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The article titled "WHEN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS DETRACT VALUE FROM SOCIETY: A REJOINDER" by Gamble and Munoz examines the potential negative impact of some tax-exempt nonprofit organizations (TENPOs) on society. The authors identify 12 factors that contribute to this value detraction, including government policies and choices made by TENPO managers. They argue that the benefits of tax-exempt status and tax-deductible donations do not outweigh the lost tax revenues. However, the analysis has some limitations, such as a lack of clarity in defining TENPOs and a failure to estimate the value provided by TENPOs compared to lost tax revenues. The text also critiques the article for not considering the value provided by TENPOs and the impact of corporate tax avoidance and evasion. It emphasizes the importance of diverse approaches to organizing and governing, and acknowledges the valuable work of TENPOs in areas like education, diversity, healthcare, and poverty alleviation. The article concludes by calling for further research and policy changes related to TENPOs and tax exemption. [Extracted from the article]

Business leaders seem to be embracing a new paradigm where the purpose of for-profit corporations is to profit but lawfully, ethically, sustainably, and in the interests of non-shareholder stakeholders. Skeptical of this Damascene conversion to stakeholderism, some corporate law scholars question how directors might be held accountable for falling short of their commitment to some corporate purpose. One suggestion raised is to concretize corporate purpose as a legally binding director's duty to the company. As legal enforcement plays an essential role in compliance with law, the critical question is: How might a corporate purpose duty be effectively enforced? This Article argues that the answer likely lies with neither classic private enforcement by shareholders nor public enforcement by regulators, but rather a third way with elements of both. Drawing on comparative insights from three East Asian jurisdictions--Taiwan, the People's Republic of China, and Japan--this Article contributes to the enforcement literature in two ways. First, it identifies a novel form of hybrid enforcement ("quasi-private") with distinct characteristics. Second, it critically compares this new enforcement model with an existing hybrid ("quasi-public") in the context of enforcing corporate purpose. Quasiprivate enforcement offers a potential solution that avoids most of the serious downsides of private, public, or quasi-public enforcement; is uniquely compatible with a corporate purpose duty; and opens fresh perspectives on making directors more legally accountable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations and their members not only respond to paradoxes, but also can be shaped by paradoxes in potentially profound yet highly heterogeneous ways. In our study, we adopt an identity threat perspective to explicate how paradox dynamics can affect members' sense of self as professionals and their organizational identification as a key facet of the member–organization relationship. The transformational change of a leading public university launching a for-profit business school in Europe in 2017 provides a particularly fertile setting for this purpose. Our in-depth, longitudinal case study spanning 75 months from January 2016 to March 2022 serves as the empirical basis for a novel process model that helps to explain why the same set of paradoxes may have vastly different identity and identification effects not only among members of the same organization, but also within individual members over time. We can trace some of these differences back to boundary conditions related to members' identity and paradox perception, which jointly shape how members recognize, attribute, and respond to paradoxes as threats to their identity. Overall, our study provides a new lens into the multifaceted process through which paradoxes can shape members and member–organization relationships as exemplified by members' organizational identification. Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.14630. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous sectors and institutions engage in 'predatory inclusion', purporting to satisfy the unmet needs of historically marginalized groups under exploitative terms. However, extant scholarship has yet to robustly examine why they target certain groups. Drawing on Black feminist Marxism, I theorize how predatory inclusion depends on precarity, and I redefine 'precarity' as a structural position of vulnerability to violence based on excess responsibilities and the denial of means to meet them – or, 'alternativelessness'. I convey the usefulness of my definition of precarity and my theorization of the relationship between precarity and predatory inclusion through empirical sections that demonstrate how for-profit colleges ('for-profits') prey upon the alternativelessness of Black women, the race-gender demographic group with the highest rates of debt-financed enrollment in for-profits. By examining the training materials for admissions 'counselors' at for-profits, I illuminate how for-profits succeed at enrollment growth by manipulating the pain, urgency, and relationality of this precarity. I also reveal how descriptive statistics of Black women's enrollment and financial need in for-profits correspond to the sector's predation of precarity. I contend that precarity must be contested for the sake of ending the predatory inclusion of Black women and all others positioned alongside them as ideal prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We expand on Cable and Turban's employer knowledge model to investigate how sector attractiveness, that is, image and reputation, predicts management graduates' sector-specific pursuit intentions, moderated by career anchors. The non-profit sector has the warmest image, followed by the public sector, while the latter is perceived as the least competent and shows the weakest reputation. Each sector's competence image (but not its warmth image) and reputation significantly predict sector-specific pursuit intentions. The security, service, and challenge anchors confirmed their unique positive moderating impact, respectively for the public, non-profit, and for-profit sectors, although the challenge anchor reduced the public sector's attractiveness. This study accentuates the importance of matching sector features with personal characteristics for understanding sector attractiveness to job seekers. Consequently, we offer new insights concerning sector-related recruitment practices and sector branding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examined the impact of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) scores of for-profit colleges, universities, and professional schools on their market and financial results. Design/methodology/approach: Sample data from 50 companies, national and international, listed on a stock exchange and with ESG data available from 2012 to 2021 was obtained on the EIKON-REFINITIV information database. Performance variables comprised Tobin’s Q and Market-to-Book (MTB), widely adopted in similar economic studies. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) conformed to the financial performance variables. Explanatory variables consisted of ESG combined, ESG Social Pillar, Environmental Pillar, and Governance Pillar indexes. The analysis used the Generalized Method of Moments regression (GMM). Findings: ESG combined showed a significant positive relationship with Social Pillar scores and financial performance, represented by ROE and ROA, as found by other studies. Conversely, we observed a significant negative relationship between ESG combined and Social Pillar scores and market indicators (Tobin’s Q and MTB). Practical implications: Results indicate that although ESG combined, Social Pillar scores, and financial performance are positively related to financial results, these do not reflect positive market recognition or price shares. Originality: First-time results for this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast with for-profit companies, many "multiaudience" organizations, such as universities, hospitals, and nonprofits, receive revenues not just from customers but from third-party funders. This distinction is most stark in donative nonprofits that receive all of their funding from noncustomers and have long been perceived to underperform because of persistent underinvestment in organizational capabilities. In this paper, we explore how the need to manage funder perceptions influences how managers allocate resources to investment in organizational capabilities versus programmatic spending. We develop a model of capability dynamics based on fieldwork with six nonprofit organizations that incorporates the mechanism of reputation management. We argue that difficulties communicating the impact of nonprofits to donors often leads managers to instead focus on the amount of work being done, creating a bias toward programmatic spending. Analyzing our model, we show that a capability tipping threshold exists: for nonprofits with low capabilities, it is boundedly rational for managers to underinvest in organizational capabilities in order to manage donor perceptions even when this practice is known to limit performance. Our findings suggest that building high-performance nonprofits requires coordinated action between managers and donors to allow capability investments to accumulate. Counterintuitively, deliberately restraining programmatic expenditure (i.e., serving fewer recipients) while the organization builds its capabilities may be the best strategy for nonprofits to achieve sustained high performance and impact in the long run. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1579. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical efforts of essential workers during the COVID-19 crisis might have important implications for how individuals view government, nonprofit, and for-profit sector workers and their pay. This article explores views of employees' pay considering three rationales (anticipated judgment, motivation for work, and competency in that work) that might lead to a lower valuation of work in the public and nonprofit sectors (i.e., lower pay rationales), particularly among those who work in the for-profit sector. However, highlighting a concrete way that public and non-profit employees serve the public, such as providing services during COVID-19, might mitigate this negative effect by showing their commitment to public service in an intuitive way. Our survey experiment provides evidence that activating the competency or motivation rationales lowers the likelihood that nonprofit employees are viewed as underpaid among those who work in the for-profit sector when a concrete example of public service is not provided. However, we also find some evidence that an example of public service can help to counteract these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. young adults in the 2000s and 2010s entered a national labor market that was highly stratified by education. While the socioeconomic consequences of a four-year bachelor's degree are well documented during this period, less is known about the consequences of seeking a sub-baccalaureate credential. I analyze the employment, earnings, and student debt outcomes associated with several sub-baccalaureate experiences differentiated by enrollment, credential level, and for-profit attendance using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 Cohort. Using fixed-effects regression models, I find that certificates and associate degrees are associated with employment advantages relative to a high school diploma. However, young adults with some two-year college and no credential or a certificate have no higher earnings than those with a high school diploma. Sub-baccalaureate credentials can also be costly, as those who attend a for-profit college have more student debt than those who do not. Results shed light on labor market inequality among a large but understudied segment of higher education and underscore the importance of considering debt alongside labor market outcomes in analyses of the socioeconomic consequences of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, the emergence of new legal forms allowing for-profit firms to incorporate with a formal commitment to both profit and social purpose has disrupted the traditional American business-charity dichotomy. The arrival of these hybrid firms can be expected to affect the functioning of markets and poses a potential challenge to the role played by large nonprofits that provide quasi-public services such as education and health care. We construct duopoly models of competition between a nonprofit firm and either a traditional for-profit firm or a hybrid firm, simultaneously choosing output levels of a homogeneous good. We show that when the nonprofit competes with a hybrid firm it becomes less competitive in the sense that its output level contracts, it raises less net revenue with which to fund charity care, and it is more easily driven out of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of excessive executive compensation, the non-profit corporation serves as an exemplary alternative. Voluntarily, some brand-name manufacturers operate under existing law that permits non-profit ownership. Virtually all corporations could become non-profits under a legislative reform potentially more effective than past redistributive measures. Twentieth-century progressive taxation has waned, while initiatives to endow impoverished children with personal accounts have not expanded beyond pilot programs. Instead, economic inequality widens with global industrialization. Traditionally, deprivation led to the call for the abolition of private ownership of the means of production, yet this proved impracticable under revolutionary regimes. A review of the evolution of enterprise from artisanal workshops to nationwide firms leads to the non-profit organization. Currently focused on charity and other mutual benefits, the non-profit is a form of corporation constrained from the distribution of net earnings, operating not only in the traditionally charitable sectors, such as education and healthcare, but also the typically capitalist sectors, such as finance and manufacturing. Non-profit executives receive reasonable compensation for work combined with the satisfaction of a mission accomplished. Meanwhile, state, federal, and foreign legislators have enacted corporate reforms to reduce the tyranny of the profit motive. Even if legislatures cannot extinguish for-profits altogether, they can focus on abuses such as those among for-profit colleges. Reform of stockownership can promote equality, where private property consists of the juridical exclusion of economically undesirable persons. Yet the underlying impulse to exclude those who are culturally marked may persist in civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the rise of for-profit universities (FPUs) and their impact on non-profit universities (NPUs) in the United States. While there have been many empirical studies on this topic, a theoretical model to understand the implications is lacking. The paper proposes a theoretical model to explore the interactions between FPUs and NPUs, showing that the expansion of FPUs leads to contractions of NPUs and a decrease in total employment between the two sectors. The model is based on education production functions and the optimization strategies of FPUs and NPUs. The article also highlights the challenges and complexities in measuring the quality of education and the multidimensional outcomes produced by universities. Overall, the article sheds light on the competition between for-profit and non-profit universities and its effects on the postsecondary education landscape. [Extracted from the article]

Given the legitimacy challenges faced by entrepreneurs, gaining access to the resources necessary to create viable new ventures is often difficult. Accordingly, scholars advocate that entrepreneurs align with high-status partners to convey that they are an accepted part of the sociocultural and organizational landscape. Although startup accelerators have been argued to play this supportive role for high-tech, high-growth ventures, it remains unclear whether they are effective at serving the needs of ventures pursuing social missions alongside business structures, or for-profit social ventures (FPSVs). To explore this issue, we examine whether social impact accelerators (SIAs), accelerators specifically designed to support FPSVs, help such ventures make the transition from mere ideas to viable organizations, a process known as emergence. To determine a causal relationship, we employ a quasi-experimental design and adopt propensity score matching with the nearest neighbor matching algorithm to study 7185 startups that applied to 383 accelerators worldwide from 2013 to 2019. By matching accepted startups to a control group of rejected startups, we find that SIAs, on average, facilitate new venture emergence, with accelerated FPSVs raising more external financing, earning more revenues, and hiring more full-time employees than their unaccelerated counterparts. These results hold when controlling for selection bias, thereby providing robust evidence for a causal relationship between acceleration and startup emergence. However, a subsequent subgroup analysis reveals that this causal effect is contingent across a breadth of "who," "when," and "where" contexts, highlighting the idiosyncratic differences that different startups face in the acceleration process. Plain English Summary: Recent empirical research on the benefits provided by startup accelerators suggests that accelerators help early-stage, commercial, growth-oriented ventures access external financing. While useful in demonstrating the value accelerators provide, we see an opportunity to expand this focus to explore the acceleration effect in a broader context. Given the important role social innovations play in the global economy, we explore how social impact accelerators (SIAs), entities designed to help startups simultaneously scale economic and social impact, help nascent for-profit social ventures (FPSVs) transform into viable, self-sustaining organizations, a process known as emergence. We find that SIAs do indeed facilitate emergence, with accelerated FPSVs raising more external financing, earning more revenues, and hiring more full-time employees than unaccelerated FPSVs. However, the SIA effect varies depending on how old the startup is, the gender composition of the founding team, and where the startup is located. By validating the causal impact of SIAs on FPSV emergence, our findings can inform not only theory and practice, but also public policy focused on bolstering the social innovation ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress authorized the Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund (HEERF I) in March 2020 with over $6 billion allocated for emergency financial aid. In this paper, we utilize the administrative burden framework to analyze HEERF I implementation for a stratified random sample of colleges, focusing on the implications for equity. We find that disbursement policies varied along two dimensions: (1) whether they imposed burdens on students by requiring applications and proof of hardship and (2) whether they targeted needy students and varied the amount of aid according to need. When we examine sectoral differences, we find that private for-profit colleges were more likely to place higher burden on students, whereas public and minority-serving institutions were more likely to reduce burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of academic capitalism (AC) is a prominent attempt to grasp the multifaceted organizational and functional transformations of universities and higher education (HE) in contemporary times. However, this has rarely provided an in-depth examination of the meaning of capitalism in the context of HE and has largely ignored the Global South. Focusing on the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, this paper begins by examining the political economy of this country's little-studied HE system. It explores its entanglements with the broader Jordanian political economy by focusing on for-profit private universities and the implications of capitalist (foreign) ownership for their functioning and governance. The article draws, in part, on novel interview data gathered by the author in Jordan from 2015–17 to elaborate Jordanian HE elite's understanding of this system. The Jordanian case is juxtaposed with AC to appraise the applicability of the theory to contexts distinct from advanced capitalist economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES Private Equity (PE) involvement in healthcare has been evident in the United States (US) for some time, with questionable benefits reported. There are significant differences in funding, health insurance and regulation in the US, when compared to Australia and New Zealand (NZ), so it is not clear whether existing US research can be generalised to these settings. This study aims to examine published information regarding PE involvement in the private-for-profit (PFP) healthcare sector in Australia and NZ, including evidence of PE shareholdings and its impacts. DESIGN This scoping review considers academic and grey literature, including academic research and commentary papers, media reports, corporate reports, PFP healthcare websites and government submissions. MAIN OUTCOME & RESULTS Thirty-three relevant sources were identified, but no specific information on the impacts of PE investment were discovered. The academic papers highlight an ongoing debate (but limited research evidence) about PFP healthcare, including the quality of clinical care, practice consolidation and a downward trend on clinician ownership. The grey literature offered more information on PE investment and growth of the PFP sector, but limited detail about shareholdings. CONCLUSION With little research on PE investment in Australia and NZ, it is difficult to know if continued PE growth will have a positive or negative affect on operational performance and outcomes, such as clinician engagement and clinical care. The authors conclude that there is a shifting landscape of PFP healthcare in Australia and NZ, to less clinician and greater PE ownership. Given the reports of negative impacts of PE involvement in the US, these trends pose significant immediate and long-term implications. This paper sets the agenda for further research to explore the organisational and system-level impacts of PE growth in Australia and NZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geography of opportunity research has identified places with few or no college options: so-called "education deserts." This study extends this geography of opportunity research, exploring how geographical constraints affect students' choices, particularly the choice to attend a for-profit college. Using the Education Longitudinal Study 2002 (ELS: 2002) and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), we measure the number of college options within students' commuting zones in the United States. When there are any for-profit colleges in a commuting zone, students are more likely to attend them and less likely to attend community colleges. Additionally, when there are any public two-year colleges in a commuting zone, there is a negligible impact on enrollment in for-profit colleges. This finding shows evidence of public-private competition and crowd-out in post-secondary education. Also, the presence of community colleges within education deserts makes community colleges a more favorable choice over for-profit colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008, congress passed the Higher Education Opportunity Act. This act relaxed the 90/10 rule requiring for-profit institutions to earn at least 10 percent of their revenue from non-Title IV funds by revoking eligibility after 2 years of non-compliance instead of 1 year. To comply with the 90/10 rule, for-profit institutions bundle campuses together. Unbundling the campuses doubles the number of 1-year violations though the number of 2-year violations remains the same. For-profit institutions receive almost one billion dollars, or about 4.5 percent, more federal aid under the 2-year violation rule than the 1-year violation rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulating literature regarding antecedents of organization-public relationships (OPRs) has been mixed. This study employed a meta-analytic method to synthesize the roles of organizational openness and publics' engagement behaviors quantitatively and systematically in studies of OPRs. The results showed that the corrected mean correlations ( ρ ‾ ) between organizational openness and OPRs ranged from.52 to.72, and those between publics' engagement behaviors and OPRs ranged from.30 'to.42. Overall, the relationships between engagement and elements of OPRs differed for (1) for-profit organizations versus others (e.g. nonprofits, government); (2) samples collected from the eastern versus western cultures; and (3) different types of populations (i.e. students, survey panels, and target populations). Similar patterns also emerged for the moderating effects of organization and population type on the associations between openness and OPRs. Synthesizing existing empirical results on openness, engagement, and OPRs meta-analytically helps build consensus on those relationships and inspires new directions for OPRs theory building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of developing interpersonal skills, specifically emotional intelligence (EI), for finance professionals and accountants. Topics include the need for a career development approach that values both technical and interpersonal skills to advance in the profession; the gender perceptions of EI among finance professionals at different career levels; and the importance of gender diversity and the role of EI in effective teamwork.

This document is a special feature in the journal Performance Improvement, featuring an interview with Jack Phillips and Patti Phillips. Jack Phillips is the chairman of the ROI Institute and an established thought leader and author, while Patti Phillips is the CEO of the ROI Institute and serves on the ISPI Board of Directors. They discuss their work in performance improvement, their accomplishments, and their focus on research, measurement, and evaluation. They have received numerous awards and recognition for their work and continue to educate, write, consult, and speak about ROI. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on cultural policies that have been crafted at the end of World War II in Europe and the Americas. Topics include examines defined at the beginning as a way to democratize high arts, meaning bringing the fine arts to populations that were absent from participating, it moved in the 1980 to support cultural industries with the objective to protect the country culture against Americanization.

In 2010, Congress reauthorized the Post‐9/11 GI Bill by changing reimbursement rates from by‐state maximums to a nationwide limit. This policy created exogenous variation in financial aid for veterans at private universities. We detect changes in tuition only for for‐profit colleges, where we estimate a 1 percent pass‐through rate. This response is mainly from states with decreased benefits; colleges with more veterans, and colleges whose pre‐change tuition was above the state maximum but below the new nationwide level had a pass‐through rate of 8 percent. We also find a negative association between changes in benefits and overall student enrollment for for‐profit colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had substantial impacts on all types of higher education institutions. The common thought is that the shift to online would be a benefit to existing online education providers. This paper examines the market as a whole, as well as the performance of publicly-traded online higher education providers against the market index of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, with the goal of identifying whether or not online providers were able to take advantage of the market conditions to exceed the performance of the market as a whole. Coupled with this investigation is the phenomenon of public institutions acquiring for-profit online providers and the implications of that emerging trend to the higher education market as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]