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Cleft foot is a rare congenital anomaly (syndromic/isolated). Although there have been published reports about this anomaly, none has so far described standardized treatment guidelines. In this case report, we describe the details of operative management of an isolated cleft foot in an 8-year-old girl with a brief review of literature, keeping in mind the aims of the treatment, governed by the local culture and preferred footwear design in the Indian scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Falls pose a significant risk to older adults, often leading to severe injury and disability. One potential contributing factor to falls is footwear, particularly shoes with destabilizing features. This systematic review assessed the effects of destabilizing shoes on stability control and fall prevention in older adults, highlighting their effectiveness in balance control and fall prevention, and the detailing the specific review methodology. Methods: We thoroughly searched relevant databases and meticulously screened the identified studies based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We then extracted data from 30 eligible studies with various study designs and shoe types and synthesized this information to assess the impact of destabilizing shoes on balance and gait measures, fall incidence, and other relevant outcomes. Results: While certain types of destabilizing shoes may improve specific aspects of balance and proprioception, they can also adversely affect steadiness control and potentially increase the risk of falls if not appropriately used. Therefore, the use of destabilizing shoes should be carefully considered and tailored to individual needs, with proper guidance and training to minimize fall risk. Conclusion: The findings of this review significantly inform footwear design and selection in older adults and emphasize the need for additional research. By synthesizing the available evidence, this review highlights the potential benefits and risks associated with destabilizing shoes and suggests the need for careful evaluation of their use on a case-by-case basis. This review serves as a basis for future guidelines on the use of destabilizing shoes in older adults with the aim of developing effective fall prevention interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human foot morphology is essential for enhancing the fit and comfort of foot-related products in fields like orthopedics, orthotic design, and sports sciences. Objectives: This study aims to collect foot anthropometric dimensions, categorize foot types, and compare these dimensions among the Indian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 162 male volunteers (average age: 28.20 ± 12.95 years, height: 165.62 ± 6.27 cm, weight: 63.33 ± 6.70 kg) participated. Measurements were taken using a 3D foot scanner, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results: The study found that 53.08% of participants had the Egyptian foot type, followed by 46.91% with the square foot type. Square foot measurements were generally higher than Egyptian feet, except for foot arch height. Significant differences (p

Background: Anthropometric foot data is important in designing and manufacturing shoes. Wearing inappropriate shoes increases the likelihood of problems like ankle injuries, corns, chronic pain, and foot blisters. As yet there is no accurate database on Indian feet till today for the Indian Footwear Industry to develop more comfortable footwear. Objectives: This study aimed to measure the dimensions of the feet of Indian adults to analyze the anthropometric variations between the Right and Left feet within and between genders. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 117 participants (69 male and 48 female) aged 18 to 50 years. Different anthropometric foot parameters were measured by using a 3D foot scanner. Result: Results showed significant gender differences in most parameters but no significant differences between the left and right foot of each gender. Conclusion: This investigation emphasizes the importance of using size data for designing comfortable and well-fitting footwear. The obtained foot anthropometric data can serve as a reference for designing footwear 'Last' for Indian adults, ensuring better comfort and fit. The findings are intended to assist the Indian footwear industry fill the current data gap for the Indian population during the ‘Last’ preparation. This could lead to the prevention of foot problems caused by ill-fitting footwear, as well as improved general foot health.

The advent of 3D printing (3DP) has garnered significant interest from both academia and industry due to its potential to revolutionize engineering, manufacturing, and through its utilization of advanced materials. Even though the application of 3D printing in footwear design and manufacture is quite appreciated, academic discourse on the subject relative to footwear design and manufacture is rather scarce compared to other fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronics and food. The purpose of this review is to explore the techniques, the application trends and the impact of 3D printing technology concerning footwear design and manufacture. Using relevant data from many relevant sources, this study uncovered that 3D printing has significantly impacted shoe design and manufacture by enhancing production efficiency, environmental sustainability, material innovation and Inter-Industry Collaborative Projects among others. Most of the major players in the footwear industry such as Nike, Adidas, Reebok and New Balance already have many footwear releases based on 3D printing. Also discussed are some specific areas in which 3D printing is being applied in footwear design and manufacture. These areas include but are not limited to the design of smart shoes, shoe lasts, complex shoe geometries, avant-garde concept shoes and so on. This study is of particular importance to stakeholders in the footwear research and design industry as it provides important information about the current trends as well as the impact of 3D printing technology on the sector.

This dataset presents human foot joints kinematics and kinetics data during walking, classified by static foot posture, filling a gap in existing lower limb databases that lack data on foot joints beyond the ankle or on static posture data, despite its link to foot and lower limb pathologies. Kinematics were recorded using a three-dimensional mocap system, and kinetics through a pressure platform, employing a multi-segment foot model including the ankle, midtarsal and first metatarsophalangeal joint. The dataset contains 350 recordings of right foot joint angles and moments and contact pressures from 70 healthy subjects with varying static posture (highly pronated, highly supinated and normal). Data were collected at 100 Hz, filtered and resampled to 100 frames throughout the stance phase. Descriptive data are also provided: age, weight, height, BMI and foot anthropometric data and foot posture index. Plots, tables and ANOVAs are included for validation. Presented in.xlsx and.mat formats, this database can assist professionals in corrective footwear design, insole customization, surgical planning, and evaluating interventions on foot dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing concern for sustainability in the footwear industry has spurred the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives for materials commonly used in sole manufacturing. This study examined the effect of incorporating rice straw and cellulose as fillers into soles made from either styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Both fillers were used as a substitute in mass percentages ranging from 5 to 20% in the original SBR and TPU formulas, and their impact on mechanical properties such as abrasion and tear resistance, as well as thermal properties, was thoroughly evaluated. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of fillers affects the overall performance of the soles, with the optimal balance of mechanical and thermal properties observed at a 10% filler content. At this level, improvements in durability were achieved without significantly compromising flexibility or abrasion resistance. Thermal analysis revealed increased thermal stability at moderate filler contents. This research not only offers a sustainable alternative to traditional materials but also enhances sole performance by improving the composition. Furthermore, this study paves the way for future research on the feasibility of incorporating eco-friendly materials into other consumer product applications, highlighting a commitment to innovation and sustainability in product design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pressure-relieving footwear helps prevent foot ulcers in people with diabetes. The footwear design contributes to this effect and includes the insole top cover. We aimed to assess the offloading effect of materials commonly used as insole top cover. We measured 20 participants with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy for in-shoe peak pressures while walking in their prescribed footwear with the insole covered with eight different materials, tested in randomized order. Top covers were a 3 mm or 6 mm thick open or closed-cell foam or a 6 mm thick combination of open- and closed-cell foams. We re-assessed pressures after one month of using the top cover. Peak pressures were assessed per anatomical foot region and a region of interest (i.e., previous ulceration or high barefoot pressure). Walking comfort was assessed using a 10-point Likert scale. Mean peak pressure at the region of interest varied between 167 (SD:56) and 186 (SD:65) kPa across top covers (p < 0.001) and was significantly higher for the 3 mm thick PPT than for four of the seven 6 mm thick top covers. Across 6 mm thick top covers, only two showed a significant peak pressure difference between them. Over time, peak pressures changed non-significantly from −2.7 to +47.8 kPa across top cover conditions. Comfort ratings were 8.0 to 8.4 across top covers (p = 0.863). The 6 mm thick foams provided more pressure relief than the 3 mm thick foam during walking in high-risk people with diabetes. Between the 6 mm thick foams and over time, only small differences exist. The choice of which 6 mm thick insole top cover to use may be determined more by availability, durability, ease of use, costs, or hygienic properties than by superiority in pressure-relief capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Adherence to therapeutic footwear is vital for effective diabetic foot ulcer prevention and treatment. Understanding the key adherence factors and potential barriers is important for footwear design and implementation. Our team is creating intelligent offloading footwear to prevent lower extremity amputations in people living with diabetes (PLwD). This exploratory study assessed the ability of the established Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to predict behavioral intention to use or recommend this intelligent offloading footwear by PLwD, caregivers of PLwD, or medical professionals treating PLwD. Methods: Online and paper questionnaires were implemented to assess the impact of the UTAUT model factors (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions) and psychosocial factors (attitude, anxiety, self-efficacy) on the overall behavioral intention to use the footwear. Furthermore, factors influencing potential acceptance and rejection of the footwear were explored. Results: Patients (4.0/5) and medical professionals (4.1/5) showed a behavioral intention to "agree" to use or recommend the footwear when it becomes available. Structural equation modeling showed that the UTAUT constructed model may not be the best indicator for behavioral intention here based on a lack of statistical significance. However, the logistic regression modeling showed that the social influence for PLwD (p=0.004) and the attitude toward the footwear for medical professionals (p=0.001) may be the most important when designing and implementing the footwear, though several other factors (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and self-efficacy) were also important for one or both of these populations. Additionally, cost and clinician support were shown to be important factors influencing potential acceptance of the footwear. Conclusions: The study found promising intention to use the intelligent footwear in the future. This highlights the need to continue future development and implementation of the footwear to incorporate these results, thus improving the likelihood of high adherence of the footwear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boots are widely used by many people for various purposes, but their impact on gait biomechanics and injury risk is not well understood. This study investigated the effects of boots on walking biomechanics, compared to casual footwear. The lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics of 20 healthy male participants aged 20 to 30 years old were compared during self-paced walking with boots and shoes. The results showed that walking with boots is associated with greater hip extensor (P = 0.009) and ankle dorsiflexor (P < 0.001) moments in early stance, hip power generation (P < 0.001) and knee power absorption (P < 0.001) in early swing phase, hip abductor (P < 0.001) and knee adduction (P < 0.001) moments in the entire stance, net concentric work for the hip joint in sagittal (13.9%, P = 0.001) and frontal (21.7%, P = 0.002) planes. In contrast, the subtalar supinator moment in the entire stance (P < 0.001), ankle angular velocity in late stance (P < 0.001), and net concentric (− 42.7%, P < 0.001) and eccentric (− 44.6%, P = 0.004) works of subtalar joint were significantly lower in the boot condition. The compensatory adjustments in the hip and knee joints may result from ankle restrictions. While boots may aid those with ankle disorders, lower limb loading and the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and osteoarthritis could be increased. This study offers new perspectives on the biomechanical impact of boots on gait, potential prevention and treatment strategies of related injuries, and advancing footwear design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Facing the drawback of the traditional product design approach and educational courses, this study aimed to explore an innovative approach through which synthesised knowledge and skills of product design in Function (F), Aesthetics (A) and Technology (T) can be integrated into the instruction of art and design subjects in higher education. With shoe modelling as a study case, experiments with the involvement of 19 participants were conducted to test a traditional shoe design method and a FAT-integrated shoe design method in terms of efficiency, flexibility and accuracy. The results demonstrated that the FAT-integrated shoe design method was more advantages than the traditional method. The study can conclude that the FAT-integrated shoe design method can not only propel the efficiency of product design but also the quality. It can enhance the quality of higher education in art and design subjects and promote the new technology application in traditional labour-intensive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, the footwear industry has been affected by the economic opening processes associated with the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta), and later by the economic crises of 1997, 2008, and the Covid-19 pandemic. In all cases, it was able to recover given its roots considering its location in the municipality of Guadalajara since colonial times, the know-how that remains in the labor market, and the productive networks in its value chain. In the latter, agglomerations of footwear and design companies are identified, and their flows can be transmitted as denser, faster, and cheaper means of communication. The benefits can be external economies of scale and greater competitiveness that can stop the decline of the footwear industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has predominantly focused on the biomechanical effects of anterior–posterior foot motion during running, with comparatively less attention given to medial–lateral foot motion and its impact on lower limb biomechanical characteristics. We recruited 18 healthy runners who wore five different types of running shoes: regular shoes (NS), those with a 6 mm and 9 mm medial–lateral height difference in the forefoot (M6, M9), and those with a 6 mm and 9 mm lateral–medial height difference (L6, L9). Biomechanical parameters of lower limb joints during the stance phase of running, including range of motion, peak angular velocity, peak moment, power, and work, were analyzed. We used paired-sample t-tests and one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM1D) to compare joint biomechanics between shoes with varying height differences and NS. Under the L6 condition, notable differences occurred in the hip and knee flexion–extension moments during landing and push-off, accompanied by a significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion work and a significant decrease in inversion–eversion work. In contrast, the M9 condition resulted in decreased hip flexion–extension peak moment, power, and work in the sagittal plane. These findings indicate that varying forefoot medial–lateral height differences in running shoes significantly impact lower limb joint dynamics during the stance phase, particularly the L6 condition, potentially reducing knee injury risk and aiding gait improvement for overpronators. The findings offer valuable insights for sports injury prevention and athletic footwear design. However, further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and practical implications for sports injury prevention and performance enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global rise in the prevalence of diabetes, diabetic patients need innovative footwear designs to reduce the risk of foot ulcers. This study examined the mechanical properties of diabetic shoe midsoles featuring auxetic lattice structures. Through the construction of finite element models and simulation, this research compared the biomechanical parameter differences in the plantar regions of the metatarsal head, midfoot, and hindfoot when wearing two types of auxetic midsoles with internal angles of 60° and 75° and a non-auxetic midsole with an internal angle of 90° under both walking and running conditions. Compared to the non-auxetic midsole, the auxetic midsoles significantly reduced the peak plantar pressure and optimized the pressure distribution across various plantar regions. Notably, the auxetic 60° midsole reduced the peak plantar pressure by 19.68–55.25% and 16.19–54.39% compared to the non-auxetic 90° midsole during walking and running, respectively. This study also verified that the auxetic midsoles exhibited greater adaptability and compliance to the plantar foot shape, contributing to reductions in plantar pressure in comparisons of deformation values and plantar contact areas across the different midsoles. Auxetic midsoles manufactured using 3D printing technology have significant potential to prevent diabetic foot ulcers and maintain human foot health. This research integrates insights and techniques from materials science and ergonomics, offering a new direction for footwear design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Falls are a global concern affecting people of all ages; however, older adults are particularly vulnerable to age-related factors and foot-related issues. Footwear is critical for preventing falls, as it provides stability and protection against slips, trips, and falls (STFs). However, a significant gap exists in the systematic exploration of the safety aspects of footwear design for fall prevention in older adults. Methods: This comprehensive review applied a meticulous search strategy encompassing prominent databases, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, ResearchGate, and PubMed. This review synthesized and analyzed existing research to bridge knowledge gaps and provide insights into optimal footwear choices for older adults in terms of design features such as fit, fixation, heel height, collar height, slip resistance, and sole/ insole hardness. Results: The results underscore the importance of specific design features for preventing falls among older adults. A proper fit, secure fixation, appropriate heel and collar heights, slip resistance, and sole/insole hardness significantly contributed to fall prevention. These findings offer valuable guidance for optimizing footwear designs to enhance comfort, stability, and safety in the daily lives of older individuals. Conclusion: This comprehensive review fills a critical knowledge gap regarding the safety of footwear designs for fall prevention in older adults. The identified design features play a vital role in reducing the risk of falls and offer practical recommendations for the development of safer footwear. Ultimately, this study contributes to the existing knowledge base and supports efforts to prevent STFs in older adults through improved footwear design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether originating from a deliberate intention or emerging from subconscious, spontaneous doodling, design concepts perform the crucial role of demonstrating the vision of a final product. Even though academic discourse on design concepts is prevalent in all fields of design, the same cannot be said about footwear design. Academic discussion about footwear design concept is usually rooted in comfort and functionality. This paper aims to enhance the academic conversation on footwear design concepts by exploring the avantgarde concept in footwear design, its impact and significance. Avant-garde describes a French medieval military lexicon that literally translates to vanguard, or advanced guard, referring to the frontline of the army. However, the applicative meaning of the term is an intellectual, artistic and cultural movement characterized by experimental, radical and unorthodox approaches to the arts. Therefore, in actuality, for a product or idea to be considered avant-garde is to dwell outside of the established norms and confines of a discipline. Despite the widespread usage of the terminology in contemporary fashion circles, academic discourse on specifically named avant-garde footwear is rather sparse. This study thus sets out to fill out this academic gap by first discussing the concept of avant-garde in fashion generally, some notable avant-garde designers/artists and their contributions, important avant-garde concepts in footwear design and finally the areas of avant-garde footwear applications. The study contends that although avant-garde fashion and for that matter footwear is thought to satisfy a specific niche, its impact is significantly observable in the trends of mainstream fashion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about factors that influence footwear selection by field hockey players. Methods: An online survey was used to collect data on participant demographics and physical characteristics, factors influencing footwear selection, perceptions regarding footwear design features on injury and performance, and experiences regarding usability. Nominal and ordinal data were described as absolute frequencies and relative frequencies. Free text responses were analysed using content analysis. Sex‐related differences in quantitative and qualitative data were explored. Results: A total of 401 hockey players completed the survey. Participants reported that fit, comfort, support, and cushioning were the most important factors when selecting hockey footwear. Most hockey players believed that stud design could influence athletic performance (65%) and injury risk (63%) but reported having no preference on outsole design or stud shape. Most participants (63%) used hockey‐specific footwear, but 46% of female hockey players did not, with 40% using trail running footwear instead. Qualitative analysis revealed that hockey players, particularly female participants, encounter difficulties finding properly fitting footwear. They desire more options for wide or narrow feet and face challenges in accessing suitable hockey shoes due to limited choices and availability. Conclusions: With over a third of field hockey players not using hockey‐specific footwear, future research should attempt to understand the reasons and assess the impact of different footwear features on comfort, performance, injury risk, and usability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Shoes upper has been shown to affect the shoe microclimate (temperature and humidity). However, the existing data on the correlation between the microclimate inside footwear and the body's physical factors is still quite limited. OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether shoes air permeability would influence foot microclimate and spatial characteristics of lower limb and body. METHODS: Twelve recreational male habitual runners were instructed to finish an 80 min experimental protocol, wearing two running shoes with different air permeability. RESULTS: Participants wearing CLOSED upper structure shoe exhibited higher in-shoe temperature and relative humidity. Although there was no significant difference, shank temperature and metabolism in OPEN upper structure shoes were lower. CONCLUSIONS: This indicates that the air permeability of shoes can modify the microclimate of the feet, potentially affecting the lower limb temperature. This study provides relevant information for the design and evaluation of footwear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long-distance running is popular but associated with a high risk of injuries, particularly toe-related injuries. Limited research has focused on preventive measures, prompting exploration into the efficacy of raised toe box running shoes. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of running shoes with raised toe boxes on preventing toe injuries caused by distance running. Methods: A randomized crossover design involved 25 male marathon runners (height: 1.70 ± 0.02 m, weight: 62.6 + 4.5 kg) wearing both raised toe box (extended by 8 mm along the vertical axis and 3 mm along the sagittal axis) and regular toe box running shoes. Ground reaction force (GRF), in-shoe displacement, and degree of toe deformation (based on the distance change between the toe and the metatarsal head) were collected. Results: Wearing raised toe box shoes resulted in a significant reduction in vertical (p = 0.001) and antero–posterior (p = 0.015) ground reaction forces during the loading phase, with a notable increase in vertical ground reaction force during the toe-off phase (p < 0.001). In-shoe displacement showed significant decreased movement in the forefoot medial (p < 0.001) and rearfoot (medial: p < 0.001, lateral: p < 0.001) and significant increased displacement in the midfoot (medial: p = 0.002, lateral: p < 0.001). Impact severity on the hallux significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while impact on the small toes showed no significant reduction (p = 0.067). Conclusions: Raised toe box running shoes offer an effective means of reducing toe injuries caused by long-distance running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the influence of running shoe center of gravity relative position shifting forward and backward in sagittal axis on male amateur runners. Twenty-three adult male runners were recruited through social media with paid to participate in this study. The experimental shoe used was the Li Ning Feidian Challenger 3. Forward center of gravity (FCG), defined as the shoe center of gravity located at 10.8 cm (15% before midpoint) from shoe toe to heel. Intermediate center of gravity (ICG), defined as the shoe center of gravity, is located at 14.8 cm (midpoint) from shoe toe to heel. Backward center of gravity (BCG), defined as the shoe center of gravity, is located at 23.1 cm (15% after midpoint) from shoe toe to heel. Questionnaire collection was used to assess the perception of the center of gravity shifting. Ground contact temporal, peak force/pressure of plantar and kinetics indicators data were simultaneously captured by motion capture system and force platform. Three participants (13.04%) correctly perceived the shoe center of gravity shifting forward and backward simultaneously. Shoes ICG peak force underneath Meta 1 increased significantly than BCG by 7.59% (p < 0. 0 5). Shoes FCG peak force underneath Meta 2 decreased significantly compared to ICG and BCG by 13.62% and 8.96% (p < 0. 0 5). Shoes BCG peak force underneath Meta 5 decreased significantly compared to ICG and FCG by 18.18% and 23.78% (p < 0. 0 5). Shoes FCG peak pressure underneath Meta 2 decreased significantly compared to ICG and BCG by 13.02% and 9.19% (p < 0. 0 5). Shoes FCG peak pressure underneath Meta 2 decreased significantly compared to ICG and BCG by 11.18% and 9.16% (p < 0. 0 5). However, there are no significant differences in kinetic indicators. The findings suggest that a fraction of participants can correct perceived shoe center of gravity shifting. Shoes' FCG reduces force and pressure in the middle metatarsal regions. Shoes' BCG reduces force in the lateral and medial metatarsal region. Healthcare professionals can optimize the design of footwear accordingly to improve rehabilitation outcomes and reduce injury risks in runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leather processing industry produces a significant quantity of waste materials, which can be treated in a manner that is consistent with the concepts underlying the circular economy. This article provides an overview of ways to recycle substances or energy from tannery waste, such as thermal, biological, chemical and other procedures. These approaches have the potential to facilitate the recovery and recycling of a diverse range of recyclable chemical substances like chromium, fats, gelatin vitamins, hydrolysate and minerals, biomass, and microbial waste products for use in other manufacturing operations. All the methods related to leather waste valorization have been discussed in this study to illustrate the recent development in techniques and processes of leather waste. The incorporation of the concept of circular economy has also been depicted. The premise of the circular economy model is that any waste product from the leather industry may be recycled and utilized again in the leather-producing process or in other related sectors. This study demonstrates that the circular economy approach to leather production offers chances for collaboration and innovation across several industries. Collaboration among organizations may lead to the discovery of innovative methods to minimize waste, enhance productivity, and extract value from resources that would otherwise be disposed of. The overview also addresses the state of waste legislation today and how it affects the environment. Technologies for sustainable and intelligent valuation allow for high recycling levels without negatively impacting the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanning is the process of converting putrescible raw hides and skins into non-putrescible leather. The most common chrome tanning process is not eco-friendly at all. But the increasing demand for leather leads us to find an eco-friendly tanning process. Therefore, the elimination of pollution due to the use of chrome and dyeing material is a matter of concern here. The primary objectives of this study are the reduction of pollution from using chrome and dyeing materials in the tanning process and their impacts on human life as well as the environment. In this study, different types of iron salts, combinations of different iron salts, and iron with chromium salts are used for tanning and no dyeing material is used to give color to the leather. On the other hand, various types of enzymes were applied for the completion of the beamhouse operation. Finally, the physical and thermal properties of various tanned leather were summarized to propagate an eco-friendly new tanning method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to obtain, characterize and evaluate keratin hydrolyzate with specific properties for applications in agriculture. The KerKAgr product, made by hydrolysing sheep wool with potassium hydroxide, was applied to wheat seeds. Physico-chemical analyses show that the keratin hydrolyzate obtained is rich in minerals, nitrogen and protein substances necessary in the plant growth process. Keratin hydrolyzate, KerKAgr, was used in treatments on Tamino and Mirastar wheat seeds, and the observations made showed an improvement in the germination rate and a stimulation of plant growth. KerKAgr 3% and 5% was used to treat wheat seeds and then germination and plant growth were monitored. The effect of keratin hydrolyzate was evaluated for 10 days on the two types of wheat (Tamino and Mirastar) treated with keratin hydrolyzate. The results of the treatments indicated an increased stimulation of seed germination by 10-20% compared to the control and a growth of wheat plants by 7.1-21.7% compared to the control. The biostimulating effect of keratin hydrolyzate has been highlighted. The good results obtained in the applications of keratin hydrolyzate in agriculture show that keratin hydrolyzate can be the basis for obtaining new biomaterials with various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in segmental coordination when running at different inclinations and speeds. 18 recreational runners performed running trials at three inclinations (0°, 3° and 6°) and three speeds (preferred speed, fast and slow) were measured with Vicon motion capturing system. The phase angle, continuous relative phase (CRP) and variability of CRP (VCRP) were calculated. Statistical models were performed to compare means for each running condition at each gait point: one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis for those data points with homogeneity of variances and Welch ANOVA with Games-Howell post-hoc analysis for those with heterogeneity of variance. Effect size (ω²) was computed to indicate whether the significant effects were trivial. Our results demonstrated that compared with the running speeds, participants who ran on different inclined surfaces showed higher Ankle-Knee CRP but lower Knee-Hip CRP and its variability, which is susceptible to running related injuries. These data suggest that runners should have a higher concern on joint loading and sports recovery when running at inclined surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the development of innovative ballet pointe shoes through the implementation of Lean Startup and Design Thinking methodologies. The research employs a multi-phase approach, including problem identification, concept development, market testing, and model refinement. Through iterative improvements and user feedback, the study seeks to create a model of pointe shoes that offers enhanced comfort, adaptability, and durability for ballet dancers. The research emphasizes the use of polymers and 3D printing in the manufacturing process, presenting opportunities for advancements in pointe shoe design. By incorporating new technologies and materials, the study contributes to the field of classical dance footwear. The proposed innovative solution holds potential to elevate the dancer's experience and performance in pointe shoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the potential of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract for environmentally friendly vegetable tanning of leather using ultrasound. Vegetable tanning is a versatile but time-consuming process in the leather industry, particularly for heavy leather which needs more than one week for tanning using natural tanning materials. So, it is significant to develop new eco-friendly techniques employing ultrasound to speed up the vegetable tanning process without affecting the quality of the finished leather. In this study, the effect of ultrasound in vegetable tanning has been evaluated to enhance the tanning process. The effects of various parameters for example tannin dose, tanning time, temperature, and variable frequencies were studied. Tannin uptakes and other thermal properties were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Footwear is essential for human locomotion and can influence various aspects of human behaviour. While the impact of most footwear features on locomotion and human behaviours has been studied extensively during the last 50 years, the footwear upper is very little studied. In particular, the impact of the footwear upper on cognition, movement coordination, and task performance is virtually unknown. In this study, vibrations of different intensities applied to the foot upper during the execution of basic locomotory tasks were used to determine the impact of the footwear upper on cognition and movement coordination. Sixteen participants were recruited for this study and asked to perform several locomotory tasks while undergoing an auditory Stroop test. Vibrations of various intensities were applied to the footwear upper using a set of five vibrators placed on high-sensitivity areas of the foot. The effects of vibrations on comfort level using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and cognition, postural balance, and sway were quantified using an auditory Stroop test, and inertial sensors derived movement coordination. The findings revealed a clear linear relationship between the intensity of vibrations and the perceived level of comfort. However, during walking, no linear correlation was observed between the vibration intensity and reaction time. On the other hand, during standing, a significant correlation between the vibration intensity and reaction time was observed. Moreover, the results demonstrated that as the vibration intensity increased during the standing condition, the magnitude of body sway also increased non-linearly. Finally, the results suggest that attaining an optimal level of comfort can improve attention and cognitive processes. This study highlights the importance of footwear uppers on cognitive and biomechanical performance. Vibration intensity affects comfort and reaction time differently for standing and walking. Some of these findings could have implications for footwear design both from a comfort and performance perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squatting is a common movement in daily activities, athletic training, rehabilitation programs, and even in the workplace. Identifying the effects of various foot wedges on thigh muscle activity during squatting can help specialists in terms of rehabilitation, injury prevention, physical preparation, and occupational optimization. In this study, systematic literature searches in six electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus) were conducted up to December 2023. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria (total n = 269 subjects). The results showed that posterior wedges significantly increased the overall activity of thigh muscles (p < 0.001, 12 studies). No significant change was observed for anterior (p = 0.730, six studies), medial (p = 0.169; three studies), and lateral wedges (p = 0.989, two studies). Compared with a non-wedge condition, the activity of the vastus medialis (p < 0.001, eight studies) was significantly higher using a posterior wedge during squatting, as was the activity of the rectus femoris (p = 0.021, five studies) using the anterior wedge. It seems that thigh muscle activation is modifiable with a change in footwear design, which may be useful during sports training, rehabilitation, or daily work routines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directional changes in cutting maneuvers are critical in sports, where shoe torsional stiffness (STS) is an important factor. Shoes are designed based on different constructions and movement patterns. Hence, it is unclear how adjustable spacers into the sole constructions of air pressure chambers (APC) affect the STS in side-step cutting. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of altered STS through adjustable sole spacers on ground reaction force (GRF) and ankle and knee joint moments in side-step cutting. Seventeen healthy recreational athletes performed side-step cutting with experimental conditions including (i) barefoot (BF), (ii) unaltered shoes (UAS): soles consisting of APC, and (iii) altered shoes (AS): modified UAS by inserting elastomeric spacers into cavities formed by APC. Mechanical and biomechanical variables were measured. Significant differences were revealed across shoe conditions for impact peak (p = 0.009) and impulse (p = 0.018) in vertical GRF, time to achieve peak braking (p = 0.004), and peak propulsion (p = 0.025) for anterior-posterior GRF in ANOVA test. No significant differences were observed in GRF peaks and impulses between UAS and AS except for a trend of differences in impact peak (p = 0.087) for vertical GRF. At the ankle and knee joint, peak ankle power absorption (p = 0.019), peak knee internal rotation moment (p = 0.042), peak knee extension moment (p = 0.001), peak knee flexion moment (0.000), peak knee power absorption (p = 0.047) showed significant difference across three shoe conditions. However, no significant differences between the UAS and AS were noticed for peak joint moments and power. Altered shoe torsional stiffness did not significantly affect the peak forces and peak ankle and knee joint moments or powers; hence sole adjustment did not influence the cutting performance. This study might be insightful in sports footwear design, and adjusting shoe torsional stiffness by sole modification might be advantageous for athletes playing sports with cutting maneuvers to reduce the risk of injuries by controlling the twisting force at the ankle that frequently happens during cutting maneuvers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine whether designed‐to‐be‐rigid ankle–foot orthoses and footwear combinations with individualized alignment and footwear designs (AFO‐FC/IAFD) would be more effective than designed‐to‐be‐rigid AFO with non‐individualized alignment and footwear designs (AFO‐FC/NAFD) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Method: Nineteen children with bilateral spastic CP were randomized to AFO‐FC/NAFD (n = 10) or AFO‐FC/IAFD (n = 9) groups. Fifteen were male, average age 6 years 11 months (range 4 years 2 months–9 years 11 months), classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels II (n = 15) and III (n = 4). The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Gait Outcomes Assessment List (GOAL), Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), and Orthotic and Prosthetic Users' Survey (OPUS) measures of satisfaction were collected at baseline and after 3 months' wear. Results: Compared with the AFO‐FC/NAFD group, those with AFO‐FC/IAFD demonstrated greater change in PBS total scores (mean 12.8 [standard deviation 10.5] vs 3.5 [5.8]; p = 0.03) and GOAL total scores (3.5 [5.8] vs −0.44 [5.5]; p = 0.03). There were no significant changes in OPUS or PROMIS scores. Interpretation: After 3 months, individualized orthosis alignment and footwear designs had a greater positive effect on balance and parent‐reported mobility than a non‐individualized approach. No effect was documented for the PROMIS and OPUS. Results may inform orthotic management for ambulatory children with bilateral spastic CP. What this paper adds: Balance and parent‐reported mobility increased more over time for the ankle–foot orthoses and footwear combinations with individualized alignment and footwear designs (AFO‐FC/IAFD) group.Changes in balance over time suggest a therapeutic effect of the AFO‐FC/IAFD approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate professional footwear comfort, functionality and style as well as their relationships with the foot structure among nurses. Methods: We examined 120 clinical nurses aged 40-50 years, occupationally active, wearing specific type of footwear at work for a minimum of 7 h a day, for 5 days prior to the research. The study relied on the CQ-ST podoscope for measurements of foot. Perception of footwear comfort, functionality and style scales were also used in the research. The results were analysed with the use of Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank correlation. Results: Statistically significant negative associations were found between right and left foot length and overall comfort of footwear (p = 0.045, p = 0.045) as well as between right and left foot width and arch height (p = 0.015, p = 0.028). Heel angle positively correlated with safety (p = 0.008, p = 0.050), ease of donning and doffing (p = 0.001, p = 0.004), as well as shoe style ratings (p = 0.047). Variables determining shoe comfort were positively correlated with most shoe functionality characteristics as well as with shoe style (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Tested medical footwear meets the requirements of nurses in terms of comfort, functionality and aesthetics, and the studied features of footwear can be a useful guideline for the selection of shoes for representatives of this professional group. These footwear can be an element of workwear, and even, in the case of women with transverse flat feet - an alternative to ordinary utility shoes. There is a need to consider different widths for the same length size in medical footwear designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the functional arguments for unstable footwear in the recent research literature and to explore the different effects of various unstable designs of footwear in enhancing muscle strength training, improving stability and loss prevention. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria, to find all the relevant studies for this systematic review, a comprehensive electronic search was conducted. The following keyword combinations were used as part of a standardized electronic literature search strategy: 'unstable OR bionic OR MBT' AND 'shoe OR shoes OR footwear' AND 'biomechanics OR kinetics OR kinematics OR muscle force' from 2000 until November 2021 using the following databases: ScienceDirect, Web of Science and PubMed online. There were 17 articles included in this review, eight consisting of anterior-posterior (AP) unstable condition studies and nine consisting of medial-lateral (ML) unstable condition studies. It was also uncovered that AP unstable footwear is more suitable for fully developed adults, while for ML unstable footwear is perhaps more suitable for children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special article collection in Gerontology addresses foot problems and footwear concerns among older people, highlighting their prevalence and impact on mobility, physical function, and risk of falls. Age-related changes in foot structure and function contribute to these issues, with studies focusing on conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and foot osteoarthritis. The collection also explores the effects of footwear on balance and falls, emphasizing the importance of appropriate footwear for older adults. Research on specially designed footwear shows potential benefits in reducing foot pain and improving foot function in older individuals. [Extracted from the article]

The impact of Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) on footwear design creativity and feasibility was investigated in this study. Using a text-to-image GAI tool called Midjourney, 17 prompts were tested to generate footwear concepts. Ten distinct outcomes were selected from the results and evaluated by seven experts in footwear design. Prompt implementation correlated weakly positively with design creativity and feasibility. A set of prompts in the Japanese style showed significantly higher creativity due to explicit style descriptions. Sharp generative design features had higher creativity but lower feasibility. Concepts generated without subcategories induced lower feasibility and prompt implementation. These findings offer insights into GAI's role in footwear design innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of materials and their position within the upper assembly on the behaviour of casual footwear using finite element simulation tools. The study was carried out on three models of casual footwear, which are identical in terms of design lines, varying only in the materials of the upper assembly, namely calfskin leather (M1), knitted fabric (M2), and combination of knitted fabric and calfskin leather (M3). The footwear models were designed according to the design constraints specific to casual footwear. The foot was reconstructed based on the shoe last obtained based on anthropometric data. Material definition, 3D models editing, setting up analysis conditions, and constraints were performed using the Ansys 17.2 software. Gait biomechanics were taken into account to define the loading model, force distribution, force values, and constraints. The study evaluates footwear behaviour in terms of directional deformation (Z axis), equivalent von Mises stress, and equivalent elastic strain distribution. This paper explores a methodology that has the potential to enhance the footwear design and manufacturing process, providing designers with information about the deformations and stress distribution on upper parts of the footwear product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injury prevention is essential in running due to the risk of overuse injury development. Tailoring running shoes to individual needs may be a promising strategy to reduce this risk. Novel manufacturing processes allow the production of individualised running shoes that incorporate features that meet individual biomechanical and experiential needs. However, specific ways to individualise footwear to reduce injury risk are poorly understood. Therefore, this scoping review provides an overview of (1) footwear design features that have the potential for individualisation; and (2) the literature on the differential responses to footwear design features between selected groups of individuals. These purposes focus exclusively on reducing the risk of overuse injuries. We included studies in the English language on adults that analysed: (1) potential interaction effects between footwear design features and subgroups of runners or covariates (e.g., age, sex) for running-related biomechanical risk factors or injury incidences; (2) footwear comfort perception for a systematically modified footwear design feature. Most of the included articles (n = 107) analysed male runners. Female runners may be more susceptible to footwear-induced changes and overuse injury development; future research should target more heterogonous sampling. Several footwear design features (e.g., midsole characteristics, upper, outsole profile) show potential for individualisation. However, the literature addressing individualised footwear solutions and the potential to reduce biomechanical risk factors is limited. Future studies should leverage more extensive data collections considering relevant covariates and subgroups while systematically modifying isolated footwear design features to inform footwear individualisation. Key points: Individualised footwear bears the potential to alter biomechanics and, subsequently, the individual injury risk profile. Since different footwear modifications modulate risk factors for specific overuse injuries diffently, individualised footwear solutions must be designed for specific overuse injuries by targeting injury-specific biomechanical risk factors. The influence of various footwear modifications on biomechanical risk factors concerning environmental constraints, athlete anthropometry, and experience level has been documented only to a limited extent and requires further research. In addition to minimising biomechanical risk factors, the comfort and fit of the shoe should be considered to design an individually optimal shoe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Any type of boot or footwear is designed to attenuate and distribute loading to the bottom of the foot. Anthropomorphic test device (ATDs) are used to assess potential countermeasures against these loads. The specific aims of this study were to compare and quantify force attenuation characteristics as a function of input energy for Hybrid-III and Mil-Lx ATD human surrogates. Materials and methods Two lower leg ATD surrogates (Mil-Lx and Hybrid-III) were tested to investigate the influence of a commercially available military boot on lower extremity force response and assess such differences against previously published postmortem human surrogate studies. The testing apparatus impacted the bottom of the foot using a rigid plate at velocities from 2 to 10 m/s. Tests were conducted on each ATD to obtain axial force response with and without boots as a function of input energy. Results Peak forces ranged from 1 to 16.4 kN for the Hybrid-III, and 1 to 8.4 kN for the Mil-Lx for similar input conditions. The average force attenuation for the Hybrid-III at upper and lower load cells was 71% (59%–80%) and 70% (58%–78%). The average attenuation for the Mil-Lx at upper and lower load cells was 20% (13%–28%) and 37% (36%–37%), respectively. At the knee load cell, the attenuated peak loads ranged from 62% to 81% for the Hybrid-III and 16% to 30% for the Mil-Lx. Conclusions Force attenuation characteristics in the booted vs unbooted configuration of the Mil-Lx were significantly different than force attenuation characteristics of the H3 and may better represent in vivo forces during vertical impact injuries, such as IED blasts. Hence for military relevant applications where boots are used, the Mil-Lx may provide a more conservative evaluation of lower extremity protection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]