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En el año 1985, Phil Linney, un trabajador estadounidense residente en Colombia, inició un proceso laboral contra la empresa Morrison-Knudsen International Company. En el año 2018, 33 años después, con sentencia a favor de primera y de segunda instancia, aún no se había resuelto su caso porque no se había podido materializar la orden del juez de pagar la indemnización. Phil falleció esperando su indemnización y lo único que heredó su hijo fue la posición procesal de demandante. Como este, a lo largo y ancho de nuestra justicia hay acumulados, en grandes arrumes de papel, millones de casos con varios lustros de trámite y que todavía están pendientes de resolverse. Tantos expedientes amontonados, entre anaqueles y atados con cabuya, que han estado a punto de causar el colapso de las sedes judiciales en una grotesca alegoría del peso de la ley.

In most of previous studies on zero-price effect or free offers, including our own, a large share of participants decide not to accept the offer of a free product. This is particularly surprising in case of products that can bring mere benefits to their users in terms of higher profits (e.g., a digital tool that can help solve a task faster and, thus, help the user earn more money). Our previous studies in this project found that people are indeed more reluctant to accept a tool that is presented to them as a free offer than when it is presented to them as a new or alternative version of a task. Therefore, in the second study we investigated whether the reluctance to free offers disappears once participants are prompted to think carefully about their choice, i.e., when participants will make their choice in a deliberative decision-making mode. We found that this is not the case. The main effect of the framing of the offer remains, i.e., even if prompted to deliberate over their choice participants were more likely to reject an offer of a free tool than an offer of a new version of a task. This time, however, we also found that this effect is mediated by the perception of the authenticity of the offer. The mediation is mostly driven by participants behavior and perception in the deliberate treatments. In the current study, we want to test whether the main effect of framing the choice as either "free tool" or "alternative version of the task" is moderated by the familiarity of the offeror. In line with previous research, we hypothesized that free offers will be less surprising and, thus, seem more trustworthy in ongoing relationships, i.e., when people are already familiar with the offeror. Therefore, participants should be less reluctant to accept a free offer if they have already interacted with the experimenter by participating in an unrelated study.

In most of previous studies on zero-price effect or free offers, including our own, a large share of participants decide not to accept the offer of a free product. This is particularly surprising in case of products that can bring mere benefits to their users in terms of higher profits (e.g., a digital tool that can help solve a task faster and, thus, help the user earn more money). Our previous studies in this project found that people are indeed more reluctant to accept a tool that is presented to them as a free offer than when it is presented to them as a new or alternative version of a task. Therefore, in the second study we investigated whether the reluctance to free offers disappears once participants are prompted to think carefully about their choice, i.e., when participants will make their choice in a deliberative decision-making mode. We found that this is not the case. The main effect of the framing of the offer remains, i.e., even if prompted to deliberate over their choice participants were more likely to reject an offer of a free tool than an offer of a new version of a task. This time, however, we also found that this effect is mediated by the perception of the authenticity of the offer. The mediation is mostly driven by participants behavior and perception in the deliberate treatments. In the current study, we want to test whether the main effect of framing the choice as either "free tool" or "alternative version of the task" is moderated by how well-respected the offeror is. To this end, additionally to the framing we manipulate with whether participants see the researchers' university logo (Maastricht University) on the screen. We hypothesized that free offers from well-respected offeror will be less suspicious. Therefore, participants should be less reluctant to accept a free offer if the university affiliation of the researcher is made pronounced throughout the study by displaying the university logo.

Study of how attorney closing argument guidance influences mock-juror decisions following in-person deliberations.

The purpose of an eyewitness identification procedure is to determine whether the police suspect is guilty or innocent of the crime in question. Rather than presenting the lone suspect to the witness for an identification attempt, it is generally advised that the police investigator first surround the suspect with known-innocent fillers. The rationale is that if the suspect is guilty, the eyewitness ought to be able to pick this person out of a lineup. If the suspect is innocent, these fillers offer that individual protection from mistaken identification as many witnesses who would have otherwise identified the innocent suspect identify a filler instead (e.g., Smith et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020). Hence, the idea of surrounding the suspect with known-innocent fillers is that we can strike a better trade-off between correct perpetrator identifications and incorrect innocent-suspect identifications. But producing that improved trade-off requires that fillers be selected so that they are, on average, as similar to the witness’ memory for the perpetrator as is the innocent suspect. Lineups in which fillers prevent the innocent suspect from standing out as a better match to the witness’ memory for the perpetrator are called fair and lineups in which the fillers do not prevent the innocent suspect from standing out as a better match to the witness’ memory for the perpetrator are called biased. More than 40 years of research demonstrates that fair lineups lead to a better trade-off between guilty-suspect identifications and innocent-suspect identifications than do biased lineups and that a suspect identification from a fair lineup is far more reliable than a suspect identification from a biased lineup (e.g., Clark, 2012; Lindsay & Wells, 1980; Smith et al., 2017). In the present line of research, we examine how laypeople perceive the reliability of identifications made from fair versus biased lineups. In Experiment 1, we presented laypeople with (1) a brief description of the crime, (2) the witness’ brief description of the perpetrator, (3) a six-person photographic lineup, and (4) the position of the identified lineup member. Each lay participant viewed one fair lineup, where all lineup members match the witness’ description of the perpetrator, and one biased lineup, where only the lineup member who was identified matches the witness’ description of the perpetrator. On each lineup, participants were asked to the likelihood the witness had made an accurate identification. We posited that, counterintuitively, laypeople would judge identifications from biased lineups to be more reliable than identifications from fair lineups. The rationale was that the non-selected lineup members provide a reference group of alternative outcomes that can be contrasted with the identified lineup member. Compared to when only the identified lineup member fits the witness’ description (biased lineup; high perceptual contrast), when all lineup members fit the witness’ description (fair lineup; low perceptual contrast), laypersons might look to the non-identified alternatives, question why not one of these other persons, and lower their reliability judgment accordingly. As we expected, laypeople rated likely accuracy higher for biased lineup than they did for fair lineups (d = .80). In the follow-up experiments, our goal was to determine what information laypeople needed to know before aligning their perceptions of fair and biased lineups to be equivalent to what the research shows to be the truth. To do this, we incrementally added additional instructions to the lineup task in a series of three separate experiments. In Experiment 2, we added to the instructions that the witness identified the suspect. We expected that this inclusion would key participants into the fact that there is only a single suspect present in the lineup (and that the other five are known-innocent, or not suspected of the current crime). In Experiment 3, we instructed participants to keep in mind that the actual culprit might or might not be present in the lineup, which we expected to help guide them to the conclusion that the “correct” answer might be to reject the lineup (or say that the culprit is not present). In Experiment 4, we informed participants that the police designed the lineup by selecting known-innocent fillers from a database of images. We expected that this instruction would help participants to appreciate the intent with which many biased lineups are constructed—to increase the likelihood that the witness would identify the suspect. However, adding on these additional pieces of information had little impact on participants ratings. Throughout the next several experiments, we were interested in determining how lay participants responded when presented with a lineup fairness question, rather than a question about suspect identification accuracy. In Experiment 5 and Experiment 7, we found that participants rated fair lineups as “fairer” than biased lineups, indicating that they were sensitive to the lineup fairness manupulation. Furthermore, in Experiment 5, we found that priming participants with this fairness question attenuated participants’ preferences for the biased lineup over the fair lineup. In fact, in Experiment 8, we found that providing participants with the full set of instructions (tested in Experiments 2 through 4) and priming them with a lineup fairness question (tested in Experiment 5 and 7), led to laypersons rating fair and biased lineups as almost identical in terms of suspect identification accuracy. Save for priming participants with lineup fairness considerations, none of the subtle instructions we provided to participants had much impact on their accuracy ratings for fair and biased lineups. Hence, in Experiment 9, we take a different approach. We will present laypersons with a short passage describing the purpose of lineups to see whether giving them more of a conceptual explanation leads them to appreciate why suspect identification accuracy is higher for fair than for biased lineups. This passage makes four key points: (1) suspects are generated by using the witness’ description, (2) suspects are sometimes innocent, (3) eyewitnesses frequently make false identifications of innocent persons, (4) the purpose of a lineup is to see if the witness recognizes the suspect as the culprit, and (5) lineups can be a good measure of guilt when all fillers match the witness’ description. The passage reads as follows: When a crime occurs there is sometimes an eyewitness who got a view of the culprit and can give a verbal description of that culprit. Police will generate suspects matching the witness’ description. The suspect might be innocent, of course, and so police sometimes put together a lineup (either live or photographic) that includes that suspect and then show that lineup to the eyewitness. It is not uncommon for the suspect in a lineup to in fact be innocent (not the culprit). Because eyewitnesses often mistakenly identify innocent people, police embed the suspect among known-innocent lineup members. These known-innocent lineup members are called “lineup fillers.” In a typical lineup, there are five of these fillers plus the one suspect, thereby yielding a lineup composed of six people. The goal of the lineup is to make sure that an eyewitness actually recognizes the suspect as being the culprit. But if the fillers do not fit the witness’s description of the culprit, then maybe the witness will pick the suspect only because he best fits the description rather than because the witness actually recognizes the suspect as being the culprit. Therefore, the fillers should fit the verbal description that the eyewitness gave of the culprit. If the fillers all fit the description that the eyewitness gave of the culprit and the eyewitness still manages to pick the suspect, the identification is considered good evidence of guilt. We will also use five manipulation check questions to assess participant comprehension of the short passage. Participants will answer these manipulation check questions at the end of the study, after having rated the likely suspect identification accuracy of both a fair and a biased lineup. If participants do not rate suspect identification accuracy as higher for fair than for biased lineups, these manipulation check questions will help us to determine the extent to which that might have been attributable to comprehension issues rather than to the inefficacy of the passage. The questions are listed below, with the correct answers marked by an asterisk. Which of the following is typically true? • *Police develop suspects using the witness' description of the culprit. • Police do not use witness' description of the culprit when developing suspects. • Police develop suspects who look different from the witness' description of the culprit. • None of the above. Suspects in the lineup are _____ innocent. • Always • Never • *Sometimes • Normally Witnesses... • Are always correct. • Are always false. • Rarely make false identifications • *Frequently make false identifications The purpose of a lineup is: • To see if one of the fillers might be the actual culprit in the case • *To see if the eyewitness actually recognizes the suspect as being the culprit rather than simply being the lineup member who best fits the description • To make the task as easy and obvious as possible so that the witness will pick the person the police want them to pick • None of the above Identifications from a lineup are good evidence of guilt if: • *Fillers match the witness' description of the culprit • Fillers do not match the witness' description of the culprit • Regardless of whether or not fillers match the witness' description of the culprit • The suspect looks very different than the other lineup members

Valid guilty pleas must be made voluntarily, yet most defendants report that they did not feel part of the decision-making process or responsible for the decision. Defendants and judges both play a role in determining whether guilty pleas are voluntary. The actor-observer bias suggests that defendants and judges perceive the decision-making process differently given the nature of their roles. The present studies applied this framework to assess the complexity of voluntary plea decision-making.We expected observers would rate pleas as more voluntary than would actors. We also expected participants to rate pleas made by guilty defendants as more voluntary than those made by innocent defendants and to view pleas made with voice as more voluntary than those made without voice. Finally, we expected the effect of guilt and voice on voluntariness to differ for actors and observers.Participants were Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers (Study 1: N = 202, Study 2: N = 626) who had a history of high-quality performance on past tasks, were roughly evenly split between men (Study 1: 52%, Study 2: 53%) and women (Study 1: 48%, Study 2: 47%), and were primarily White/non-Hispanic (Study 1: 84%, Study 2: 75%). They watched video-recorded materials about a criminal case in which a defendant decided how to plead. The materials varied the participant's role (actor, observer), the defendant's guilt (innocent, guilty), and whether the defendant had a voice in the decision-making process (no voice, voice). Participants then rated the voluntariness of the decision-making process.In both studies, actors rated pleas as more voluntary than did observers. Participants rated guilty pleas as more voluntary when the defendant was guilty compared with innocent. Participants also rated pleas as more voluntary when the defendant had a voice in the decision-making process compared with when the defendant did not have a voice, but the difference was bigger for observers than for actors.Defendants and judges both determine whether a guilty plea is made voluntarily. These decision-makers are likely to perceive the plea decision-making process differently given their differing perspectives. There was also a large effect of voice on whether decisions were perceived to be voluntary. Individuals who play a role in the plea decision-making process should ensure that defendants have a proper opportunity to express their opinions and preferences about the decision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Research on the gap between science and policymaking and the barriers to utilizing science in policy remains controversial, since previous research methods have dominated data collection with perceived participant responses. This approach makes research findings applicable to particular contexts, particular participants, and particular times but cannot be generalized. We used a computational model to analyse linguistic text data from two communities and compared the results with self-reported research findings. The outcomes support that scientists and policymakers have their own linguistic characteristics, with scientists in the medical field preferring jargon and policymakers’ language containing public satisfaction pressures. Language representation also validates the existence of barriers in the use of science.

In Canada, people who experience mental health disability are over-represented among those who die in police interactions. At present, there is sparse national data available about the nature and extent of police-involved deaths of persons who experience mental health disability. Using mixed methods including access to information requests, media analysis and thematic analysis, this study analyzes data from coroner and medical examiner reports produced from 2004 to 2014, including descriptions of 433 police-involved deaths in Canada to explore the over-representation of people who experience mental health disability. Secondly, it provides a review of contemporary case law on legal liability and accountability of police, comparing traditional tort law and criminal prosecution approaches with the potential for discrimination claims on the ground of disability. This review focuses on police use of force and considers the benefits and drawbacks to tort, criminal and human rights law as means of legal accountability for police-involved injuries and deaths of persons who experience mental health disability. Employing a typology of police-involved deaths, it is demonstrated that persons who are perceived to experience mental health impairment are over-represented among several types of police-involved deaths subject to coroner or medical examiner proceedings. Further, it is suggested that recommendations stemming from coroner and medical examiner reports offer few helpful suggestions for meaningful reform to prevent such deaths. Lastly, it is suggested that discrimination claims are unlikely to prove more successful than tort claims or criminal prosecution as a means of sparking police reform. However, recognition of the potential for systemic discrimination by police should cause governments to re-evaluate police practices and societal strategies to address mental health crises.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a rapidly growing and transformative technology that has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives from driving to writing. As such, it is crucial to ensure that AI is developed and used in an ethical and accountable manner. Thus, this synthesis includes two research projects connected by the principles and processes of building responsible and ethical AI. The first paper will focus on the development of a framework for explainable AI (XAI) using SafeBench, a software designed and used to seamlessly generate car simulation scenarios in a vehicle simulation software known as CARLA. The later aim of this research is to utilize this framework to detect out-of-distribution features from video of AI crashes that can be analyzed and used in legal proceedings to explain the decision-making process of the AI system. The second paper demonstrating the STS research will highlight the legal implications of AI systems that lack accountability, specifically under tort litigation, biased sentencing, and intellectual property, as well as the unintended consequences of relying on such systems. Together, both of these papers shed light on the importance of building ethical and accountable AI systems that can be trusted by providing means to protect individuals and prevent harm from AI’s consequences. The technical component of this project aims to investigate how SafeBench can be used to autonomously generate car simulation scenarios and later be used to detect out-of-distribution factors in AI images saved from car cameras. Towards this, the CARLA self-driving simulator helps to accurately simulate and generate crash data while SafeBench uses reinforcement learning and generative scenarios to train the CARLA agent. Throughout the paper, the agents’ performance is visualized across several scenarios and figures and limitations and potential areas for future work are discussed afterwards. As AI becomes more ubiquitous, understanding their decisions becomes increasingly crucial to hold actors legally accountable when unintended consequences inevitably arise. By identifying factors relevant to these decisions, such as out-of-distribution features, we can provide more accurate and persuasive explanations for AI decisions in court cases. Thus, this research provides a framework that stands as a crucial step towards making AI systems more transparent and explainable, making it possible to build safer and more trustworthy AI systems that can be used throughout a variety of contexts. The STS component of this project investigates the many legal complications that arise as a result of AI systems that lack accountability. As dominating rise in society, especially in transportation, criminal justice, and art, indicates an increasing importance to understand AI’s legal implications. This STS paper will explore how legal systems currently fail to determine accountable actors when AI make erroneous or unethical decisions that cause harm. By applying Susan Leigh Star’s framework on infrastructure, the paper examines how traditional legal concepts such as fault, liability, and intellectual property, erode in the face of complex socio-technical systems involving AI decision-making. Finally, both components of this project are designed to simultaneously address the overall socio-technical challenges of building ethnically accountable AI. By developing a framework for explainable AI while investigating the legal implications of AI decision-making, this project aims to contribute a more comprehensive understanding of AI’s impact on societal functions. Therefore, integrating these technical and social perspectives offers a holistic approach to building AI systems that justifies a need for them to be transparent, accountable, and trustworthy so that we develop responsible AI designed to benefit society while minimizing the risks of unintended consequences associated with this powerful technology.

Las actuales demandas relacionadas con derechos sexuales y reproductivos van mucho más allá de la militancia social y los debates en la opinión pública. La apelación al respeto de las libertades individuales abre un campo de investigación que puede ser abordado desde la relación entre derecho y política. Para contribuir al análisis, este escrito hace una revisión teórica de dicha relación bajo la premisa: libertad, equidad y justicia constituyen un horizonte común que se concretaría en un orden social real y deseable con una sólida y operativa base jurídica.&nbsp

An Informative overview of the history of cigarette production, its impact on public health, and the legal and economic arguments for sweeping federal legislation restricting smoking in public places.

The hypothesis presented is that the relationship between government and people, in Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), is established through a representation by responsibility of limited right. That is, the grenadian establishes the government as one that speaks and acts for its people, in everything, but to achieve a specific end stipulated prior to its rule, namely: the common good. Should the government overstep its initially established limits, by the sovereignty of the people, it is held accountable and punished by the people themselves, in which case tyrannicide is less than life harm under tyrannical rule., {"references":["Aquino, Tomas de (2002). Suma Teológica. Vol. IV. São Paulo: Loyola.","Barroso, Leonor Durão (2020). «A refutação do absolutismo no pensamento político de Francisco Suárez». En: Francisco Suárez: Metafísica, Política e Ética, editador por M. S. D. Carvalho; M. L. Pulido e S. Guidi. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.","Calafate, Pedro (2014). «A Escola Ibérica da Paz nas universidades de Coimbra e Évora (século XVI)». Teocomunicação 44, n.1.","Calafate, Pedro (2017). «O pensamento político de Martín de Azpilcueta: sobre o poder supremo». Revista de Filosofia Unisinos 18, n.3.","Constant, Benjamin (2007). Princípios de política aplicáveis a todos os governos. Rio de Janeiro: TopBooks.","Font Oporto, P (2020). «La articulación operativa del poder político en Suárez: sentido y límites de su entrega al rey por parte del pueblo». En: Francisco Suárez: Metafísica, Política e Ética, editador por M. S. D. Carvalho; M. L. Pulido e S. Guidi. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.","Hobbes, Thomas (2011). Leviatã. Belo Horizonte: Tessituras.","Locke, John (2012). Dois tratados sobre o governo civil. Lisboa: Edições 70.","Mill, John Stuart (2001). Representative Government. Kitchener: Batoche Books.","Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel (1985). El Concepto de Representacion. Madrid: Centro de Estudos Constitucionales.","Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel (2006). «Representação: palavras, instituições e ideia». Lua Nova, n. 67.","Schwartz, Daniel (2008). «Francisco Suárez on Consent and Political Obligation». Vivarum 46, n. 1.","Suárez, Francisco (1967). Las Leyes. Vol. I - VI. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Politicos.","Suárez, Francisco (2015). «Defensor da Fé». En: A Escola Ibérica da Paz nas universidades de Coimbra e Évora (séculos XVI e XVII), editado por Pedro Calafate. Coimbra: Edições Almedina.","Vitória, Francisco de (2016). Reflectiones: sobre os índios e sobre o poder civil. Trad. Paulo Sérgio Vasconcelos. Brasília: EdUnB."]}

У овом раду тежимо да објаснимо положај Православне Цркве у Краљевини Србији према Уставу Краљевине Србије из 1901. године, тзв. Априлском уставу. Како бисмо то учинили, најпре ћемо анализирати сам Устав, те га упоредити са уставима који су му претходили, конкретно са Намесничким уставом (1869) и Радикалским уставом (1888). The so-called April Constitution was the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia adopted in 1901, and abolished in 1903. This Constitution gave greater power to King Alexander Obrenović (1889–1903), and established a two-house parliamentary system. Considering that the Orthodox Church (to be precise, the Metropolitanate of Belgrade) was the official religion of the Kingdom of Serbia, every Constitution had to define the relationship between the Church and the State. Significant Church-related innovation of the April Constitution is that it sets the Archbishop of Belgrade and the Bishop of Niš as permanent members of the Senate, which was the upper house of the Serbian Parliament. Other articles that deal with the Church are mostly inherited from the so-called Radicals’ Constitution of 1888., {"references":["Српски устави, књ. 1: Устави Кнежевине и Краљевине Србије са уставним актима од Првог српског устанка. Пририли Владан Петров, Дарко Симовић, Мијодраг Радојевић. Београд: Службени гласник, 2021.","Устав Књажества Србије проглашен на Петров-дан на Великој народној скупштини држаној у Крагујевцу о Духовима 1869. године. Београд: Државна штампарија, 1869.","Устав Краљевине Србије. Београд: Државна штампарија Краљевине Србије, 1901.","Устав Краљевине Србије проглашен 22. децембра 1888. год. на Великој народној скупштини, држаној у Београду месеца децембра 1888. године. Београд: Државна штампарија Краљевине Србије, 1888.","Вељковић, Владимир. Начело поделе власти у октроисаним уставима Краљевине Србије из 1901. и Краљевине Југославије из 1931. године. Мастер рад. Универзитет у Нишу, Правни факултет, 2017.","Војводић, Михаило. \"Како је Српска Црква добила независност 1879. године\". Историјски часопис, књ. L (2003): 87–98.","Јовановић, Павле Б. \"Уставноправни развитак Србије у светлости европског и регионалног искуства\". Зборник радова Правног факултета у Новом Саду XL (1/2006): 221–248.","Јовановић, Слободан. Влада Александра Обреновића: Књига друга (1897-1903). Београд: Издавачка књижарница Геце Кона, 1931.","Кркљуш, Љубомирка. Правна историја српског народа. Београд: Правни факултет Универзитета у Београду, Службени гласник, 2007.","Марковић, Ратко. \"Понос српске уставности: 125 година од доношења Устава Краљевине Србије од 1888.\" Анали Правног факултета у Београду LXI (2/2013): 315–319.","Павловић, Ђорђе. \"Устав Краљевине Србије из 1901. године\". Зборник Матице српске за друштвене науке, бр. 144 (2013): 509–522.","Перић, Димшо. Црквено право. Београд: Правни факултет Универзитета у Београду – Центар за публикације, Досије, 1997.","Пешић, Мирослав. \"Напредна странка у Краљевини Србији од 1887. до 1896. године\". Зборник радова Правног факултета у Нишу, бр. 7, год. LIX (2020): 55–72.","Поповић, Миливоје. Порекло и постанак Устава од 1888 године. Докторска дисертација. Универзитет у Београду, Правни факултет, 1939.","Радовић, Данијел. \"Намесници и Устав из 1869. године\". У: 150 година од доношења Устава Србије из 1869. године. Приредили Нина Кршљанин, Урош Станковић. Београд: Правни факултет Универзитета у Београду, 2021.","Слијепчевић, Ђоко. Историја Српске православне цркве, књ. 2: Од почетка XIX века до краја Другог светског рата. Београд: Catena mundi, 2018.","Ћирић, Владимир. \"Однос Српске православне цркве и власти у модерној Србији (1831-2010)\". Kom, vol. I (1/2012): 129–153.","Ћоровић, Владимир. Историја Срба. Београд: Makibook, 2010.","Устави Кнежевине и Краљевине Србије 1835-1903, прир. Миодраг Јовичић. Београд: Научна књига, 1988."]}

This dissertation examines the history of the legal regulation of religion and religious morality and the discourse of rights pertinent to religion within the modern Egyptian legal system. The dissertation assesses the influence of Islamic legal practices on the modernization of Egyptian juridical institutions during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The common understanding in many historical, anthropological, and legal accounts is that Islamic Law was secularized in Egypt due to the translation of several Western or liberal legal concepts and integrating them into legal theory and practices prevailing in Egypt during this period. This process of secularization is understood to have transformed legal norms, and communal arrangements that used to regulate society were replaced by Western-styled state law enforced through obedience, punishment, and discipline. Therefore, Egyptian legal codes starting from 1883 are referred to as French codes or French laws. This interpretation is not necessarily based on studying the practices of Egyptian legal institutions but on looking at legal theories in isolation from the way they were applied. In this dissertation, I recognize the agency of Egyptian jurists, politicians, and bureaucrats and the Egyptian legal culture in the modernisation of law. The dissertation thus revises two common understandings of the legal historiography of modern Egypt: that religion and Islamic Law were relegated to the private sphere of family disputes and that positive Western law replaced them in the realm of public law. Based on archival work, the dissertation gives greater attention to the state's role in Egyptian legal thought and practice as well as in Islamic law. This study also considers several factors that influenced the development of the legal system and the legal regulation of religion during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Such factors include the transformations in the nature of state authority through the expansion of bureaucracy; the unprecedented growth of the public sphere, which, in turn, involved the emergence of a political press, the development of the urban landscape, and the establishment of various forms of political and intellectual platforms; and, finally, the bureaucratization of traditional Islamic authorities and mechanisms. Within this framework, I focus on how modern law regulated censorship on printing religious books; punished those who insulted, criticized, or questioned the main tenets of religion; imposed certain punitive and disciplinary measures on conversion from Islam, and policed public behaviour that violated accepted norms of decency and morality.

This article intends to outline the multifaceted aspect of the indeterminate legal concept called public order. Due to its polysemic nature, it proposed to investigate the structuring elements of public order from the perspective of the three levels (degrees) proposed by Dolinger, which allowed the conclusion that, in the application of indeterminate legal concepts, only through the hermeneutic assumptions is possible to reach the conceptual amplitude of the interpreted disposition, at the same time that reductionist interpretations are avoided and that go against the regulatory frame coming from the text object of the interpretation.

This thesis explores an internal EU border in Northern Europe during a ‘crisis’ scenario. In the aftermath of the Syrian Civil War, during 2015 Sweden received 160,000 applications for asylum, the third highest total number in Europe. Consequently, Sweden introduced three forms of border controls to restrict numbers, marking a significant shift in Swedish asylum policy. This thesis engages with the notion of ‘political moments’ concerning how occasions of heightened visibilities could be appropriated and brought into the political milieu in Sweden and Denmark during 2015-2016 and subsequently used in the operations of borderwork by state and non-state actors. Borderwork is understood in this thesis in a Rumfordian manner, where state and non-state actors can contribute to actions of bordering and debordering. The thesis analyses Sweden’s border controls, grounded in particular contextualities and operating within a specific EU legal framework. This thesis draws on semi-structured interviews with 53 individuals primarily from the state and civil society in both countries. Complexities within and between civil society and the state concerning borderwork are shown as being interpenetrating, and the state’s pervasive extension is explored through ‘the Snake’ and Posthusplatsen. Emotion as a political resource (which can be appealed to, framed and (re)produced to shape discourses) is analysed and seen vis-à-vis the political left and right as a mobilising force in both bordering and debordering. Finally, and as part of this, the notion of mourning is explored concerning the evocative question: Is this Sweden?

Abstract. This study aimed to replicate the intuitive retributivism hypothesis, according to which people’s punitive sentiments are predominantly driven by retributive concerns. Contrary to prior research that focuses on how people punish offenders, this study investigated how people punish individuals suspected of immoralities. Moreover, we manipulated a suspect’s power level (high/low/undefined) and stated contrasting hypotheses (the “power corrupts” approach vs. the “power leniency” approach) regarding the impact of power on punishment motives. Finally, we investigated the mediating role of recidivism and guilt likelihood in these effects. The results replicated the intuitive retributivism hypothesis and revealed the robustness of this effect. Moreover, in line with the “power corrupts” approach, we found that the role of utilitarian (but not retributive or restorative) motives is stronger in the punishment of powerful suspects as opposed to powerless ones. Unexpectedly, neither guilt likelihood nor recidivism of a suspect mediated the effects of power on punishment motives.

The late antique rabbis of Roman Palestine were seasoned jurists, experts on exegesis and legal interpretation. Yet rabbinic literature does not theorize. A positive account of rabbinic conceptions of language therefore remains a desideratum. I choose an alternative approach. Legal reasoning relies on language to ground the determinacy of the law. Jurists must thus confront language when it threatens to undermine the latter. Conversely, they may hold language to safeguard legal determinacy. Drawing on insights from legal theory, I turn to an unusual rabbinic rule of inference. Its earliest attested version suggests a universal possibility of inference “from the category of yes that of no, from the category of no that of yes.” I show that the ever-evolving uses of this rule allow us to observe a shift in linguistic attitude, increasingly acknowledging linguistic uncertainty. My findings tie in with recent advances in the study of rabbinic exegesis.

Undoubtedly, the environmental dilemma requires enormous efforts at the global, national, and local levels. These laborious efforts can take the form of negotiations or any other actions to save human survival and protect the common. So, the climate international negotiations for African countries, for example, are structured by the emergence of a single voice to the point of speaking of a return of Pan-Africans and a solid attachment to scientific data to, on the one hand, approach the problem of global warming and, on the other hand, decide on the measures to be taken. Africa can manage a common position, but it needs massive work and energy on the international scene. Today, the major question is about the global law against the environmental crisis and the deterioration of natural resources. Therefore we should be rethinking our orthodox law framework and traditional rules inside the term of sovereignty and local territory. The aspiration is to allow the law to be implemented within its socio-ecological and cultural context. However, is it a challenge to question the capacity of the State to establish the connection between legal endogeneity and positive law? Is ecology a new social dimension? There are interactions between many factors and major elements of the ecological dilemma. The fact is that: we observe an interdependent economic crisis related to global change effects. The power can help us to face the environmental dilemma and climate change crisis, but the poorest countries cannot be up to the level to be resilient to this dilemma due to weak infrastructure and a fragile integration in the process of climate change financing. Elhoucine CHOUGRANI, Copyright to www.arjil.org

The Chapter analyses the extent to which Miller heralds a move towards constitutional adjudication in the UK and evaluates whether this is a move in the right direction.

This study aims at addressing gender differences in offending over time in Norway, using official police records on criminal charges at the individual level from 1992 through 2019. More specifically, the main objective is to investigate the extent of similarities and differences between male and female offending patterns - both in the aggregate as well as in individual offending trajectories.

A multi-tier dispute resolution clause is a provision in a contract that outlines a step-by-step process for resolving disputes, usually involving mediation or arbitration before proceeding to litigation. This type of clause can be enforceable, as long as it is clear and specific, and the parties have agreed to it voluntarily. This article will discuss the enforceability of multi-tier dispute resolution clauses and the legal considerations to keep in mind when drafting and negotiating such a provision. In addition, the article will examine the legal standards for enforcing multi-tier dispute resolution clauses, including the requirements for the valid formation of the contract and the doctrine of good faith. The article will also explore the role of courts in enforcing and interpreting such clauses and the potential challenges to enforceability that may arise in certain situations. The article will conclude with an evaluation of the effectiveness of multi-tier dispute resolution clauses in resolving disputes in a timely and efficient manner.

The purpose of this study is to examine how third parties judge criminal offenders who commit unintentional vs intentional crimes, and how cognitive reappraisal strategies (thinking about the event) influence these judgements. Participants will read a scenario about a crime committed either intentionally or unintentionally, and they will perform one of three reappraisal strategies (compassionate/benefit-focused/rumination). Judgements of the offender’s character, empathy felt toward the offender, and concern for the offender will be examined.

Algorithms are increasingly implemented in the criminal justice system to assist and support judges especially in decisions requiring a prognosis (e.g., parole decisions). The aim of these algorithmic support systems is to assist but also to avoid biases and heuristics in the decision process. The aim of the present study is to explore the impact of algorithmic as well as legal human experts’ recommendations on judicial decisions in the context of parole decisions because these judgments require a prognosis of recidivism. Trainee lawyers are presented ten different (pretested) fictional cases. The cases have a high complexity because they contain mixed information (in favor, in disfavor, and irrelevant information) about the defendant. The trainee lawyers’ task is to review all ten cases and to make a parole decision, to assess the risk of recidivism, and to self-asses their confidence in their decision. In three recommendation conditions manipulated between the trainee lawyer, they receive a recommendation on how to decide on the question of parole in form of a risk score. This risk score is allegedly either provided by a supervision group of experienced judges (legal human experts’ recommendation) or by an algorithmic system that presumably bases its recommendation on data of comparable past cases (algorithmic recommendation). For the purpose of the study, the risk score is chosen randomly so that it is perceived as more realistic. We investigate the impact of these recommendations on judicial decisions by comparing the recommendation conditions (legal human experts vs. algorithm) to a control condition in which the trainee lawyers do not receive a risk score as a recommendation (i.e., baseline condition).

People often agree that speech has consequences, but they disagree on the kinds of consequences that should happen to a speaker. To explore the range of what's seen as appropriate, we conducted a pilot with 119 self-identified liberals and conservatives in November 2022. Participants were shown 16 offensive statements, supposedly posted by someone on a social media platform. For each statement, participants were shown 16 different negative consequences, ranging from criticism to judicial consequences, and asked to select all of the consequences that they consider to be appropriate for the speaker. In this project, we will attempt to replicate the pilot findings in a larger sample and extend them by also sampling self-identified moderates.

This study will examine extreme risk protection order (ERPO) laws, characteristics of ERPO petitions, and factors associated with petitions being granted or denied—California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, and Washington. This analysis will be restricted to cases where the ERPO respondent is age 65+ years and will include stratification by cognitive impairment.

The proposed study will consider two perspectives during the employment process. One point of view is that of the prospective employees with felony convictions, and the other is that of the potential employer. The two perspectives converge on the primary topic of this study, the TJTC and WOTC programs which were implemented to encourage employers into hiring those with felony convictions. These three components are usually intertwined when reviewing the literature available. The prospective employee with the felony conviction, can benefit from becoming employed, reducing their chances of recidivism. They are considered high-risk job candidates among employers, who may consider the negative ramifications of employing them. It is the financial incentive for hiring these high-risk job candidates the study hopes to learn more about. The United States government implemented TJTC, a tax credit incentive for employers, in 1978. The program was designed to assist those with criminal histories obtain and maintain employment. It was also designed to reduce the employers’ risk and increase their consideration to employ those with felony convictions. The program has gone through changes since its creation, including targeted groups and the amount of money allowed under a credit. There have been several peer-reviewed studies on the topic and numerous government reports. From these articles and reports, there has been feedback on the programs’ effectiveness. The proposed systematic review will address two research questions: 1) do federal tax credits produce real incentives among employers to hire individuals with felony convictions and 2) who or what benefits the most from the programs? The proposed study will help to fill a research gap by including disciplinary knowledge from criminology, social work and business. The proposed study was submitted to the University of Alabama’s Institutional Review Board for review and was deemed exempt.

This study looks at the relationship between individuals' knowledge of the law of sex trafficking and prostitution and their judgments about perpetrators and survivors. The manipulated variables include level of inducement and vulnerability. The continuous measure knowledge variable is an individual factor and not manipulated.

This thesis considers uses in the half century from the early 1480s to the passage of the Statute of Uses in 1536. Significant work, notably by Jones, has been done on the effect of the Statute of Uses in the decades following its passage, however, far more limited work has been done on the doctrinal development of uses in the years before the statute. This thesis seeks to begin the process of remedying this relative lack of scholarly consideration. Following developments in Chancery practice with regards to the enforcement of uses in the 1460s there was a significant increase in the employment of uses which led to Frowyk CJKB in 1502 declaring that by the 1480s, ‘the greater part of the land of England was in feoffments upon confidence’. In the period with which this thesis is concerned, that is, the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, as a result of this increased employment of uses, we see a sharp increase in legislation concerning uses and a number of important doctrinal developments, particularly with regards to what cestui que use was considered to have in land that was held to his use. This thesis is in essence the story of the response to the increased protection of uses by the chancellor in the mid fifteenth century. In Part One, we address the legislation passed in our period, with particular attention being given to the statute 1 Ric. III, c. 1 (1484), which gave cestui que use the right to convey a legal title which would be good against his feoffees, and to statutes which affected the Milsomian sub-plot, that is to say, the effect of uses on feudal revenue. In Part Two consideration is given to the development of uses more broadly, and we are particularly concerned with the apparent reception of conscience-based uses into the common law in our period. The doctrinal developments considered in both Parts of this thesis culminate with the litigation in Dacre’s Case (1533-35) and with the passage of the Statute of Uses (1536), however, the importance of uses to the broader development of English trusts beyond the sixteenth century should not be underestimated., The Milsom Studentship in English Legal History (Selden Society)

When interviewing vulnerable witnesses, such as children, investigative interviewers in England and Wales are advised to follow the Achieving Best Evidence (ABE) in Criminal Proceedings guidelines (MoJ, 2022). These guidelines recommend that practitioners engage in a truth-lies discussion with child witnesses at the end of the rapport phase of an interview. Such discussions aim to make children aware of the importance of telling the truth, thus encouraging them to provide an honest and truthful statement. However, there is no standardised procedure involving the employment of truth-lies discussions in practice and to date, little is known about whether, and how, these discussions are employed in the field. This study will explore police officers’ perceptions and experiences of promoting honesty in child witnesses through interviewing strategies such as truth-lies discussions. Police officers, trained in ABE guidelines and who regularly interview child witnesses, will be invited to complete an online survey. Multiple choice and open-ended questions will explore (i) practitioners’ experiences of promoting honesty during interviews with children, (ii) potential obstacles encountered, and (iii) recommendations for alternative honesty-promoting strategies.

Stage 1 IPA at PCI RR

The current study comprises a cross-sectional cohort matched-groups analysis of cases from an ongoing standardized data repository of individuals assessed for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in Canada. The data repository (hereinafter referred to as the ‘database’) includes clinical and diagnostic findings for individuals who present for an FASD assessment to participating diagnostic clinics across Canada. Specifically, this study will examine two broad research questions. First, what differences emerge across different need categories (i.e., neurodevelopmental needs, neurodevelopmental and mental health disorders, physical health problems, adverse experiences) and recommendations among individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE)/FASD with and without criminal legal involvement. Second, are there certain needs that, when combined, can predict membership into one of the two outcome groups (i.e., criminal legal involvement or no criminal legal involvement)?

1. Psychopathy as a construct and its structural model Psychopathy is a personality construct associated with dysfunction in several domains, including deficient perspective-taking (Brown et al., 2015; Decety et al., 2013; Meffert et al., 2013), aggression (e.g., Walters, 2003), substance overuse (Gustavson et al., 2007; Lynam et al., 2013), sexual offending (e.g., Knight & Guay, 2006), and criminal recidivism (Collison et al., 2016). Although psychopathy is not a personality disorder diagnosis included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, it is a specifier for antisocial personality disorder in the Section III model and is arguably the first personality disorder conceptualized (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Saleh et al., 2010). Psychopathy was initially conceived at the turn of the 19th century when Pinel (1806) identified a particular phenotype of patients, which he labeled with an affliction called manie sans de ́lire, who cognitively seemed to be entirely sane and cognizant of the negative impact of their behaviors, and yet continued to behave with moral disregard (Pinel, 1806). A century later, Maudsley wrote about a similar phenotype of people “destitute of moral sensibilities” and “with vicious inclinations” (Maudsley, 1895). Cleckley (1941), regarded as the forefather of more modern conceptualizations of psychopathy due to his seminal work, The Mask of Sanity, described the prominent features of ‘‘psychopathic personality’’ and its tendency to appear “normal” due to the “mask of sanity” presented by people with this personality (Cleckley, 1941). Building upon Cleckley’s theories, Hare (2003) has described people with psychopathy as interpersonally grandiose, egocentric, charming, manipulative, dominant, forceful, exploitative, callous, and cold-hearted; affectively shallow and labile, unable to form long-lasting personal bonds, devoid of principles or goals, and lacking empathy and genuine guilt or remorse; upholding an impulsive lifestyle, unstable, sensation-seeking; and readily violating social norms and failing to fulfill social obligations and responsibilities, both explicit and implied (Hare, 2003; Hare & Neumann, 2008; Lynam et al., 2011). The development of the Psychopathy Checklist and its revision (PCL, PCL-R; Hare, 1980, 1991, 2003) afforded a useful assessment that enabled research on the construct (Hare & Neumann, 2008). Stemming from a need to measure psychopathy outside of forensic settings, several self-report assessments have been developed, such as the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM; Patrick et al., 2009), the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI, Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996; PPI-R, Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005), the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP; Levenson et al., 1995), Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP; Paulhus et al., 2009), and the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA; Lynam et al., 2011). These measures are multidimensional and assess highly similar dimensions. For example, empirically using basic trait dimensions from the Five-Factor Model of personality, the boldness, meanness, and disinhibition scales from the TriPM can be understood as low neuroticism and high extraversion, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness, respectively (e.g., Collison et al., in press; Sleep et al., 2019; Miller et al., 2016; Hyatt et al., 2020). Subscales from other measures, including SRP Erratic Lifestyle, SRP Antisocial Behavior, PPI Self-Centered Impulsivity, and LSRP Factor 2, comprise low conscientiousness and agreeableness and high externalizing-based neuroticism (e.g., angry hostility; Lynam & Miller, 2015). Low agreeableness and conscientiousness also make up SRP Callous Affect, LSRP Factor 1, and SRP Interpersonal Manipulation (Lynam & Miller, 2015). In the present paper, we refer to these similar dimensions across psychopathy measures as boldness, meanness, and disinhibition, which make up the triarchic model of psychopathy (Patrick et al., 2009). Meanness in this model conveys lack of empathy and callousness. Disinhibition encompasses antisocial behavior and impulsivity. Boldness, comparable to Fearless Dominance in the PPI, represents traits involving assertiveness, social dominance, and emotional resilience. Researchers have generated scoring capabilities for alternative measures that render scores for the three domains as well, including for the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ-Tri; Brislin et al., 2015), the PPI-R (Hall et al., 2014), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form (Triarchic Psychopathy Scales; MMPI-2-RF-Tri; Sellbom et al., 2016) and the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-Tri; Ruchensky et al., 2018). In the present study, we will use the TriPM as a tool to break each psychopathy measure into its constituent parts as it appears to be the most widely used self-report measure of psychopathy and has many studies containing correlations needed to decompose extant psychopathy measures. While the triarchic model of psychopathy, as operationalized in the TriPM, is important and has helped enable further research on the construct, it is not without issues. A primary problem recently empirically uncovered is the lack of distinguishability between disinhibition and meanness in the TriPM (Collison et al., 2021): findings indicate that they share notably overlapping content. Collison and colleagues (2021) offer that this indistinguishability is likely due to including items in each domain that cover explicit antisocial behaviors, which can be driven by either or both antagonistic/mean and impulsive/disinhibitory features. They contend that the antisocial behavior items should be moved to its own factor, as the optimal factor solution rendered from their analysis yielded an Antisociality factor. There also exists controversy regarding the relevance of boldness (and the equivalent in the PPI, fearless dominance) to the construct of psychopathy for a few reasons. First, it has shown weak convergence with many other psychopathy measures and subscales (Miller & Lynam, 2012; Murphy et al., 2016), including in its correlational profiles with important psychopathy external criteria (Crowe et al., 2021; Sleep et al., 2019; e.g., antisocial behavior, aggression, and substance use). Second, previous findings have indicated that boldness is more strongly associated with adaptive outcomes than maladaptive outcomes (e.g., Crego & Widiger, 2014; Gatner et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2013). Third, explanations for these issues (i.e., boldness will associate with externalizing behaviors when paired with higher scores on other psychopathy components such as meanness or disinhibition; boldness will evince curvilinear relations with maladaptive outcomes, such that moderate boldness is optimal and high boldness is problematic) have failed to find substantial support across empirical studies (see Crowe et al., 2021). 2. Sexual aggression Sexual aggression is defined generally as any method used to obtain some kind of sexual activity from an individual who is unwilling or not able to consent (Abbey et al., 2007; Koss et al., 1987; White & Smith, 2004). It can involve coercion in the form of threats or use of physical force, abuse of a position of power, capitalizing on a victim’s inability to resist, and verbal manipulation (Krahé, 2020). Globally, approximately 35.6% of women have experienced sexual aggression (García-Moreno et al., 2013). Less is known in terms of the global prevalence rate of sexual aggression victimization in men due to underreporting (Borumandnia et al., 2020) and the relative focus of research on female victims, but 17.1% of men in the United States have reported experiencing lifetime sexual violence (Smith et al., 2017). There are several risk factors for committing sexual aggression, including childhood sexual, emotional, and physical abuse (Abbey et al., 2006; Peterson et al., 2018), negative affect (i.e., anger, anxiety, depression; Peterson et al., 2018), hostile masculinity, psychopathy (including in college samples; DeGue & DiLillo, 2004; Knight & Guay, 2006; Kosson et al., 1997), impersonal sex (Abbey et al., 2011), a tendency to misinterpret women’s sexual cues (Abbey et al., 2011), delinquency (Abbey et al., 2012), alcohol consumption (Abbey et al., 2011), hypersexuality, sexual preoccupation, and sexual compulsivity (Knight & Graham, 2017). A highly researched area of sexual aggression is documented sexual offending, that is, sexual aggression that has led to legal ramifications for a perpetrator, including conviction. Legal classifications of sexual offenses include sexual battery (which includes rape—penetration and sodomy depending on state jurisdictions—in addition to non-consensual sexual contact), indecent exposure, child molestation, child pornography, and internet sex crimes. Examples of internet sex crimes include “sexting” with a minor, using personal information to extort nude images or sexual favors (e.g., claiming to already possess compromising photos of a victim to extort more sexually explicit photos), and online sex trafficking. Sexual offenders are a heterogeneous group (Seto, 2018; Ward & Beech, 2008). Researchers have cultivated distinct sexual offender profiles and typologies that represent different antisocial behaviors, motivations, and personality traits in order to facilitate identification of important etiological processes (Brown et al., 2015; Carvalho & Nobre, 2019; Parent et al., 2011, 2012; Walters et al., 2009; Woodworth et al., 2013). For example, child sexual offenders are often characterized by poor social skills and low self-esteem (e.g., feelings of inadequacy; Robertiello & Terry, 2007a), and often manipulate their victims into complying with sexual abuse using “grooming” methods (Craven et al., 2006). They are also likely to view children as sexual beings and think that their actions do not harm the victims (Mann & Barnett, 2013). There even is evidence of more specific phenotypes of child molesters, including affiliative (i.e., offending against relatives or when in a caregiver role) and non-affiliative (i.e., offending against strangers or acquaintances; Marshall et al., 2015; also see Strassberg DS et al., 2012). Affiliative child molestation is thought to be more common than non-affiliative child molestation and is typically marked by grooming and a seemingly nurturing relationship with a victim as opposed to blatantly coercive methods (Marshall et al., 2015; Vize et al., 2018). A recent meta-analysis indicated that child molesters differ from other sexual offenders in levels of trait agreeableness (Vize et al., 2018): while other forms of sexual aggression show a moderate negative relation with agreeableness, child molestation shows a positive moderate relation. Child molestation also has a stronger association with trait neuroticism compared to other antisocial behavior, including sexual aggression against adults, bullying, relational aggression, and reactive aggression (Vize et al., 2018). Finally, child molestation has evinced a highly similar personality profile to that of DSM-5 dependent personality disorder, which is marked by submissive and clingy behavior as well as a strong desire to be taken care of (Miller & Lynam, 2008; Vize et al., 2018). Another sexual offender profile suggested by research describes rapists: in contrast to child molesters, they are more likely to have coercive sexual fantasies and engage in violence when carrying out their crimes (Marshall, Laws, & Barbaree, 1990). Additionally, rapists are prone to hold negative views of women, such as maintaining that women are subordinate to males and enjoy coercive sexual advances (Kuznetsov et al., 1992). Moreover, some rapists are sexually motivated while others are motivated by anger or a yearning for domination and control (Robertiello & Terry, 2007). In some prototypes, rapists may feel rage and their sexual offending behavior serves to dilute psychologically threatening or emotionally uneasy states (Mann & Barnett, 2013). A final example of a sexual offender phenotype supported by research describes mixed offenders, who are defined by a combination of sexual offenses that includes child and adult victims. Their profile differentiates them from child sexual offenders and rapists in that they are characterized by thrill-seeking, a propensity to boredom, and other psychopathic features (Porter et al., 2001; Saleh et al., 2010). Some researchers contend that perpetrators against an assortment of age groups exhibit a more all-encompassing lack of empathy that extends beyond their conduct toward women and children (Cann et al., 2007). As such, while nearly all sexual offenders are putatively deficient in empathy (e.g., Mann & Barnett, 2013), the empathy deficits shown by mixed offenders are perhaps exceptionally grave and may be rooted in a more extensive, prominent psychopathic personality (Brown et al., 2015; Meloy, 2002). 3. Psychopathy and sexual aggression Research has indicated strong associations between psychopathy and sexual aggression (Knight & Guay, 2006, 2018). Research suggests that psychopathic criminals evince more sexually coercive behavior than non-psychopathic criminals (Coid, 1992; DeGue et al., 2010; Krupp et al., 2012) and that psychopathy rates are highest among rapists and mixed offenders and lowest in child molesters (Hare, 2003; Porter et al., 2009; Rice & Knight, 2019). Psychopathy is putatively a salient feature in particularly violent sexual offenders (e.g., Porter et al., 2003) and mixed offenders (Meloy, 2002). While psychopathy has been commonly associated at its global level with sexually aggressive acts, deconstructing psychopathy into underlying factors when studying how it associates with sexual aggression is an important pursuit. For example, previous studies have found sexual offenders, particularly child molesters, to report greater external locus of control and lower perceived control (Beck-sander, 1995; Fisher et al., 1999; Marsa et al., 2004) than other offenders and non-offenders, and control deficits have been linked to violent crimes (Baron, 2009; Baron & Forde, 2007). Given these findings, it is reasonable to hypothesize that sexual aggression, particularly child molestation, may associate strongly with disinhibition. Furthermore, sexual aggression is linked to the diminished ability to inhibit sexual drive in response to sexually coercive situations (Knight & Guay, 2006) as well as low conscientiousness, particularly in child molesters (see the meta-analysis by Vize et al., 2018). The same meta-analysis rendered a significant negative relation between agreeableness and sexual aggression but the opposite between agreeableness and child molestation, warranting corresponding hypotheses pertaining to sexual aggression and the triarchic psychopathy factor of meanness. Furthermore, sexual aggression is associated with lack of responsivity to others’ distress cues (Blair et al., 2005), reflecting a lack of empathy that is highly relevant to meanness. Sexual aggressors also exercise interpersonal dominance, a central feature of boldness, in coercive sexual situations (Wood et al., 2015). Given the wide use of the triarchic model of psychopathy and the relevance of its components to sexual aggression, we believe it is useful to further study what drives the varying relations between the elements in different measures of psychopathy and various kinds of sexual aggression at a granular level. Psychopathy and sexual aggression account for significant societal issues (Marshall, 1992; Prentky & Burgess, 1990), such as costs related to incarceration, victim and perpetrator treatment, investigations, and judicial processes; harm to victims, families, and communities; and lost productive output. According to some research, psychopathic sexual offenders are more difficult to treat than non-psychopathic sexual offenders (e.g., Barbaree et al., 2006), largely because they are highly resistant to treatment, cause disruptions, and exhibit several negative behaviors during treatment (Hildebrand et al., 2004). They are also more likely to recidivate, and this prediction is driven most by PCL-R Factor 2 (lifestyle and antisocial) and Facet 4 (antisocial tendencies) compared to other PCL-R factor (interpersonal and affective) and facet scores (interpersonal style, deficient affective experience, impulsive behavioral style). The likelihood of sexual recidivism in psychopathic sexual offenders is even stronger when they exhibit high levels of sexual deviance as well (see Hawes et al., 2013 for a meta-analysis). Understanding underlying personality mechanisms would help inform treatment so as to anticipate and better address particular treatment barriers and psychological processes to decrease sexually aggressive behaviors. This same level of understanding would aid in other endeavors for decreasing or preventing further sexual aggression, including risk assessments, criminal profiling for legal investigations, early intervention in schools, and making legal decisions (e.g., determining terms of legal sentencing). Previous meta-analyses on sexual aggression and psychopathy have focused on psychopathy as a predictor of sexual recidivism, but no meta-analysis to date has examined the basic association between sexual aggression and general psychopathy. The absence of such a meta-analysis in the literature is surprising given the consistent support for a strong, positive association across many individual research studies. There also is no extant meta-analysis that has investigated the relationship between sexual aggression and the triarchic factors of psychopathy nor between different forms of sexual aggression (e.g., child molestation, rape, exhibitionism) and psychopathy. Without the clarity that such an investigation would offer, it is difficult to 1) determine whether the impact of psychopathy on sexually aggressive conduct can be applied across all dimensions of psychopathy and 2) understand the heterogeneity of personality and behavior that researchers have found to exist among those who sexually aggress. Accordingly, the aim of the current study is to conduct a meta-analysis to comprehensively inspect the association between psychopathy at the global and triarchic levels and sexual aggression (including according to sexual offense typologies). There are several potential benefits of breaking psychopathy down into its constituent elements when studying it in relation to sexual aggression or any given construct (Lynam & Miller, 2015). First, it enables comparison of extant psychopathy measures. For example, rather than having some vague sense that two psychopathy measures conceptualize psychopathy a bit differently, we could ascertain those differences based on the degree that measures emphasize certain dimensions of psychopathy that map across measures with sometimes different labels, such as boldness/fearless dominance. Second, it facilitates understanding of the factor structures of extant psychopathy measures and therefore how they measure psychopathy. Third, it provides a parsimonious way to study the epidemiology of psychopathy, including comorbidities (e.g., psychopathy is comorbid with other personality disorders to the degree that they measure similar traits) and how it differs across gender and age. Fourth, it allows for understanding of the underlying mechanisms of psychopathy, including deficits (e.g., cognitive, affective, behavioral) and advantages that lead some psychopathic individuals to function reasonably well, per some conceptualizations (e.g., Hare, 1999). Fifth, it permits a bottom-up approach to understanding and refining the construct of psychopathy through the examination of which elements are unnecessary, peripheral, and central to psychopathy (Lynam & Miller, 2015). Although formally meta-analyzing how the triarchic model of psychopathy relates to sexual aggression is not possible, because of the relative lack of studies directly examining this relation, it is feasible to infer the relation by capitalizing on previously found associations between the three psychopathy factors and commonly used psychopathy measures using a relative weights analysis (Tonidandel & LeBreton, 2015). A relative weights analysis fully partitions the variance accounted for in an outcome variable by predictors; the resultant percentages will denote how much boldness, meanness, and disinhibition is contained in a given psychopathy measure. Relative weights of these three factors based on the TriPM in each of the frequently used psychopathy measures (i.e., PCL-R, PPI-R (both original and Tri versions), MMPI-2-RF-Tri, MPQ-Tri, HEXACO-Tri, Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP), Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP), Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy (IM-P), and Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA), and NEO Personality Inventory-Revised Triarchic Scales (NEO-Tri)) can be obtained from correlation matrices from existing studies (e.g., TriPM and PCL-R: Venables et al., 2014, N = 169; TriPM and PPI-R original: van Dongen et al., 2017, N = 360; TriPM and PPI-R-Tri: Hall et al., 2014, N = 631; TriPM and MMPI-2-RF-Tri: Sellbom et al., 2016, N = 278; TriPM and MPQ-Tri, Brislin et al., 2015, N = 176; TriPM and HEXACO-Tri, Ruchensky et al., 2018, N = 545; TriPM and LSRP original, Weiss et al., 2021, N = 432; TriPM and SRP: Weiss et al., 2021, N = 432; TriPM and IM-P: Yoon et al., 2022, N = 152; TriPM and EPA, Weiss et al., 2021, N = 432; and TriPM and NEO-Tri: Collison et al., 2021, N = 431). The resultant percentages can help estimate how effect sizes of psychopathy on sexual aggression vary according to these relative weights across various measures of psychopathy. Despite previous difficulties with distinguishing meanness and disinhibition empirically and debate about the role of boldness in psychopathy, we hope to investigate what insights can be gleaned from examining triarchic relations with sexual aggression for the first time meta-analytically. We do expect that Boldness will be distinguishable from the other two factors and will be curious to see how Meanness and Disinhibition will behave in this meta-analysis. The proposed preregistered study comprises three parts: 1) a meta-analysis of general psychopathy’s association with sexual aggression. If a study only contains subscale scores, we will average those scores to produce a total score to use for analyses except for the relative weights moderator analysis in which case such studies will be excluded. Anticipating that some studies will have multiple measures of psychopathy or of sexual aggression, we will include study number as a random effect in our analysis; 2) moderation analyses of how general psychopathy’s association with general sexual aggression varies according to the following moderators: a) percentage of each of the three trait domains of psychopathy in the psychopathy measure used, b) type of sample used (e.g., forensic, community), c) source of information for psychopathy and sexual aggression measure used, separately (e.g., self-report, clinician ratings), d) age (mean age), e) gender (coded by percentage), f) ethnicity (coded by percentage), g) sample’s country of origin, h) measure of psychopathy (e.g., PCL-R, TriPM, SRP), i) measure of sexual aggression (e.g., dichotomous conviction presence, Sexual Experiences Survey (perpetration form), and j) victim class of perpetrators (adult, child, mixed). Because we anticipate that several moderators (i.e., sexual offense type, victim class, psychopathy measure, sexual aggression measure, and percentage of Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition in the psychopathy scales) will be highly correlated with each other, we will conduct a separate moderation analysis for each of these variables; and 3) separate meta-analyses of general psychopathy’s association with sexual aggression in each sexual offense type (e.g., sexual battery, indecent exposure). The sexual offense types will be based on common legal categories (i.e., sexual battery, indecent exposure, child molestation, child pornography, and internet sex crimes) that have been used in the literature. To our knowledge, there is no established sexual aggression coding scheme used by researchers; however, we will use the category of verbal sexual aggression in addition to the physical sexual aggression types informed by common legal categories and prior research to attempt to capture the full continuum of sexual aggression. We will require that the number of effect sizes for a particular sexual offense type needs to be sufficient for meta-analytic analyses (i.e., the cutoff will be set at k≥3, as done in a related meta-analysis conducted by Vize et al., 2018). If there are sufficient studies for such meta-analyses, the same moderation analyses as those conducted for the main meta-analysis (Part 1) will be conducted in each sexual offense type. A moderation analysis approach will be used to study the association between psychopathy triarchic trait domains and sexual aggression because it will help maximize the number of studies that can be used in the analysis and will allow the examination of how the effect of psychopathy on sexual aggression varies according to the measured percentages of higher-order psychopathy factors.

This study will investigate the influence of victim blame statements and expert testimony (Specific, General, None) on mock juror decision making in cases of sexual assault. Participants will read a mock trial vignette, render a verdict, complete a rape myth acceptance scale, and respond to case-related measures. It is predicted that victim blame statements will reduce conviction rates when no expert testimony is provided, whereas jurors exposed to expert testimony will be more likely to render a guilty verdict. Additionally, it is hypothesized that conviction rates will be highest among jurors receiving specific (i.e., discussion of tonic immobility) expert testimony. Keywords: jury decision making, sexual assault, expert testimony

The main objective of this research line is to examine whether people’s trust in judges is affected by court rulings in politically sensitive cases and by the way that these rulings are presented in the media. This pilot study has three aims. The first aim is to test the validity of the scales for our measurements of trust in judges, political sensitivity, and judicial activism and to gain insight into the interrelationships between these three main variables. The second aim is to explore how six different court cases relate to people's trust in judges and their perceptions of judicial activism and how politically sensitive these cases are rated by people. The third aim is to gain insight into the required sample size for our main studies.

Psychological harassment is the worst crime, the most heinous act, the most inhuman act, and the unethical and moral and privacy violation. The intentional, systematic, and repeated infliction of psychological and physical harm to an individual (targeted person) by groups, mobs, governments, politicians, or individuals in a way to react to the situation or revenge is psychological harassment. Psychological harassment is a heinous and inhuman act, and it is a brutal act. Psychological harassment Includes stalking, Illegal spying, whistling near the targeted person's home, insulting, irritating, retaliation, etc.; psychological harassment is illegal, unethical, and immoral; whoever is pleasuring by psychologically harassing someone is inhuman and heinous. Psychological harassment may occur directly or indirectly to a targeted person by groups or governments at the international level. Psychological harassment will cause severe side effects such as brain tumors, psychosis, nerve damage, psychological stress, blood pressure increase, heart attack, suicide, death, etc.

The current study investigates the relationship between victim physical maturity and judicial instruction on the outcomes of child sexual abuse (CSA) trials. We will employ a 2 (Victim physical maturity: Less mature vs. More mature) x 2 (Judicial instruction: Psychosocial-specific instruction vs General instruction) between-subjects design. Participants will read a vignette detailing a case of CSA, render a verdict (guilty vs. not-guilty), and respond to case-related measures (e.g., victim credibility, perceptions of psychosocial maturity, guilt).

The purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which mock jurors justified their verdict decisions using moral foundations language. Participants read a trial transcript describing a second-degree murder charge featuring an automatism plea (which negates the physical volition of a crime). They then provided a two-to-three sentence rationale for their verdict choice, which we coded for the contextually-valid presence of words from the Moral Foundations (MF) Dictionary. Mock jurors were most likely to use harm-related language in justifying murder votes. A qualitative description also revealed differences in the content of the justifications.

Master thesis by Enora Bär. Data collected in the juvenile correctional facility in Regis-Breitingen, Saxony, Germany and provided by the criminological service of Saxony, Germany. Analyses of the relationships between: Assumption of Responsibility, Self-Esteem and Recidivism (and related specific variables).

The Behavioral Health Emergency Assistance Response Division (B-HEARD) program provides mobile behavioral health crisis response to community members who are experiencing problems related to suicidal ideation, substance misuse, mental illness, and some mental health-related physical health problems. New York City’s 911 dispatch triages mental health calls, and will only send a B-HEARD team if the incident involves a weapon or imminent risk of harm to self or others. We use precinct-month counts of targeted calls for service and B-HEARD-related criminal offenses in the panel data to estimate the effects of the pilot program on the number of calls-for-service, criminal offenses, and arrests in each precinct. We do so by comparing changes in these outcomes among precincts participating in B-HEARD to outcomes of precincts that either never participated or had yet to participate in B-HEARD. This “difference-in-differences” (DD) approach effectively compares the change in outcomes among treated precincts to the contemporaneous change among untreated precincts. A key assumption of DD models is that trends between the two groups proceed in parallel before exposure to the policy or program shock.

This project is a scoping review of the literature to determine the systems that are employed to facilitate international recognition for allied healthcare professionals, but also other professions that are not healthcare related such as law, engineering and accounting. International workforce mobility is a key issue for national planning and immigration, but also for post-secondary education planning. Analysis of current systems could help establish what is currently being done and more importantly, plan for new, innovative and efficient ways to evaluate international credentials for equivalency. Our particular focus is on movement of the workforce to Canada and therefore, our research questions have a specific focus on Canadian profession organizations.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231166922 for Gender Differences in Mathematics Achievement: The Case of a Business School in Spain by Jose Luis Arroyo-Barrigüete, Susana Carabias-López, Francisco Borrás-Pala and Gloria Martín-Antón in SAGE Open

Research, primarily based out of the United States, has shown that incarceration is related to a variety of negative outcomes for individuals, families, communities, and even broader populations. For example, studies have highlighted primarily negative physical and mental health effects of incarceration at multiple levels. However, we know little about societal consequences of incarceration, even as the global imprisoned population reaches its highest number yet. This dissertation aims to add to the small existing body of cross-national research on nation-level outcomes of imprisonment by examining the effect of incarceration rates on population health. To do so, I have collected, cleaned, and compiled longitudinal data from 1990-2019 from a range of sources, including datasets from the United Nations’ Office on Drugs and Crime and the World Bank. Using multilevel models with repeated measures within countries, this dissertation examines the overall relationship between incarceration and five population health outcomes – life expectancy, infant mortality, suicide rate, HIV prevalence, and TB incidence – for over 100 nations. In addition, models explore factors suggested by the literature to moderate or mediate these relationships, including prison conditions, welfare support, and racial diversity for the former and social capital for the latter.The findings from this research partially support hypotheses that incarceration levels relate to negative health outcomes at the population level. Bivariate and simple multivariate analyses of around 200 countries show that incarceration can be protective, especially at lower levels of country wealth, but high-income countries are often negatively affected by high levels of incarceration. When looking at a smaller sample of around 130 countries with available data for a range of relevant variables in this 30-year time period, most of these overarching relationships between incarceration and health do show negative effects – the one consistent outlier is infant mortality rate. Moderation analyses showed many of the direct effects to be moderated by country contexts such as racial diversity and exclusion, social protection expenditure, and prison conditions. Adding in these interactions revealed some relationships that were obscured in the direct effect models; sometimes, these were relationships that supported the narrative suggested by the literature, such as infectious disease outcomes being exacerbated by high racial diversity (HIV prevalence) or harsh prison conditions (TB incidence), but other times these were in the opposite, or an unexpected, direction. Subsample analyses allowed examination of subgroups of countries that were driving overall effects. For example, the negative effect of incarceration on life expectancy over time was found to be present only in the subsample of countries with above average racial diversity and/or exclusion, below average social protection expenditure, and worse than average prison conditions. Mediation analyses within a smaller sample of countries and years (2007-19) showed some evidence of partial mediation through civic participation and social networks, but also evidence of a suppressive effect of social capital variables on the relationship between incarceration and both infant mortality rates and HIV prevalence. While there are limitations to this research due mainly to characteristics and availability of comparative international data, there are also implications for theory, research, policy, and practice. Hopefully this work will promote more theory and research on the effects of incarceration at the country level, as negative consequences are not confined to the U.S., and encourage policymakers and practitioners to better understand how incarceration levels are affecting the health of the whole population.

Adolescents experience alarmingly high rates of sexual violence, higher than any other age-group. This is concerning as sexual violence can have detrimental effects on teens’ personal and relational well-being, causing long-term consequences for the survivor. Still, adolescents are hesitant to report the assault or seek out services and resources. When an adolescent survivor does seek out services, they may interact with a provider who is a mandatory reporter. This scoping review sought to synthesize the current U.S.-based research on the role, challenges, and impact of mandatory reporting (MR) in the context of adolescent sexual assault. Database searches using key words related to MR, sexual assault, and adolescence identified 29 peer-reviewed articles. However, none of these articles reported on empirical investigations of the phenomenon of interest and instead consisted of case studies, commentaries, and position papers. The scoping review was expanded to provide a lay of the land of what we know about the intersection of adolescent sexual assault and MR. Results of the review indicate that though implemented broadly, MR policies vary between individuals, organizations, and states and have historically been challenging to implement due to this variation, conflicts with other laws, tension between these policies and providers’ values, and other factors. Based on the available literature, the impact of MR in the context of adolescent sexual assault is unknown. There is a critical need for research and evaluation on the implementation and impact of MR policies, especially in the context of adolescents and sexual violence.

Exploring ideas around the 5G Technology, Opportunities, Challenges and giving a general summary alongside the abstract of the project

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cjb-10.1177_00938548231174908 for Pretrial Risk Assessment, Release Recommendations, and Racial Bias by Samantha A. Zottola, Sarah L. Desmarais, D. Kamiya Stewart, Sarah E. Duhart Clarke and John Monahan in Criminal Justice and Behavior

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380221143355 for EHealth for Sexual Assault: A Systematic Scoping Review by Maria Hardeberg Bach, Courtney Ahrens, Miranda Olff, Cherie Armour, Sascha Strauss Krogh and Maj Hansen in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cad-10.1177_00111287231160737 for Examining Train Stations as Crime Generators and the Protective Effect of “Regular” Riders by Renee Zahnow in Crime & Delinquency

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605231153886 for Associations Between Latent Classes of Trauma Exposure and Minority Stressors and Substance Use Among Cisgender Sexual Minority Women by Jillian R. Scheer, Melanie M. Wall, Cindy B. Veldhuis, Jessie V. Ford, Cory J. Cascalheira, Emily C. Helminen, Thomas J. Shaw, Virinca Jaipuriyar, Michelle J. Zaso and Tonda L. Hughes in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

This research is performed with an aim to address the instances where refusal of judges from certain cases formed an essential basis to impart justice in the case at hand. Recusal is a system or method of removing oneself from the position of having the authoritative power in that particular scenario because of having preconceived notion or bias or personal interest or gain in that case. The author in this study begins with establishing a comparative study of the way in which recusal takes place in three different jurisdictions, i.e., USA, England and India. Furthermore, as we know India does not have a defined statutory provision or legislation which states the way in which judges can recuse or disqualify themselves from a case due to personal interest. In order to earn light upon the recusal system in India, the author of this paper has studied different contemporary and recent situations where recusal has played an important role. A thorough read of this paper, will enlighten readers on the scope of recusal in different judicial system along with an understanding of our own judicial system, which is India. It will also help readers to know about the recent judgements or political situations where in recusal may or may not have place.