these composts on soils’ physicochemical properties and vegetable crops.Three composts with contrasting characteristics were tested: a 100% v/v green waste compost (C1), and two composts composed of 50% v/v food waste and 50% v/v green waste, one prepared directly on the soil (C2) and the other from a competing producer who have the French NFU 44‐051 (AFNOR NF U 44‐051, 2006) certification for an organic amendment (C3). They were applied at a rate of 100 t ha−1 (dry matter) on two cropped soils with contrasting textures. Soil‐and‐compost mixes and compost‐free soil were planted with lettuce, radish, and potato.Seventy‐four days after planting, composts improved some soil physicochemical properties. The compost‐amended soils had better saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks, 1 10−3–2.5 10−3 cm s−1) than the compost‐free soil (0.5 10−3 cm s−1), and water‐stable aggregates were higher than the initial value in C3 soil, equal to it in C2 soil, and lower in C1 soil. pH, total nitrogen, and organic carbon increased in all compost‐amended soils. Food waste compost stimulated crop production. The yields (dry matter) of all three crops were two to three times higher in the two soils amended with food waste compost compared to unamended soil, whereas they decreased almost two times in the soil amended with green waste compost due to nitrogen immobilization. Trace metals (particularly Pb and Cd) added by the composts, although present in edible parts of the plants, did not exceed the European rules for trace metals.Thus, food waste composts have positive effects on soils and vegetable crops, and the higher their organic matter content, the higher these positive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable and fruit byproducts are different parts of vegetables and fruits plus secondary products derived from primary agrofood production processes. With the increasing growth of global vegetable and fruit production, utilization of their byproducts for recovery of health benefit dietary nutrients required emphasis. The current food system and manufacturers are inadequate to maximize the existing food or plant resources' public demand concurrently to minimize environmental pollution. Important sources of nutritional qualities of these byproducts and their valorization trends are getting research interests. In this review, we have summarized the nutritional qualities and their means of valorization of vegetable and fruit byproducts which have maximum global production from the FAO (2021) published data. The nutritional qualities of the main byproducts are highlighted and the current trends to valorize them into innovative health‐promoting products were assessed. Valorization investigations conducted on these byproducts into food additives (dietary fiber concentrates), nutraceuticals, edible food packaging materials, fermented beverages, and natural dyes were mainly focused on in this review. There are limitations in valorizing technologies of vegetable and fruit byproducts. Hence, further studies are vital to develop novel processing techniques for each of these byproducts. Benefiting from the food waste is a pearl of wisdom and ignoring the value can be participating in pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intensive global food production causes soil, water and air pollution, which has a negative impact on our health and future ability to produce sufficient nutritious food. Plant-based diets have the potential to reduce the environmental damage associated with the global food chain. Aims: The project sought to understand drivers of food waste and to improve food sustainability in a busy, tertiary referral hospital in England. Methods: Ward-level food waste was quantified. Qualitative data were collected using informal interviews with staff and additional data utilised the patient feedback survey. Ward-level food packaging waste and patient food choices were quantified using data on patient menu choices. The carbon footprint of patient food choices was calculated. Findings: Beef was the most popular menu choice, and was the main contributing factor to the high environmental impact of the hospital food chain. Increasing the visibility of vegetarian options on the menu led to a four-fold rise in these meals being chosen, which reduced the carbon footprint of the patient meal service. Recycling food packaging was also started, but there are challenges to widespread implementation. Conclusion: The project was successful, but it remains a starting point from which to increase food sustainability across the NHS and care sector catering provision [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing population and the drastic depletion of fossil fuels, the demand for the bioproduction of value-added products is increasing. Recently, lactic acid in polylactic acid (PLA) has been extensively explored for bioplastic applications and other traditional applications in the food industry, textile industry, and pharmaceutical industry. The limitation of large-scale production and application of PLA in bioplastic production hinders the economic production, which challenges downstream techniques for lactic acid purification. Valorizing waste biomass such as food waste, lignocellulosic biomass, dairy industry, and fruit and vegetable processing for cheap carbon sources will support the reduction of the production cost of lactic acid. Metabolic engineering approaches have been extensively studied, such as the overexpression of lactic acid genes from traditional producers and monocarboxylate transporter genes in microbial cell factories. Through this, the movement of lactate molecules across the membrane is improved, and various studies have reported the enhanced production of lactic acid. The purification of lactic acid has also been studied for a long time using various techniques such as precipitation, adsorption, esterification, liquid–liquid extraction, and membrane-based techniques. A detailed review of lactic acid purification techniques with a small emphasis on aqueous two-phase system methods is discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the intricate quantitative structure of household food waste and their corresponding life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from raw materials to retail utilizing a combination of household- and food-related economic statistics and life cycle assessment in Japan. Given Japan's status as a nation heavily impacted by an aging population, this study estimates these indicators for the six age brackets of Japanese households, showing that per capita food waste increases as the age of the household head increases (from 16.6 for the 20's and younger group to 46.0 kg/year for 70's and older in 2015) primarily attributed to the propensity of older households purchase of more fruits and vegetables. Further, the largest life cycle greenhouse gases related to food waste was 90.1 kg-CO2eq/year for those in their 60's while the smallest was 39.2 kg-CO2eq/year for 20's and younger. Furthermore, food waste and associated emissions are expected to decline due to future demographic changes imparted by an aging, shrinking population after 2020 until 2040. Specific measures focused on demographic shifts are crucial for Japan and other countries with similar dietary patterns and demographics to achieve related sustainable development goals through suppressing food waste and associated emissions under new dietary regimes. Given Japan's aging population, this study examines household food waste and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for the six age brackets of Japanese households. Older households have higher food waste emissions than younger households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to optimize the solid waste collection and transportation system using ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools. The generated solid waste was characterized by proximate analysis. The generation rate and composition were determined according to standard methods. The average solid waste generation rates for households, commercial sites, institutions, and recreational places were 0.48 kg/c/day, 15.03 kg/fac/day, 9.32 kg/fac/day, and 22.8 kg/fac/day, respectively. The estimated total generation rate of the sub-city is 207,004.03 kg/day and 712.13 m3/day as discarded base. Composition analysis revealed that food waste is the major component of municipal solid waste, with estimated weight and volume of 134,696.08 kg and 299.46 m3, respectively. Proximate analysis indicated that food and textile wastes have relatively high moisture content and fixed carbon. Candidate pre-collection bin allocations were optimized based on factors such as road network, distribution of solid waste generators, and existing temporary dumping sites, resulting in 1052 potential bin locations. Transfer station allocation was optimized by considering land use-land cover, slope, and geology. Twelve transfer routes and four transport routes were established to efficiently serve the bins and final waste destinations. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools can effectively optimize the municipal solid waste collection and transportation system, providing a robust framework for improving waste management efficiency. However, further research is recommended to validate these findings through field application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased agricultural productivity and modern technology to turn lignocellulose-rich waste biomass (LCB) into value-added substances might contribute to a sustainable economy that satisfies the enormous demand for food, energy and resources. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) have gained increased attention since they act as nondigestible functional oligosaccharides and contribute potential health benefits. The scientific literature confirms that XOS are hydrolysates of xylan, a significant hemicellulose abundantly present in food and agricultural waste. Additionally, various conventional and modern pretreatments effectively utilized xylan for XOS production. However, limited information has been found on applying XOS in food. This review focuses on a comprehensive overview of the enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan and the production of functional XOS. A brief study on existing and probable applications of XOS in various functional food preparations has also been highlighted. Consumer’s desire for healthy, high-quality food drives the industry to develop novel, natural and reasonably priced functional ingredients. XOS delivers a wide range of dimensions and opportunities for creating novelty in food with potential integration into the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The USA has committed to cutting its emissions of methane, an extremely potent greenhouse gas, by at least 30% by 2030 (‘30 × 30’). This is part of the Global Methane Pledge, signed by 155 countries, to keep global warming within 1.5 °C and thereby to forestall the disastrous effects of ‘runaway climate change’. It will be a major challenge for the USA to reach 30 × 30 and there is no consensus on how to do so. This paper provides a concrete, data‐driven roadmap to indicate how to reach 30 × 30 feasibly, focusing on two enormous sources of methane emissions: organic waste and oil and gas production. It calculates that building approximately 4700 anaerobic digesters (ADs) to process food waste and animal manure would cost about $74.2 billion in capital expenditure (capex) and cut 13.6% of total US methane emissions per year. On average, each project would take roughly 2–6 years to build. Of the various methane mitigation measures analyzed in the oil and gas sectors, the most impactful would be full compliance with the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) revised New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for oil and gas production by 2029. This would cut 17.5% of total US methane emissions annually, at a cumulative capex of $20.7 billion from 2024 to 2029. Together, the 13.6% cut from food waste and manure ADs and the 17.5% cut from full NSPS compliance would amount to a 31.5% reduction, exceeding the 30 × 30 goal. Greater clarity from the federal government on funding eligibility and additional incentives would accelerate the buildout of ADs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding green areas in cities results in growth in green waste generation. This study presents the findings of an investigation into green waste from selective collection in a large Central European city (Warsaw, Poland), which can be identified as a valuable biomass resource. The research objective was to identify the properties of garden waste from single-family housing to determine valorization opportunities, emphasizing the utilization of GW as a source of energy. The research yielded several findings, including a notable degree of variability in fuel properties, including moisture content (CV = 30%), lower heating value (CV = 14.3%), and ash content (CV = 62.7/56.2%). The moisture content suggests composting, while the fertilizing properties indicate suitability for anaerobic digestion. The instability of the fuel properties, coupled with the elevated levels of chlorine, sulfur, and moisture, constrains the use of garden waste in thermal processes and alternative fuel production. Pyrolysis could be a viable approach for green waste feedstock, offering value-added products depending on the processing conditions and pre-treatment. Nevertheless, implementing a selective collection system is a critical condition for the optimal utilization of bio-waste, facilitating the quality and property control of green and food waste. This is essential for their effective processing, including energy recovery, thereby contributing to the efficient valorization of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst the many types of food waste, eggshells contain various minerals and bioactive materials, and they can become hazardous if not properly disposed of. However, they can be made useful for the environment and people by being converted to environmentally friendly catalytic materials or environmental purification agents. Simple calcination can enhance their properties and thereby render them suitable for catalytic and environmental applications. This work aimed to prepare CaO from waste eggshells and examine its effectiveness in photocatalytic pollution remediation, electrocatalytic activity, optical sensing, and antibacterial activities. As opposed to other techniques, this calcination process does not require any chemical reagents due to the high purity of CaCO3 in eggshells. Calcium oxide nanoparticles were prepared by subjecting waste eggshells (ES) to high-temperature calcination, and the synthesized CaO nanoparticles were characterized for their structural, morphological, chemical, optical, and other properties. Furthermore, their photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye and antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. It was found that the green-converted CaO can be efficiently used in environmental applications, showing good catalytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers derived from biomass can provide the advantages of both biodegradability and functional qualities from a circular economy point of view, where waste is transformed into raw material. In particular, avocado seeds can be considered an interesting residue for biobased packaging applications due to their high starch content. In this work, avocado seed starch (ASS)-based films containing different glycerol concentrations were prepared by solvent casting. Films were also reinforced with starch nanocrystals (SNCs) obtained through the acid hydrolysis of ASS. The characterization of the extracted starch and starch nanocrystals by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis has been reported. Adding 1% of SNCs increased elastic modulus by 112% and decreased water vapor permeability by 30% with respect to neat matrix. Interestingly, the bioactive compounds from the avocado seed provided the films with high antioxidant capacity. Moreover, considering the long time required for traditional plastic packaging to degrade, all of the ASS-based films disintegrated within 48 h under lab-scale composting conditions. The results of this work support the valorization of food waste byproducts and the development of reinforced biodegradable materials for potential use as active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]