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This research applies framing theory and basic quantitative content methods to analyze the New York Times coverage of the 1959 Cuban Revolution, in order to examine assertions that New York Times stories contributed to Fidel Castro's victory. Specifically, the study analyzes datelines, bylines, types of sources and story framing in all the stories about Cuba published on the front page of the New York Times between January 1, 1957, and December 31, 1962. The findings of this research contest long-held claims that the New York Times stories, in particular those written by reporter Herbert L. Matthews, contributed to the success of the Cuban Revolution. Matthews's three-part front-page scoop in 1957 introduced Castro and the bearded Cuban revolutionaries to the world, but his stories and subsequent New York Times coverage are unlikely to have been decisive in Castro's overthrow of the Batista regime. This study argues instead that the New York Times coverage of the 1959 Cuban Revolution was written through an aspirational lens, much like the stories about other major political revolutions written by U.S. foreign correspondents, and that stories played an important inter-media agenda-setting role, as evident from the many news organizations that covered the revolution after Matthews' scoop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greek correspondents are a unique species among the other foreign correspondents based in Turkey, due to their nationality; they have a delicate role of "otherness" since their home and host countries are neighbors with a long history of fragile relations. Set within the frame of the failed coup attempt in Turkey in July 2016, this research localizes the differences in the Greek correspondents' job before and after the failed coup attempt bearing their "otherness". Based on the collection of primary data through in-depth semi-structured interviews with all the Greek correspondents in Turkey, the findings were conceptualized within the Actor–Network Theory combined with the framework of Histoire Croisée. The results revealed that after the failed coup attempt their work has deteriorated by four major changes: encumbrance of their journalistic role due to their "otherness", increase of self-censorship, more workload due to higher demand for stories and extinction of governmental and diplomatic sources. This research claims that the identity of the "opponent otherness" is a key factor aggravating the practices of foreign correspondents in times of political crises; lastly, it is revealed that when democracy is backsliding, local and foreign journalism are becoming parallelly ill and present a causality effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens to international media reporting when governments expel foreign journalists? Countries around the world expel foreign reporters, yet there is no consensus about the effects of such expulsions. We argue there are three possible outcomes of expulsion: a chilling effect, resilience, and backlash. Using China as a case study, we evaluate these competing theories by collecting a novel dataset of foreign news stories about China and applying time-series causal inference methods to measure the effects of expulsion on information origination, composition, and reach after March 2020, when the Chinese government expelled a large number of foreign correspondents. Results show that expelled media organizations did not experience a chilling effect or backlash on reporting and may have changed their production processes to account for expulsion. These findings suggest that news organizations can remain resilient to the impact of extraordinary events which target the organization and disrupt internal production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a roundup of project management activities in Finland. It covers the Project Professionals Finland organization, which promotes project-oriented thinking and knowledge exchange among professionals. The document also mentions the PMI Finland Chapter, which provides learning and networking opportunities for project practitioners. Additionally, it provides information on the Kruunusillat project, which involves the construction of bridges and a tram line in Helsinki. The project is being implemented in two phases and is expected to be completed by the end of 2026. [Extracted from the article]

The August 2024 issue of the PM World Journal is the 12th anniversary edition, featuring 41 new works by 55 authors from 17 different countries. The edition includes a letter to the editor discussing project controls, two interviews on AI and project management in healthcare and a large-scale rail project, ten featured papers on various topics related to program and project management, seven series articles by authors from five countries, five advisory articles offering practical advice, three commentary articles on strategy, milestones, and emotional AI, and four reports from international correspondents. The issue also includes three second editions of previously published papers, five book reviews, and recent news articles related to project management. The managing editor, David L. Pells, has over 40 years of experience in project management and is an internationally recognized leader in the field. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a monthly report on project management in Spain, written by Alfonso Bucero. The report discusses the monthly meeting of the PMI Madrid Chapter, where Conflict Management through nonviolent communication (NVC) was the topic of discussion. The speaker, Alfonso Bucero, shared his experiences as a project manager and explained the benefits of the NVC model. The meeting was well-attended, with both in-person and virtual participants. The report also provides contact information for the PMI Madrid Spain Chapter for further details. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "Making a Modern Project Manager: Sharing Knowledge (Part 1)," explores the concept of knowledge sharing in project management. The author discusses definitions and challenges related to knowledge sharing, emphasizing the difference between information and knowledge. They also highlight the importance of interacting with people and transferring knowledge effectively. The article acknowledges the exponential growth of human knowledge and the difficulties of capturing and sharing knowledge in a global and virtual team context. The author presents two solutions: accepting the loss of information or taking the reins of knowledge sharing. The article concludes by encouraging readers to reflect on their own challenges in sharing knowledge and emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and improvement. The author, Yasmina Khelifi, is an experienced project manager in the telecom industry and is passionate about sharing knowledge. [Extracted from the article]

A host of Nigerian journalists have died as a result of post-traumatic stress disorders. The effects of coverage of traumatic news events have been enormous on practising journalists, reporters, photojournalists and local or foreign correspondents. This research paper examined the trauma literacy among practising journalists in the Boko Haram-ravaged North East of Nigeria. The study adopted a qualitative descriptive approach to conduct an in-depth review of available literature to examine the elements involved in trauma literacy and identify the knowledge gaps of trauma literacy as experienced by practising journalists in the Boko Haram ravaged North East of Nigeria. This research paper recommended that the curricular of most schools of Journalism and Mass Communication in Nigeria should be re-visited to include the teaching safety journalism, and professional training that would equip the prospective journalists with the requisite knowledge in the coverage of issues related to trauma. It further recommended that the government, and other relevant stakeholders must canvass the inclusion of safety studies in the curriculum of mass communication and journalism disciplines. It equally recommended resilience training for the practising journalists to overcome traumatic news events to which they are daily exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2010 the Catalan secessionist movement has been reported on extensively in the global media. Beginning with the 2010 demonstrations against the decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court to reject a new Catalan statute of autonomy, and covering subsequent events such as the unofficial self-determination referendum in 2017, the trial and imprisonment of Catalan political leaders, and the violent protests against the verdicts; the events in the region have all featured heavily on the front pages of the international press. This study analyzes how US and UK newspapers have covered the Catalan independence movement during the period from 2010 to 2019. To do so, this study focuses on two US newspapers (The New York Times and The Washington Post) and two from the UK newspapers (The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian) and observes how the positions of the Spanish and Catalan governments are represented through the analysis of the frames used to construct the newspapers' coverage, as well as the overall tone and the sources used by the journalists. To detect the dominant framework, a framing analysis is undertaken from a communicative and deductive perspective, applying Semetko and Valkenburg's classification. In-depth interviews are also conducted with the newspapers' Spanish-based foreign correspondents which allows the analysis to include the correspondents' views on the difficulties faced by them during their time spent while covering the conflict. The study's primary conclusion is that the international press downplays the significant role played by social movements and civil society in the secession movement, with a strong preference shown by journalists to rely on representatives of official sources as the most valid spokespersons for the movement. Secondly, the study finds that media attention follows closely the flash-points of the conflict with more coverage appearing at the moments of greater political tension between the Spanish and Catalan governments. This suggests that civil society mobilizations attract less interest from the media that instead prefers to focus on developments in the political sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text is an interview with Robert Joslin, the President of the Association of International Project Management Officers (AIPMO). Joslin has extensive experience in project management and has worked in various sectors. The interview discusses the Ambassadors Program 2024, which aims to recognize and leverage the expertise of PMO professionals worldwide. The program focuses on advancing PMO standards, fostering a sense of community, and promoting the exchange of knowledge and best practices. It includes various components such as webinars, workshops, and networking events, and has four defined roles: Ambassadors, Junior PMO Ambassadors, Steering Committee, and Program Director. The ideal Ambassador is proactive in contributing to the program by participating in events, leading discussions, and initiating projects. The selection process for Ambassadors involves reviewing candidates' experience and contributions to the PMO community. [Extracted from the article]

The article is an interview with Deanna Landers, the Founder and Chairman of Project Managers Without Borders (PMWB). PMWB connects project professionals with non-profit organizations to improve their project management maturity and help them achieve their missions more efficiently. Landers discusses how project management can shape a better world by applying successful approaches to projects in business, government, and the social sector. She also emphasizes the importance of adaptability and diplomacy as key skills for project leaders to thrive. Additionally, Landers shares her personal experience using project management skills during a two-year sailing adventure. She concludes by encouraging project managers to share their knowledge and improve results to make the world a better place. [Extracted from the article]

This article challenges current trends in the study of fixers and other forms of "local-foreign news work" through discussion of questions crucial to future investigations. Responding to Kotišová and Deuze's call to complicate the existing "repertoire of concepts, theories, and epistemic categories" now in use in scholarship on fixing (2022: 1172), we provide theoretical frameworks relevant to, but thus far unutilized by, this scholarship. Considering local-foreign news work as a process of straddling political, cultural, and epistemic boundaries allows us to interrogate the conceptual binaries operating in the relevant research, such as west/nonwest, local/foreign, fixer/journalist. By engaging the liminality of local journalistic labor, this article brings into relief dynamics often obscured in current studies, namely, the impact of race and gender identities, and the post-colonial contexts within which much local-foreign news work takes place. Attention to these dynamics challenges the conceptual divisions upon which studies of cross-border journalism often rely, while revealing the consequential – and boundary-defying – positionality of local news workers. Finally, examination of the "cosmopolitanism" of local-foreign news work, and the "situatedness" of the knowledge produced by local news workers, serves to thicken scholarship on the topic in ways that deactivate essentialisms, deepen empirical foundations, and address problematic configurations of power critical to the study of news production today. By diversifying the research queries we pose, and the theoretical perspectives we employ, future research can better account for the dynamism of local-foreign news work in the contemporary global news landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of listening methods within public diplomacy (PD)/foreign correspondents' relations. Listening theory plays a double role in the study: a) It serves as the theoretical basis for analyzing whether listening and, more specifically, feedback are applied by Israeli public diplomacy (PD) bodies; b) It serves as the core methodology of this study. We demonstrate the value of listening within the context of these professional relationships by applying a methodological simulation of listening. By systematically listening to both parties, one can uncover and trace gaps between the parties' perceptions and better understand their relationship. Based on fifty semi-structured, in-depth interviews with PD seniors and foreign correspondents, the study compares and contrasts the parties' perceptions regarding tactical and strategic aspects of Israeli PD organizations' actions. The findings indicate a substantial lack of critical listening methods in Israel's PD mechanism. By applying systematic listening methods, gaps and weak links in the parties' relationship surfaced. To address these gaps, we recommend implementing recurring feedback platforms. These might assist the parties in developing more authentic and open dialogue, despite disagreements and disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research systematically and empirically examines challenges that confront Nigerian foreign correspondents, including how foreign correspondents manage the demands of their job such as pressures from senior editors at their head offices, restricted access to information and state officials, and government officials interfering with objective news reporting. The study also looks at correspondents' accounts of their individual experiences and the strategies they deploy to circumnavigate the challenges they encounter in their professional practice. The merit of this research lies in its intent to fill existing gaps in the scholarship of foreign correspondence in Africa. Specifically, the study contributes to knowledge and understanding of foreign correspondents in Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, including an understanding of the difficult environment of journalistic practices in a non-Western country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the two world wars two Australian former journalists – George Morrison (1862–1920) and Harold Timperley (1898–1954) – produced propaganda for the Chinese government. In doing so, they employed discourses of vulnerability and anxiety over Australia's position in Asia. Previous arguments that Morrison or Timperley represent an Australian approach to Asia have not taken into account their biographies and their positions within the Chinese government. In this article, I argue that Morrison and Timperley's depictions of Asia were heavily influenced both by their individual experiences and by developments in how successive Chinese governments made use of foreign journalists to communicate to the west. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an interview with Sierra Hampton-Simmons, the Vice President of Certification at the Project Management Institute (PMI). Hampton-Simmons discusses the new enhanced Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM) certification and its benefits in the job market. She also mentions the value of PMI certifications, the creation of a certification in construction, and upcoming updates and resources from PMI. Hampton-Simmons emphasizes the importance of a skilled workforce in delivering successful projects and business outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of unlearning as a power skill for project managers. It emphasizes the need for project managers to be open to new ideas and to reflect on outdated assumptions and techniques. The article also highlights the shift from formal hierarchies to fluid networks in organizations, which requires unlearning old mental models. It suggests a three-step process for unlearning and incorporating new mental habits. The authors provide examples and emphasize the importance of managing people and building relationships in project management. [Extracted from the article]

If the owl of Minerva flies only at dusk, what are we to make of the recent flurry of popular histories about foreign correspondents? In 2021, with You Don't Belong Here , Elizabeth Becker told us "How Three Women Rewrote the Story of War" in Vietnam, and Judith Mackrell gave us the stories of "Six Women Writers on the Front Lines of World War II" in The Correspondents. The year before, Nancy Cott, the pioneering scholar of U.S. gender history, explored the intertwined biographies of interwar journalists Dorothy Thompson, Vincent Sheean, Rayna Raphaelson, and John Gunther in Fighting Words. And then, in 2022, Deborah Cohen, an acclaimed historian of British and European cultural politics, subbed the relatively obscure Raphaelson out of Cott's quartet and added in H. R. Knickerbocker, the Pulitzer Prize–winning European correspondent in Last Call at the Hotel Imperial. (Cohen also elevates the role of Frances Gunther, John's wife, who suffered from crippling writer's block but was perhaps the most interesting thinker of the bunch.) When two leading, accomplished historians at the height of their games write essentially the same book, you know that something is in the air. So what era's eclipse are these works marking? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the influence of foreign information, especially French, in the press of Santa Cruz de Tenerife between 1874 and 1914. It highlights that some newspapers had their own networks of collaborators and circulation of international information. These newspapers not only reported on the political, cultural, or scientific life of France, but also contributed to the formation of public opinion in the provincial capital of the Canary Islands. The importance of the Tenerife press in those years is mentioned, and keywords such as written press, networks, foreign correspondents, republicanism, and France are used. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents an illustrative case study of the role of women in the print media at the beginning of the last century that serves to critically examine the chronicles signed by Emma Sarepta Yule (1863-1939) on women in East Asia, published in the journals Scribner's Magazine and Current History. The aim is to highlight the ideological, cultural, and gender elements evident in Yule's reports dedicated to the Asian «new woman», and how the writings reflect the geopolitical context of the time. This seeks to highlight the role of these «gender correspondents» to discuss the representation of the «new woman» in Japan, China, and Korea that they disseminated in magazines. Likewise, the «geosexual» and «geoideological» factors of their texts are reviewed, as well as the contradictions between the reality of those women and the journalist's attempt to superimpose, handling the category "new woman", principles and values of the «Protestant modernity» mobilized with the help of the establishment in Asia of women-led organizations such as the Young Women's Christian Association (ywca). The disputed nature of modernity and feminism in East Asia during this period is underlined by studying how foreign journalists played a substantial role in the construction of the image of the «new woman» in the region, to conclude by showing the relevance that this journalistic production had in transmitting the liberal-idealist ideology inherent to the interwar international society and the epistemic problems that it presents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the importance and different types of mentoring in the context of project management. It explores reverse mentoring, where a younger professional mentors a senior colleague, and lateral mentoring, which occurs organically when individuals help each other in the workplace. The article also mentions the Mentor Method, a mentorship software created by Janice Omadeke. The author encourages readers to reflect on their own experiences with mentoring and highlights the value of simple ways to support each other, rather than relying solely on formal mentoring programs. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction. This study is concerned with a problem of current interest, namely, the everyday political life of workers at the USSR Peoples’ Commissariat of Foreign Affairs during the Great Patriotic War. The novelty of the present study lies in the fact that the problem has been little investigated, while several documents are thereby introduced into general use for the first time. Materials and methods. The sources were the document complex in the Archive of Foreign Politics of the Russian Federation. The methodology is based on general scholar, special historical and source studies methods. Results. One of the components in the everyday political life of the Soviet diplomat Palgunov, who headed the Press Department in the Peoples’ Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, consisted of contacts with foreign correspondents who represented the mass media of the Allies, namely, Great Britain and the US. The correspondents were eager for getting the information concerning the war effort of the Soviet Union and the contributions into the defense of the country on the part of its citizens in the rear. However, this was hindered by the presence of strict political censorship in the USSR. The situation was aggravated by acute competition between British and American correspondents. Given these conditions, Palgunov acted as a kind of referee who was called upon to aid, both in obtaining information on the situation on the front and for help in the needs of their everyday life. Conclusions. The present author used the unpublished job diary of Palgunov for 1941–1942 to get a more accurate list of the British and American correspondents who were accredited in the USSR during that period of time. When combined with Palgunov’s memoirs, this source was used to present a true picture of how the Press Department was interacting with foreign correspondents. This author emphasized subjects such as the peculiarities in the activity of foreign correspondents in Moscow and Kuibyshev and in questions relating to the organization of their trips to the front zone. It has been found why they blamed Palgunov for bureaucracy and incompetence.

The book "Reporting China on the Rise: Habitus and Prisms of China Correspondents" by Yuan Zeng examines the role of foreign correspondents in shaping the world's understanding of China. The book analyzes the power dynamics and pressures faced by foreign correspondents in China, including the influence of the state and organizational controls. It also explores the different sets of habitus and responses of correspondents to these pressures. The book concludes that the power struggles in the field of China correspondence reproduce the existing power structure, resulting in monotonous and unfavorable China stories. However, the book does not delve into the impact of technological and economic factors on the work of correspondents or the influence of foreign media coverage on the Chinese audience's understanding of China. [Extracted from the article]

"How the 'Red Star' Rose: Edgar Snow and Early Images of Mao Zedong" by Ishikawa Yoshihiro is an academic detective story that explores the early images and biographies of Mao Zedong before Edgar Snow's famous book, "Red Star over China." The book investigates how these images and information were produced, circulated, and censored in China, the Soviet Union, and Japan. The author traces the history of biographies and images of Mao, revealing the limited amount of reliable information available prior to Snow's reports. The book also examines the circumstances surrounding the writing and publication of "Red Star over China," including the roles of key individuals and the changing perceptions of Chinese communism. Ishikawa presents his findings as a collection of historical facts, shedding light on the complexity of information gathering and the influence of political environments on the evaluation of historical facts. [Extracted from the article]

Angrep og trusler mot journalister er utfordringer som påvirker pressens ytringsfrihet og handlingsrom. Utenriksjournalister jobber ofte i konfliktsoner med store sikkerhetsutfordringer. Tidligere forskning viser at kvinnelige journalister møter flere utfordringer enn sine mannlige kollegaer i felt. Samtidig er det flest mannlige journalister som blir drept på jobb. Hvilke tanker gjør dagens yngre utenriksreportere seg om kjønn og sikkerhet i utenriksarbeidet? Gjennom kvalitative dybdeintervjuer undersøker vi empirisk hvilke utfordringer utenrikskorrespondentene møter, og om, og i hvilken grad, de finner at kjønn har betydning for arbeidet deres. Artikkelen konkluderer med at det er behov for et mer sammensatt syn på kjønn og beskyttelse i journalistikken. En slik tilnærming må kombinere det menn og kvinner opplever som forskjellige utfordringer i felt, samtidig som den utfordrer et essensialistisk syn på kjønn som forsterker stereotype kjønnsroller og forventninger til sårbarhet.

Journalist and author Jill Jolliffe's work took her around the world, including 16 years in Portugal, reporting on corruption and injustices, including the killing of five Australian, British and New Zealand journalists at Balibo on the eve of the Indonesian invasion of Timor-Leste in 1975. Her commitment to East Timorese independence endured over decades. Paying tribute, Timorese leader Xanana Gusmão, said: 'Jill was an activist, a rebel and a fighter . . . She is one of us.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the interest of Russians in London during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many Russians, including political emigres and ordinary citizens, sought refuge in London due to repression and poverty in their home country. London's status as a global city and its reputation as a modern and industrialized city attracted the attention of Russians, who employed special correspondents to report on political and daily life in the city. The article highlights the work of three famous Russian correspondents and provides translated articles that cover a wide range of topics, offering a rich picture of life in London during this period. The article also notes that while these correspondents were not always completely accurate in their reporting, their accounts provide valuable insights into both London and Russia at the time. The volume is recommended for its engaging articles, excellent translation, and informative context. [Extracted from the article]

Journalist and author Jill Jolliffe’s work took her around the world, including 16 years in Portugal, reporting on corruption and injustices, including the killing of five Australian, British and New Zealand journalists at Balibo on the eve of the Indonesian invasion of Timor-Leste in 1975. Her commitment to East Timorese independence endured over decades. Paying tribute, Timorese leader Xanana Gusmão, said: ‘Jill was an activist, a rebel and a fighter . . . She is one of us.’

Shortly after the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in February 1917, foreign newspapers and news agencies dispatched some of their best journalists, including a group of highly rated women reporters, to send their chronicles from a conflict which left an enduring memory in their lives. Most correspondents who travelled to Russia soon realised that their news coverage would depend on their recruitment of translators, interpreters, or other language mediators. Drawing on a selection of historical, journalistic and translation research sources, as well as on a number of memoirs, personal accounts and biographies of foreign correspondents, in this article we examine a number of unexplored topics related to the complementary and sometimes contradictory relationship between journalists and translators and interpreters during the Russian Revolution: (a) the demanding communication issues faced by foreign correspondents on their arrival in the country; (b) the meaningful contribution, frequently obscured in journalistic accounts, of translators or interpreters in the newsgathering process; (c) the ambivalent relationship between journalists and translators and how their divergent political ideologies might have interfered with their bond of trust; and (d) the role of correspondents within activist networks, especially in the Bolshevik party, when performing propaganda activities, which included diverse translation assignments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the international press as an external contributing agent to the consolidation of democratic regime change within emerging democracies is a growing research area within the field of media history and political communication. Within the context of these press/power dynamics, this article analyses the intense coverage made by the influential transatlantic weekly magazines, Time, Newsweek and The Economist of the attempted military coup in Spain in February 1981. It argues that all three publications made editorial decisions and employed narrative strategies –based on contempt for the foiled military uprising, acritical elevation of the young King and the consensual projection of democratic consolidation in the country- in an indirect but strategic contribution to the defence of the institutional stability of a country emerging from 40 years of dictatorship and whose destiny was crucial to wider Cold War geopolitical considerations in the southern Mediterranean at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign correspondents are uniquely positioned to increase the global plurality of views, understand a complex world of global risk, and create a more cosmopolitan media. In order to better equip foreign correspondents for their postings, innovative approaches are needed. With this aim, a new journalism research practice, called the Frame Reflection Interview (FRI), was developed. The FRI allows correspondents, in a short period of time, to gain an in-depth understanding of social contexts of the target country. The FRI process is based on translating the theory and methodology of frame reflection from the practice of policy design to the practice of journalism. This article reports on the results of a pilot trial of this method where a correspondent, about to be posted to Jakarta, accessed members of the Indonesian diaspora in Sydney before her departure. The results of the pilot were measured via content analysis of stories completed by the journalist during the early months of her posting, and by qualitative interviews with the journalist. The results of this research show the potential for FRIs to improve foreign correspondence, especially in postcolonial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history and impact of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, a union of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland (present-day Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi). The Federation, which lasted from 1953 to 1963, initially consolidated white settler rule but ultimately accelerated anti-colonial agitation. It brought economic benefits to Southern Rhodesia but complicated the pursuit of independence for Malawi and Zambia. The article explores the concept of "partnership" within the Federation and the opposition it faced from black political leaders and right-wing whites. The Federation collapsed in 1963, and the article highlights the subsequent interest in maintaining a regional alliance among anti-colonial nationalists. The article also discusses the limited scholarly research on the Federation and the need for a deeper understanding of white settler projections and their legacy in the region. [Extracted from the article]

Previous studies on Moscow correspondents in the 1930s have prioritised the work of individual reporters over the infrastructure that actually conditioned how Western journalists could operate. This article addresses that imbalance, setting the careers of three correspondents – Walter Duranty, William Henry Chamberlin and Eugene Lyons – against the system of censorship and the control over information that prevailed in the Soviet Union. Using their published writing rather than newspaper reports, it considers how they made sense of their circumstances, and rationalised their subordinacy to Soviet oversight. It argues that for a range of reasons – ideological sympathy, financial improvement, and professional security – all three journalists themselves became parts in the machinery of censorship, learning to self-regulate and calibrate their reports to satisfy the requirements of the host regime. With the exception of Duranty, this process was subconscious as much as it was deliberate, demonstrating how the system eroded individual agency and journalistic integrity. In affirming systemic constraints on the activity of Moscow correspondents, the article also delineates Duranty as a special case of journalists who themselves became clients of the authoritarian states that they covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]