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2. Puccinia longicornis Pat. & Har. (Figs 1A, B; 2 C-E; 3D, G, H, J) Puccinia longicornis Pat. & Har., Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France 7: 143 (1891). — Dicaeoma longicorne (Pat. & Har.) Kuntze, in Revisio Generum Plantarum 3 (2): 469 (1898). DISTRIBUTION. — Puccinia longicornis is mostly known from Japan (Hiratsuka 1958; Hiratsuka et al. 1992; Ito 1909; Kusano 1908; Morimoto 1973). It has also been mentioned from China (Reinking 1919; Tai 1979; Teng 1996; Wang & Zhuang 1998; Zhang et al. 1997; Zhuang 2001), Korea (Cho & Shin 2004), Russian Federation (far east, Azbukina 1984), United Kingdom (Reid 1978, 1984; Jones & Baker 2007; Lane et al. 2009; Henderson & Bennell 1979; Woods et al. 2015; Henderson 2000, 2004) and Belgium. These last two countries seem to be the only ones in Europe in which the species has been observed up to now (Termorshuizen & Swertz 2011; Klenke & Scholler 2015). The British observations of Puccinia longicornis have been made during the period 1983-2015, in SE England and the Wales: – Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex (TQ33), 1.VI.1977 (Reid 1978); – Pondlands, Haslemere Museum, Haslemere, Surrey (SU93), 09.X.1983, 19.XI.1983, 10.III.1984 and 13.V.1984 (Reid 1984); – Unspecified place, Surrey (TQ16), 05.V.1987, 29.V.1994, 08.VI.1997 and 04.VI.2000; – “In a garden centre in southern England ”, V.2007 (Lane et al. 2009); – Glamorgan (VC 41) (Woods et al. 2015); – Carmarthenshire (VC 44) (Woods et al. 2015); – Cardiganshire (VC 46) (Woods et al. 2015). In Belgium, the species has been observed in nine places: – Kalmthout, 15.V.2017 and 07.VII.2018 (FUNBEL and Observation.be); – Kwaadmechelen, 01.IX.2017 (Observation.be); – Oostmalle, Blommerschot, 31.X.2017 (Observation.be); – Brussels (Ixelles), Parc Tenbosch, 19.V.2018 and 05.VI.2018 (our specimens); – Meise, Domain of Bouchout (BR), outdoor bamboo collection, 20.VI.2018 and 05.II.2019 (our specimens); – Brussels (Auderghem), 28.VII.2018 (our specimens); – Brugelette, park of the Castle of Attre, 19.VIII.2018 (our specimens); – Schilde, 13.XI.2018 (Observation.be); – Ham, 22.XI.2018 (Observation.be). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Belgium, Brussels (Ixelles), Parc Tenbosch, 19. V.2018. On the underside of the leaves of Sasa palmata. Specimen A. Fraiture 3739 (BR). – Ibid., 05. VI.2018. On Sasa palmata. Specimens A. Fraiture 3742 (BR) and A. Vanderweyen F 1094 (KR-M-0006377).– Belgium, Meise, Domain of Bouchout (BR), outdoor bamboo collection, 20. VI.2018. On the underside of the leaves of Sasa palmata f. nebulosa. Specimens A. Fraiture 3746 (BR) and A. Vanderweyen F 1098 (KR-M-0006376). – Ibid., 05.II.2019. On Sasa palmata f. nebulosa. Specimen A. Fraiture 3760 (BR). – Belgium, Brussels (Auderghem), 28.VII.2018. On Sasa cf. tsuboiana. Specimen A. Vanderweyen F 1100. – Belgium, Brugelette, park of the Castle of Attre, 19.VIII.2018. On Sasa palmata. Specimen A. Fraiture 3751 (BR). DESCRIPTION Aecia Not seen. Uredinia Hypophyllous, erumpent, 0.2-0.7 × 0.2-0.5 mm, cinnamon, rupturing the epidermis of the leaf and initially surrounded by a thin whitish collar of epidermis fragments and by an ochraceous halo on the tissues of the host, each sore producing on the upper surface of the leaf a small spot, 0.3-1.5 mm diam., which is dark brown with a yellowish border. Urediniospores (27-)29-33.5-38(-41) × (20-)23-26.1-31(-32) µm, subglobose, obovoid or ellipsoid, with a pale brownish wall 1.5-3.0 µm thick looking two layered, provided with acute spines 1.0- 1.5 µm long and with 4(-5) approximately equatorial germpores; inserted on a 4-5 µm wide pedicel which is almost always detached from the spore. Paraphyses Non-septate, hyaline, capitate, with a head (8-)19-23(-28) µm wide and a 1.0-2.0(-3.0) µm thick wall. Telia Hypophyllous 0.25-1.2 mm diam., isolated, erumpent, appearing in winter, dark brown then (in May) covered by a whitish layer of basidia and basidiospores, producing on the upper surface of the leaf rather inconspicuous pale brownish round spots, about 0.4-1.0 mm diam. Teliospores (60-)70-79.8-89(-95) × (12-)15-17.1-21 µm, 2-celled, pale brownish, with a 1-2µm thick wall appearing sometimes finely punctate; fusoid, most of them bearing an elongated thickened rostrate apex which is often destroyed or partly dissolved during germination of basidia; inserted on an up to 250 µm long and 2-4 µm wide pedicel which is hyaline and usually very thick walled (1-1.5 µm) [but rather thin walled(0.3-0.5 µm) and often collapsed in the specimen AF 3746]. A small proportion of the teliospores are shorter and broader, 37-50 × 19-22 µm (dimorphism), with somewhat darker and thicker wall (up to 2 µm). Basidiospores 10-12.2-14.5 × 7.0-8.6-10.0 µm, Q = 1.24-1.42-1.71, ellipsoid to ovoid or phaseoliform, with a hyaline, smooth and thin wall. Host plants Sasa palmata E.G.Camus and S. palmata f.nebulosa (Makino) Suzuki. Culms not caespitose, up to 3 m high, with cylindrical internodes and single branch-complement on the nodes. Culm-sheaths shorter than the corresponding internodes. Five leaves on each branch. Leaf-blades 26-34 (-38) × 6,0-8,5 cm, glabrous on both sides, with 11-13 pairs of secondary veins. Sasa cf. tsuboiana Makino. Culms not caespitose, up to 3 m high, with cylindrical internodes and single branch-complement on the nodes. Culm-sheaths pubescent. Leaves 3-5 on each branch. Leafblades up to 3, 5 cm wide, glabrous on both sides, with eight pairs of secondary veins. Hyperparasitic fungus and mycophagous insect On some of our specimens of Puccinia longicornis we observed numerous pycnidia of Sphaerellopsis filum as well as a development of Lecanicillium muscarium and larvae of Mycodiplosis sp. feeding on the uredinia (see more details about these three species in the notes under P. deutziae, comb. nov.).

IDENTIFICATION KEY TO PUCCINIA PERS. NOM. SANCT. SPECIES GROWING ON BAMBOOS IN EUROPE 1. Teliospores mostly 35-50 µm long, with a rounded top, not dimorphic. Uredinia with capitate paraphyses, whose pedicel is septate within 20(-30) µm from the head............................ Puccinia phyllostachydis Kusano Hosts (Europe): Phyllostachys nuda McClure, Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens Rivière & C.Rivière, and Phyllostachys sp. Distribution in Europe: Belgium (Brussels), Switzerland (Ticino) — Teliospores mostly 55-90 µm long, most of them ending with a short to long rostrum; dimorphic: a very small proportion of spores are much smaller (37-50 µm long) than the others. Uredinia without paraphyses or with capitate non-septate paraphyses................................................................................................................... 2 2. Uredinia without capitate paraphyses. Teliospores mostly 55-77 µm long, most of them with a conical top or a short rostrum................................................ Puccinia deutziae (Dietel) Fraiture & Vanderweyen comb. nov. Hosts (Europe): Sasa ramosa (Makino) Makino & Shibata, Semiarundinaria fastuosa Makino. Distribution in Europe: Belgium (Brussels and Meise), United Kingdom (SE England and Cornwall), Germany (Bochum) — Uredinia with capitate non-septate paraphyses. Teliospores mostly 70-90 µm long, many of them bearing a long rostrum (often destroyed or partly dissolved during germination of basidia)......................................................................................................................................................................... Puccinia longicornis Pat. & Har. Hosts (Europe): Phyllostachys aurea Carrière ex Rivière & C.Rivière, Pseudosasa japonica Makino, Sasa palmata E.G.Camus, S. veitchii Rehder, S. cf. tsuboiana Makino and Semiarundinaria fastuosa Makino. Distribution in Europe: Belgium, United Kingdom (SE England and the Wales), Published as part of Fraiture, André & Vanderweyen, Arthur, 2020, Species of Puccinia Pers. nom. sanct. (rust fungi) on Bambusoideae in Belgium and in Europe, pp. 9-20 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 18, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815032

3. Puccinia phyllostachydis Kusano (Figs 1D; 2F, G; 3I) Puccinia phyllostachydis Kusano, Bulletin of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University 8 (1): 38 (1908). — Dicaeoma phyllostachydis (Kusano) Syd., Annales Mycologici 20 (3/4): 118 (1922). Anamorph: Uredo phyllostachydis Pardo-Cardona, Revista Facultad nacional de Agronomía Medellín 52 (2): 768 (1999). Misapplied: Puccinia melanocephala ss. auct. plur. (southeastern United States). LECTOTYPE. — Designated by Cummins (1971: 125). DISTRIBUTION. — Puccinia phyllostachydis is mostly known from Japan (Hiratsuka 1958; Hiratsuka et al. 1992; Ito 1909; Kusano 1908; Morimoto 1973). It has also been observed in China (Tai 1979; Teng 1996; Wang & Zhuang 1998; Zhuang 2005), Taiwan (Hiratsuka & Chen 1991), India (Boa 1985), United States: South (Cummins 1962; McCain et al. 1990; repeatedly mentioned under the wrong name P. melanocephala) and Hawaii (Gardner & Hodges 1989), Costa Rica (Berndt 2004), Colombia (Pardo-Cardona 1999; Salazar-Yepes & Buriticá 2002), Switzerland (Brodtbeck 2011; Senn-Irlet et al. 2016; Beenken & Senn-Irlet 2016) and Belgium (this study). The mention from Germany (Kruse et al. 2018) is a misidentification and corresponds rather to P. deutziae, comb. nov., as J.Kruse (comm. pers.) has confirmed to us. The only European country in which P. phyllostachydis has been reported is Switzerland. Fourteen observations have been made, all of them by T. Brodtbeck or L. Beenken, on Phyllostachys sp. in the canton Ticino (Switzerland), at an altitude of 240-570 m: Curio, Pura and Morcote in 2007, Caslano and Melano in 2009, Gordola in 2010, Vira in 2011, Tegna in 2012, Aurigeno and Lamone in 2013, Cresciano in 2014, Locarno and Lugano in 2015 (Senn-Irlet et al. 2016). The species is new for the Belgian mycoflora (our specimens): – Brussels (Ixelles), Parc Tenbosch, 05.VI.2018 and 11.VII.2018; – Braine-l’Alleud, Golf Club des 7 Fontaines, 21.II.2019; – Brussels (Auderghem), 28.II.2019. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Belgium, Brussels (Ixelles), Parc Tenbosch, 05. VI.2018. On the underside of the leaves of Phyllostachys nuda, Specimens A. Fraiture 3743 (BR) and A. Vanderweyen F 1093 (KR-M-0006374). – Ibid., 11.VII.2018. On Phyllostachys nuda. Specimen A. Fraiture 3749 (BR). – Belgium, Braine-l’Alleud, Golf Club des 7 Fontaines, 21.II.2019. On the underside of the leaves of Phyllostachys sp. Specimen A. Fraiture 3761 (BR). – Belgium, Auderghem, 28.II.2019. On the underside of the leaves of Phyllostachys cf. nuda. Specimen A. Vanderweyen F 1108 (BR). DESCRIPTION Aecia Not seen. Uredinia Hypophyllous, 0.2-1.0 mm × 0.2-0.4, cinnamon, each sore producing on the upper surface of the leaf a small round to elongate spot, 0.2-1.0 × 0.2-0.4 mm, which is dark brown with a yellowish to orange border. Urediniospores (26-)28-31.6-36(-43) × (19)21-25.1-29(-30) µm, Q = 1.11- 1.29-1.52, subglobose, obovoid or ellipsoid, with a pale brownish wall 2.0-2.5(3.0) µm thick looking two layered, provided with acute spines 0.5-1.0 µm long and with 4-5 approximately equatorial germ-pores. Paraphyses Hyaline, capitate, with head (13-)21-24(-27) µm wide and a 2.03.5(-5.0) µm thick wall; pedicel with a septum within 20(-30) µm from the head. Telia Hypophyllous, similar to the uredinia but darker, erumpent or starting their development in the center of uredinia, producing on the upper surface of the leaf small dark brown to blackish rectangular spot, 0.1-0.5 mm long, extending between two venules. Teliospores (32-)38-42.2-48(-53) × (16.0)18-20.4-24 µm, Q = (1.58-)- 1.74-2.05-2.56(-2.68) [we saw one much elongated spore: 54 × 19 µm], 2-celled, brownish, with a rounded top and a finely punctate (1.5-)2.0(-3.0) µm thick wall, inserted on an up to 130 µm long and 3-6 µm wide pedicel which is hyaline and very thick walled(1.0-1.5 µm). Rare mesospores also present (M. Scholler, comm. pers.). Basidiospores Not seen. Host plants Phyllostachys nuda McClure. Culms not caespitose, up to 3 m high, green with prominent blackish nodes, surmounting a whitish pruinose 1 cm high zone on the culm, internodes grooved on one side, 1-2 branch-complements on the nodes. Leaf-blades (5-)6-14 × 0.8-1.4 cm, glabrous on both sides or the underside slightly pubescent, with five pairs of secondary veins. Phyllostachys sp. Culms not caespitose, up to 3 m high, green, Sheath-scars with two prominent ridges, internodes grooved on one side, 1-2 branch-complements on the nodes. Leaf-blades 8-14 × 0.7-1.4 cm, glabrous on both sides, with five pairs of secondary veins. Hyperparasitic fungus and mycophagous insect On two of our specimens of Puccinia phyllostachydis we observed numerous pycnidia of Sphaerellopsis filum. On one specimen, we saw larvae of Mycodiplosis sp. feeding on the uredinia (see more information about these two species in the notes under P. deutziae, comb. nov.)., Published as part of Fraiture, André & Vanderweyen, Arthur, 2020, Species of Puccinia Pers. nom. sanct. (rust fungi) on Bambusoideae in Belgium and in Europe, pp. 9-20 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815032, {"references":["CUMMINS G. B. 1971. - The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos. Springer-Verlag, New York, xv, 570 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 88451 - 1","HIRATSUKA T. 1958. - The species of rust fungi parasitic on the grasses collected in the Southern Kyusyu and the Ryukyu Island, Japan. The Science Bulletin of the Division of Agriculture, Home Economics & Engineering, University of the Ryukyus (5): 23 - 106. http: // hdl. handle. net / 20.500.12000 / 22549","HIRATSUKA N., SATO S., KATSUYA K., KAKISHIMA M., HIRATSUKA Y., KANEKO S., ONO Y., SATO T., HARADA Y., HIRATSUKA T. & NAKAYAMA K. 1992. - The rust flora of Japan. Tsukuba Shuppankai, Takezono, Ibaraki, 1205 and 159 p.","ITO S. 1909. - Contributions to the mycological flora of Japan, II - On the Uredineae parasitic on the Japanese Gramineae. The journal of the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University (Sapporo) 3 (2): 180 - 262. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2115 / 12497","KUSANO S. 1908. - Notes on Japanese fungi, V - Puccinia on the leaves of Bambuseae. Bulletin of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University 8 (1): 37 - 50, pl. VI. https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30730566","MORIMOTO Y. 1973. - A list of species of Puccinia collected in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 10: 313 - 319.","TAI F. L. 1979. - Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Peking, viii, 1527 p.","TENG S. C. 1996. - Fungi of China. Mycotaxon, Ltd., Ithaca, New York, xiv, 586 p.","WANG Y. & ZHUANG J. (red. princip.) 1998. - Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Vol. 10. Uredinales (I). Beijing, Science Press, 335 pages.","ZHUANG W. - Y. (ed.) 2005. - Fungi of northwestern China. Mycotaxon, Ltd., Ithaca, New York, v, 430 p.","HIRATSUKA N. & CHEN Z. C. 1991. - A list of Uredinales collected from Taiwan. Transactions of the mycological Society of Japan 32 (1): 3 - 22.","BOA E. R. 1985. - Fungal diseases of Bamboo. A preliminary and provisional list, in RAO A. N., DHANARAJAN G. & SASTRY C. B. (eds), Recent research on bamboos. Proc. Int. Bamboo Workshop, Oct. 6 - 14 1985, Hangzhou, People's Rep. China: 271 - 279.","MCCAIN J. W., HENNEN J. F. & ONO Y. 1990. - New host species and state distribution records for North American rust fungi (Uredinales). Mycotaxon 39: 281 - 300.","GARDNER D. E. & HODGES C. S. JR. 1989. - The rust fungi (Uredinales) of Hawaii. Pacific Science 43 (1): 41 - 55. http: // hdl. handle. net / 10125 / 1201","BERNDT R. 2004. - A checklist of Costa Rican rust fungi, in AGERER R., PIEPENBRING M. & BLANZ P. (eds), Frontiers in Basidiomycote Mycology. IHW-Verlag, Eching: 185 - 236.","BRODTBECK T. 2011. - Checkliste der Pilze der Schweiz. UP - Urediniomycetes - Pucciniales. [unpublished manuscript cited by Klenke & Scholler 2015].","KRUSE J., THIEL H., BRAUN U., KLENKE F., RAABE U., SOTHMANN B. & KUMMER V. 2018. - Bemerkenswerte Funde phytoparasitischer Kleinpilze (10). Zeitschrift fur Mykologie 84 (2): 237 - 261."]}

1. Puccinia deutziae (Dietel) Fraiture & Vanderweyen, comb. nov. (Figs 1C, E, F; 2A, B; 3 A-C, E, F, K) Puccinia kusanoi Dietel, in Engler’s Botanische Jahrbücher 27 (4): 568, 576, table 7 figs 14-15 (1899). — Puccinia kusanoi var. azuma Kusano, Bulletin of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University 8 (1): 44 (1908). — Dicaeoma kusanoi (Dietel) Syd., Annales mycologici 20 (3/4): 118 (1922). Anamorphs: Aecidium deutziae Dietel, Hedwigia 37: 212 (1898) (basionym). Uredo arundinariae P. Syd., Hedwigia 37 (Beibl. 6): (208) (1898) [non Puccinia arundinariae Schwein. (1822)]. DISTRIBUTION. — Puccinia deutziae, comb. nov. (sub P. kusanoi) is mostly known from Japan (Hiratsuka 1958; Hiratsuka et al. 1992; Ito 1909; Kusano 1908; Morimoto 1973). It has also been mentioned from China (Tai 1979; Zhuang 2001), Taiwan (Hiratsuka & Chen 1991; Hiratsuka et al. 1992; Shen et al. 2016 aecial stage; Shen et al. 2017; Zhuang 2001), Indonesia (Boedijn 1959), India, Russian Federation (far east, Azbukina 1984), Cuba (Arnold 1986), United Kingdom (Reid 1978; Henderson & Bennell 1979; Ing 1983; Henderson 2000, 2004) and Germany (Kruse et al. 2018, sub P. phyllostachydis). Apart from Belgium (our observations) and Germany (Bochum, in Kruse et al. 2018, sub P. phyllostachydis; J. Kruse confirmed us in e-litt. that the specimen has been misidentified), United Kingdom seems to be the only country in Europe in which the species had been observed until now (Termorshuizen & Swertz 2011; Klenke & Scholler 2015). These observations have been made during the period 1967-2000 in four different places in SE England and Cornwall: – Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, East Sussex (TQ33), 17.V.1967 and 26.XI.1967 (Reid 1978); – St. Catherine’s Point, Fowey, East Cornwall (SX15), 24.IV.1983 (Ing 1983); – Oxshott Heath, Oxschott, Surrey (TQ16), XI.1994 (Kirk & Spooner, unpubl.); – Braywick Nature Centre, Berkshire (SU87), 02.IV.2000 (Storey, unpubl.). The species is new for the Belgian mycoflora and has been observed in two places: – Brussels (Ixelles), Parc Tenbosch, 13.V.2018, 05.VI.2018 and 22.VI.2018 (our specimens); – Meise, Domain of Bouchout (BR), outdoor bamboo collection, 20.VI.2018 and 13.VII.2018 (our specimens). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Belgium, Brussels (Ixelles), Parc Tenbosch, 13. V.2018. On the underside of the leaves of Sasa ramosa. Specimens A. Fraiture 3738 (BR) and A. Vanderweyen F 1090. – Ibid., 05. VI.2018. On Sasa ramosa. Specimens A. Fraiture 3741 (BR) and A. Vanderweyen F 1092 (KR-M-0006375). – Ibid., 22. VI.2018. On Sasa ramosa. Specimen A. Fraiture 3748 (BR). – Belgium, Meise, Domain of Bouchout (BR), outdoor bamboo collection, 20. VI.2018. On the underside of the leaves of Sasa ramosa. Specimens A. Fraiture 3747 (BR) and A. Vanderweyen F 1097. – Ibid., 13.VII.2018. On Sasa ramosa. Specimen A. Fraiture 3750 (BR). – Ibid., 05.II.2019. On Sasa ramosa. Specimen A. Fraiture 3759 (BR). DESCRIPTION Aecia Not seen (unsuccessfully searched on the Deutzia present in the Parc Tenbosch). Uredinia Hypophyllous, erumpent, 0.2-1.0 mm diam., cinnamon, each of them producing on the upper surface of the leaf a small square to rectangular yellowish spot, 0.2-1.0 × 0.2-0.5 mm, extending between two little veins. Urediniospores (25-)26-30.1-34(-35) × (20-)22-23.7-26 µm, Q = 1.15-1.26- 1.38, subglobose, obovoid or ellipsoid, with a pedicel up to 67 µm long rarely remaining attached to the spore, with a brownish wall (1.0-)2.0-2.5 µm thick appearing two layered, provided with acute spines 1.0-1.5 µm long and with four approximately equatorial germ-pores. Paraphyses Not seen. Telia Hypophyllous, erumpent, appearing in winter, dark cinnamon to blackish, not discolouring leaf tissues. Teliospores (50-)57-65.8-77(-89) × (14-)15-18.4-20(-22) µm, Q = 2.86- 3.51-5.17, fusoid, 2-celled, with a smooth to very finely punctuated wall which is 1.0-2.5 µm thick in the sides and 5-11.5 µm thick in the conical top of the spore, inserted on an up to 190 µm long pedicel which is (1-)2(-3) µm thick walled and very light brownish. These spores are mixed with a lower proportion of less elongated spores (dimorphism), 37-40.0-44 × 19-23.2-27 µm, Q = 1.37-1.74-2.26, with a broadly rounded apex and a punctuated wall. Very rare mesospores have been found. Basidiospores 12-14 × 8.5-9.0 µm, ellipsoid to ovoid, with a hyaline, smooth and thin wall. Host plant Sasa ramosa (Makino) Makino & Shibata (Sasaella ramosa (Makino) Makino, × Sasinaria ramosa (Makino) Demoly). Culms not caespitose, about 1.0- 1.5 m high, with cylindrical internodes and single branch-complement on the nodes. Leaf-blades 9-20 × 1.3-3.0 cm, pubescent on the underside and very sparsely on the upper side, with (4-)5-6 pairs of secondary veins, leaf-sheaths glabrous except for the margins. Hyperparasitic fungi and mycophagous insect During the study of our specimens we observed the following organisms, parasitizing Puccinia deutziae, comb. nov., or feeding on it. We already observed them (Fraiture & Vanderweyen 2007) on another rust fungus, Frommeëlla mexicana Fraiture & Vanderweyen (2007), and it seems they are frequent on Uredinales. Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.) Sutton (Ascomycota, Pleosporales). Pycnidia of S. filum are frequent in the sores. They produce long whitish threads (cirrhi, Fig. 1E) entirely composed of conidia. Conidia fusiform, 12-18 × (3.5-)4.0(-5.0) µm, hyaline, with 0-1 septum and a thin and smooth wall (Fig. 1G). Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare &W. Gams (Ascomycota, Hypocreales). Whitish mould covering some sori and sometimes extending on the leaf surface. Phialides hyaline, smooth, very narrowly conical, straight, 20-32 × 1.5-2.5 µm, verticillate, 2-5 in whorls or sometimes solitary, inserted on hyaline, smooth, (1.5-)2 µm diam. hyphae. Conidia (2-)3.5-7.5 × 1-2(-2.5) µm, produced in globose heads, hyaline, with a thin and smooth wall, subglobose to ellipsoidal-diamond shaped to subcylindrical, with rounded ends, straight, non-septate, often with three guttules. Mycodiplosis sp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Several larvae feeding on Puccinia uredinia. DISCUSSION AND NOTES Nomenclature For many years, the Code has prohibited the use of names of anamorphs as basionyms for the composition of correct names of pleomorphic species. However, in recent years this requirement has been removed and the current version of the Code (Turland et al. 2018) states that “all legitimate fungal names are treated equally for the purposes of establishing priority, regardless of the life-history stage of the type ” (Art. F.8.1). We followed this rule here, publishing Puccinia deutziae, comb. nov., to replace P. kusanoi as the correct name of the species. It seems obvious, however, that the application of this rule will result in the replacement of many names in current use. In addition, new names created will often seem strange. For example, in the current case, the Puccinia stage (teleomorph) of Puccinia deutziae, comb. nov., never grows on Deutzia. A solution to this problem would be that plant pathologists use Art. F.2.1 and propose a list of names for protection. Descriptions Descriptions of Puccinia deutziae, comb. nov. (sub P. kusanoi) are given by Cummins (1971: 269), Henderson & Bennell (1979), Hiratsuka (1958), Hiratsuka et al. (1992), Kusano (1908, also descr. of the var. azuma), Reid (1978) and Sydow & Sydow (1904). Aecial stage Asuyama (1936) realized inoculation experiments with the teliospores of P. deutziae, comb. nov., and showed that the aecial form is growing a.o. on Deutzia scabra var. crenata Makino and must be identified with Aecidium deutziae Diet. Recently, Shen et al. (2016) described the same aecial stage, collected on Deutzia pulchra S.Vidal in Taiwan. Teliospore variability Ito (1909) mentions the occasional existence of transitional forms with P. longicornis: some teliospores of P. deutziae, comb. nov., have an apex up to 18 µm thick while, on the other hand, some teliospores of P. longicornis have an apex which is only 8 µm thick. Similarly, Reid (1984) observed that, in P. longicornis, teliospores can be “extraordinarily variable” and that “The fact that in some mixed sori all the teliospores lacked a rostrate apex, while in others all the teliospores showed this feature inevitably raises the possibility of the host being infected by both P. longicornis and P. kusanoi or some other rust.” Also, Kusano (1908) describes the variability he observed in the size and shape of teliospores according to the host plant. Some variability also exists with regard to the ornamentation of the teliospore wall. Most authors (a.o. Sydow & Sydow 1904; Hiratsuka 1958; Reid 1978) describe it as smooth but Cummins (1971) says “minutely punctate-verrucose (especially the robust spores) or smooth”. In our specimens, teliospore wall was smooth to finely punctate-verrucose. Ito (1909) observed the presence of transitional forms between f. azuma and the typical form of P. kusanoi. He also notes that, with the exception of the shape of the thickened apex, the general form of the spore of f. azuma is closer to that of P. longicornis than to that of the typical form of P. kusanoi. Basidiospores It seems it is the first time that the basidiospores of this species are described and illustrated (Dr M. Scholler, in e-litt.). Presence of paraphyses All authors consider P. deutziae, comb. nov., as devoid of paraphyses, exceptReid (1978), who describes and illustrates clavate or subcapitate paraphyses with heads up to 12 µm wide, subhyaline with thin but distinct walls and often 1-septate near the base. We observed clusters of cylindrical cells in our material, but we think they are constituted by the pedicels of the urediniospores. We never saw clavate or subcapitate paraphyses. Host plants A large number of bamboo species have been reported as hosts of Puccinia deutziae, comb. nov. (sub P. kusanoi) in the world. Farr & Rossman (2018) cite 71 bamboo species belonging to the following genera: Arundinaria, Bambusa, Nipponobambusa, Phyllostachys, Pleioblastus, Pseudosasa, Sasa, Sasaella, Semiarundinaria, Sinobambusa and Yushania, as well as ten Deutzia species (hosts of the aecial stage). In Europe, the only host cited so far (United Kingdom) was Semiarundinaria fastuosa Makino. All the Belgian collections described above have been made on Sasa ramosa. Hyperparasitic fungi and mycophagous insect Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.) B. Sutton. Sphaerellopsis filum is the anamorphic state of Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) O.E. Erikss., 1966 (Keener 1951). The teleomorph is rarely observed. Descriptions of the species are given by Keener (1934), Eriksson (1966, 1967), Scheuer (1988), Nag Raj (1993), Yuan et al. (1998), Płachecka (2005) and Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014). It is hyperparasitic, leaving on many Uredinales (369 species in the list published by Kranz & Brandenburger 1981; none of our three Puccinia species being included in this list), even if it seems that a certain host-specificity does exist (Keener 1934; Nischwitz et al. 2005). The parasite is already mentioned by P. Sydow, in the description of Uredo arundinariae (“Sori saepe a Darluca Filo occupantur”). It has been recently shown that S. filum was a species complex (Liesebach & Zaspel 2004; Nischwitz et al. 2005; Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014). After the descriptions (mostly conidia dimensions) given by these last authors, our material belongs to S. filum s. str. Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & W. Gams. A few dozen species of conidial fungi grow on Uredinales (Hawksworth 1981). The genus Lecanicillium has been created to accommodate a majority of the species formerly classified in Verticillium sect. Prostrata (Gams & Zare 2001; Zare & Gams 2001, 2008). It contains almost thirty species mostly growing as parasites on scale insects, mites and fungi, a.o. Uredinales. Within that genus, our material can be placed in the group of L. lecanii (Zimm.) Zare & W.Gams, L. longisporum (Petch) Zare & W.Gams and L. muscarium, because of the ellipsoidal to cylindrical and straight conidia, produced in globose heads on mostly verticillate phialides. Finally, the dimensions of phialides and conidia in our material allow to determine it as L. muscarium. Descriptions of the species are given by Zare & Gams (2001, 2003). Leinhos & Buchenauer (1992) observed a pronounced chitinolytic activity in vitro of several hyperparasitic fungi (incl. Verticillium lecanii) growing on rust fungi. That study helps to understand why many of these fungi are also attacking scale insects. Mycodiplosis sp. Many insect species feed on fungi, but those eating Uredinales are just a few. A family of Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, includes many mycophagous species. Within this family, the genus Mycodiplosis contains several species feeding on rust fungi, a.o. on Puccinia species (Coutin 2005; Henk et al. 2011; Nelsen 2013; Nelsen & Aime 2013). One of them, Mycodiplosis pucciniae is present in Europe (Fauna Europaea) but we are not able to confirm that our collections correspond to this species. According to our observations, larvae mainly eat urediniospores., Published as part of Fraiture, André & Vanderweyen, Arthur, 2020, Species of Puccinia Pers. nom. sanct. (rust fungi) on Bambusoideae in Belgium and in Europe, pp. 9-20 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7815032, {"references":["HIRATSUKA T. 1958. - The species of rust fungi parasitic on the grasses collected in the Southern Kyusyu and the Ryukyu Island, Japan. 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Summary Squamanita paradoxa (A.H. Sm. & Singer) Bas has been collected for the first time in Belgium. The specimen is described and illustrated. The main characters of the species are summarized and its distribution in Western Europe revised. A phylogenetic tree is provided, which includes two sequences of the ribosomal ITS of the specimen, one obtained from the cap, one from the stipe. Samenvatting In dit artikel bespreken we de eerste vondst van Squamanita paradoxa (A.H. Sm. & Singer) in België. De specimens worden beschreven en geïllustreerd. De belangrijkste kenmerken van deze soort worden besproken en een overzicht van de verspreiding in West-Europa wordt gegeven. Op basis van ribosomale ITS sequenties (hoed en steel) wordt de fylogenetische positie van het materiaal gegeven.

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN. Publisher’s Note A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space. Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A. A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A. Harry Andersson Eichhahnweg 29a, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany Claudio Angelini Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Vladimír Antonín Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Takayuki Aoki Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan André Aptroot ABL Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, 3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands Didier Argaud 40 rue du Justemont, 57290 Fameck, France Blanca Imelda Arguello Sosa Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico Arne Aronsen Torødveien 54, 3135 Torød, Norway Ulf Arup Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Bita Asgari Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Boris Assyov Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Violeta Atienza Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain Ditte Bandini Panoramastr 47, 69257 Wiesenbach, Germany João Luís Baptista-Ferreira Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Hans-Otto Baral Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Tim Baroni The State University of New York, 340 Bowers Hall, P.O. Box 2000, Cortland, New York 13045, U.S.A. Robert Weingart Barreto Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Henry Beker (1) Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom; (2) Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Ann Bell 45 Gurney Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Jean-Michel Bellanger CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Francesco Bellù Naturmusem of Bolzano, CP 104, 39100, Bolzano, Italy Martin Bemmann Kleingemünderstraße 111, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany Mika Bendiksby NTNU, University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Egil Bendiksen Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Katriina Bendiksen Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Lajos Benedek Szent Istvan University, Hungary Anna Bérešová-Guttová Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Franz Berger University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Reinhard Berndt Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zürich, CHN D37, Universitätstr. 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland Annarosa Bernicchia Via A. Guidotti 39, 40134 Bologna, Italy Alona Yu. Biketova Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Enrico Bizio Società Veneziana di Micologia, Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Fontego dei Turchi, Santa Croce 1730, 30135 Venice, Italy Curtis Bjork UBC Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Canada Teun Boekhout (1) Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; (2) Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands David Boertmann Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Tanja Böhning AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany Florent Boittin Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Carlos G. Boluda Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1292 Genève, Switzerland Menno W. Boomsluiter T.v.Lohuizenstraat 34, 8172xl, Vaassen, The Netherlands Jan Borovička Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic Tor Erik Brandrud Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Uwe Braun Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik, und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle, Germany Irwin Brodo Canadian Museum of Nature, 240 McLeod Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Tatiana Bulyonkova A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 6 Acad. Lavrentjev pr., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Harold H. Burdsall Jr. Fungal & Decay Diagnostics, LLC, 9350 Union Valley Road, Black Earth, Wisconsin 53515, U.S.A. Bart Buyck Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 12 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Ana Rosa Burgaz Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Vicent Calatayud Fundación CEAM, c/ Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain Philippe Callac INRA, MycSA, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France Emanuele Campo Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Via Alessandro Volta 46, 38123 Trento, Italy Massimo Candusso Via Ottone Primo 90, 17021, Alassio, Savona, Italy Brigitte Capoen Queffioec, rue de Saint Gonval, 22710 Penvenan, France Joaquim Carbó Roser, 60, 17257 Torroella de Montgrí, Girona, Spain Matteo Carbone Via Don Luigi Sturzo 173 16148 Genova, Italy Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura, Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’, OSDE, Grupo Agrícola, Calle 1 Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, C. Habana 17200, Cuba Michael A. Castellano USDA, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, U.S.A. Jie Chen Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Philippe Clerc Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1292 Genève, Switzerland Giovanni Consiglio Via C. Ronzani 61, 40033 Casalecchio Bologna, Italy Gilles Corriol National Botanical Conservatory for Pyrenees and Midi-Pyrénées Region of France and BBF Herbarium, Vallon de Salut. B.P. 315. 65203 Bagnères-de-Bigorre, France Régis Courtecuisse Université Lille, Fac. Pharma. Lille, EA4483 IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France Ana Crespo Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Cathy Cripps Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, 119 Plant Biosciences Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, U.S.A. Pedro W. Crous Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Gladstone Alves da Silva Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Meiriele da Silva Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Marjo Dam Hooischelf 13, 6581 SL Malden, The Netherlands Nico Dam Hooischelf 13, 6581 SL Malden, The Netherlands Frank Dämmrich The Bavarian Natural History Collections (SNSB Munich), Menzinger Strasse 71, 80638, München, Germany Kanad Das Botanical Survey of India, Cryptogamic Unit, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, W.B., India Linda Davies Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom Eske De Crop Ghent University K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Andre De Kesel Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Ruben De Lange Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Bárbara De Madrignac Bonzi Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz University of Santo Tomas, Espana 1008 Manila, Philippines Lynn Delgat Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Vincent Demoulin Institut de Botanique, B.22, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège I, Belgium Dennis E. Desjardin HD Thiers Herbarium (SFSU), San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, California 94132, U.S.A. Paul Diederich Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg Bálint Dima (1) Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (2) Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Maria Martha Dios Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Av Belgrano 300, 4700 San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina Pradeep Kumar Divakar Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Clovis Douanla-Meli Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany Brian Douglas Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-900, Brazil Paul S. Dyer School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom Ursula Eberhardt Abt. Botanik, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany Damien Ertz Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Fernando Esteve-Raventós Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Javier Angel Etayo Salazar Navarro Villoslada 16, 3º dcha., 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain Vera Evenson Sam Mitchel Herbarium of Fungi, Denver Botanic Gardens, 1007 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, U.S.A. Guillaume Eyssartier Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Jardin des plantes, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France Edit Farkas Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary Alain Favre Fédération Mycologique et Botanique Dauphiné Savoie, Le Prieuré, 144 Place de l’Eglise, 74320 Sevrier, France Anna G. Fedosova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Mario Filippa Regione Monsarinero 36, 14041 Agliano Terme, Italy Péter Finy 8000 Székesfehérvár, Zsombolyai u. 56, Hungary Adam Flakus W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland Simón Fos Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain Jacques Fournier Las Muros, F. 09420 Rimont, France André Fraiture Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Paolo Franchi Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Via Alessandro Volta 46, 38123 Trento, Italy Ana Esperanza Franco Molano Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Medellín, Colombia Gernot Friebes Centre of Natural History, Botany & Mycology, Universalmuseum Joanneum, Weinzöttlstraße 16, 8045 Graz, Austria Andreas Frisch NTNU, University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Alan Fryday Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, U.S.A. Giuliana Furci The Fungi Foundation, Paseo Bulnes 79 of. 112A, Santiago, Chile Ricardo Galán Márquez Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Matteo Garbelotto University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114 Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Joaquina Maria Garcia-Martin Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Mónica A. García Otálora Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zürich, CHN D37, Universitätstr. 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland Dania García Sánchez Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain Alain Gardiennet 14 rue Roulette, 21260 Véronnes, France Sigisfredo Garnica Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile Isaac Garrido Benavent Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Genevieve Gates Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Alice da Cruz Lima Gerlach Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la ville de Genève, Genève, Switzerland Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 15815-3538, Tehran 15819, Iran Tatiana B. Gibertoni Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Tine Grebenc Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 100 Ljubljana, Slovenia Irmgard Greilhuber University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria Bella Grishkan Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Aba Khoushi Ave. 199, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel Johannes Z. Groenewald Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Martin Grube Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria Gérald Gruhn Office National des Forêts, 2 Avenue de Saint-Mandé, 75570 Paris Cedex 12, France Cécile Gueidan CSIRO — Australian National Herbarium, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Gro Gulden Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Luis FP Gusmão Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Bairro Novo Horizonte, CEP:44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil Josef Hafellner Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria Michel Hairaud 2 Impasse des Marronniers, 79360 Poivendre de Marigny, France Marek Halama Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, ul. H. Sienkiewicza 5, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland Nils Hallenberg University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Roy E. Halling Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A. Karen Hansen Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Christoffer Bugge Harder Texas Tech University, Box 42122, Lubbock, Texas 79409, U.S.A. Jacob Heilmann-Clausen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Stip Helleman Sweelinck 78, 5831KT Boxmeer, The Netherlands Alain Henriot Mycological Society of France, 20 rue Rottembourg, 12th arrondissement, Paris, France Margarita Hernandez-Restrepo Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Raphaël Herve 24 rue des Fougères, 86550 Mignaloux-Beauvoir, France Caroline Hobart 84 Stafford Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S2 2SF, United Kingdom Mascha Hoffmeister Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany Klaus Høiland University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Jan Holec National Museum, Herbarium PRM, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic Håkon Holien Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, NORD University, P.O. Box 2501, 7729 Steinkjer, Norway Karen Hughes University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Vit Hubka Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Seppo Huhtinen Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Boris Ivančević Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, P.O. Box 401, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Marian Jagers Reelaan 13, 7522 LR Enschede, The Netherlands Walter Jaklitsch Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria AnnaElise Jansen Stationsstraat 10, 6701 AM Wageningen, the Netherlands Ruvishika S. Jayawardena Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thomas Stjernegaard Jeppesen Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København Ø, Denmark Mikael Jeppson Lilla Håjumsgatan 4, 46135 Trollhättan, Sweden Peter Johnston Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand Per Magnus Jørgensen University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Ingvar Kärnefelt Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Liudmila B. Kalinina Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Gintaras Kantvilas Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, P.O. Box 5058, UTAS LP.O., Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia Mitko Karadelev Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Taiga Kasuya Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan Ivona Kautmanová Natural History Museum, Slovak National Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia Richard W. Kerrigan RWK Research, Kittanning, Pennsylvania 16201, U.S.A. Martin Kirchmair Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Anna Kiyashko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Dániel G. Knapp Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Henning Knudsen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Kerry Knudsen Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences at Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Tommy Knutsson Nedra Västerstad 111, 380 62 Mörbylånga, Sweden Miroslav Kolařík Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic Urmas Kõljalg Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Alica Košuthová Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Attila Koszka Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary Heikki Kotiranta Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland Vera Kotkova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Ondřej Koukol Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Jiří Kout University of West Bohemia, Faculty of Education, Klatovska 51, 306 19 Pilsen, Czech Republic Gábor M. Kovács Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Martin Kříž Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Åsa Kruys Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Viktor Kučera Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Linas Kudzma 37 Maple Ave. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, U.S.A. Francisco Kuhar Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Martin Kukwa Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland T. K. Arun Kumar The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673014, India Vladimír Kunca Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen,Slovakia Ivana Kušan Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Thomas W. Kuyper Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Carlos Lado Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Thomas Læssøe Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Patrice Lainé 123 rue Saint Antoine, 75004, Paris, France Ewald Langer University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany Ellen Larsson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Karl-Henrik Larsson Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Gary Laursen Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, U.S.A. Christian Lechat Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France Serena Lee Herbarium Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore James C. Lendemer (1) Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A.; (2) Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, U.S.A. Laura Levin University of Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina Uwe Lindemann Landesmuseum für Naturkunde, Münster, Germany Håkan Lindström Östansjö 150, 840 64 Kälarne, Sweden Xingzhong Liu Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China Regulo Carlos Llarena Hernandez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Ver., Mexico Esteve Llop Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Csaba Locsmándi Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Deborah Jean Lodge USDA Forest Service, NRS, P.O. Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 00773-1377, U.S.A. Michael Loizides P.O. Box 58499, 3734 Limassol, Cyprus László Lőkös Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Jennifer Luangsa-ard National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand Matthias Lüderitz AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany Thorsten Lumbsch Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A. Matthias Lutz Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Dan Mahoney Callaghan Innovation, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand Ekaterina Malysheva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Vera Malysheva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Patinjareveettil Manimohan University of Calicut, Kerala, 673 635, India Yasmina Marin-Felix Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Guilhermina Marques Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Laboratory of Mycology and Soil Microbiology, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal Rubén Martínez-Gil Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Guy Marson Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg Gerardo Mata Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico P. Brandon Matheny University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Geir Harald Mathiassen Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø — The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway Neven Matočec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Helmut Mayrhofer Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria Mehdi Mehrabi Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Ireneia Melo Botanical Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Portugal Armin Mešić Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Andrew S. Methven Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia 31404, U.S.A Otto Miettinen Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Ana M. Millanes Romero Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Andrew N. Miller Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970, U.S.A. James K. Mitchell Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. Roland Moberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Pierre-Arthur Moreau Université Lille, Fac. Pharma. Lille, EA4483 IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France Gabriel Moreno Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Olga Morozova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Asunción Morte Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain Lucia Muggia University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Guillermo Muñoz González Avda Valvanera N.32, 5D, 26500 Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain Leena Myllys Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland István Nagy Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary László G. Nagy Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Maria Alice Neves Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-900, Brazil Tuomo Niemelä Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Pier Luigi Nimis University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Nicolas Niveiro Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Machiel E. Noordeloos Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands Anders Nordin Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Sara Raouia Noumeur Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, 05000 Batna, Algeria Yuri Novozhilov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Jorinde Nuytinck Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Esteri Ohenoja Botanical Museum, University of Oulu, Finland Patricia Oliveira Fiuza Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Bairro Novo Horizonte, CEP:44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil Alan Orange National Museum of Wales, Cardiff CF10 3NP, United Kingdom Alexander Ordynets University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany Beatriz Ortiz-Santana USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, U.S.A. Leticia Pacheco Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340 México, D. F., Mexico Ferenc Pál-Fám Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary Melissa Palacio Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Zdeněk Palice Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Viktor Papp Szent Istvan University, 1118 Budapest, Menesi st. 44, Hungary Kadri Pärtelv Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Julia Pawlowska Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland Aurelia Paz Urb. La Llosa, 219, 39509 Villanueva de la Peña, Mazcuerras, Cantabria, Spain Ursula Peintner Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Shaun Pennycook Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand Olinto Liparini Pereira Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Pablo Pérez Daniëls University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain Miquel À. Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella C/ Pau Casals, 6, 1º, 1ª, 17001, Girona, Spain Carlos Manuel Pérez del Amo C/ Luis de Ulloa, 1, 7º I, 26004 Logroño, Navarra, Spain Sergio Pérez Gorjón Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Licenciado Mendez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain Sergio Pérez-Ortega Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Israel Pérez-Vargas Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Sánchez s/n 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Brian A. Perry California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, U.S.A. Jens H. Petersen Nøruplundvej 2, 8400 Ebeltoft, Denmark Ronald H. Petersen University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Donald H. Pfister Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, U.S.A. Chayanard Phukhamsakda Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Marcin Piątek W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland Meike Piepenbring Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany Raquel Pino-Bodas Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Juan Pablo Pinzón Esquivel Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116 Itzimná,C.P: 97100, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Paul Pirot Rue des Peupliers 10, 6840 Neufchâteau, Belgium Eugene S. Popov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Orlando Popoff Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina María Prieto Álvaro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Christian Printzen Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Nadezhda Psurtseva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Witoon Purahong Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH — UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany Luis Quijada Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. Gerhard Rambold University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany Natalia A. Ramírez Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Huzefa Raja University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro North Carolina 27402-6170, U.S.A. Olivier Raspé Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Tania Raymundo Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico Martina Réblová Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic Yury A. Rebriev Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia Juan de Dios Reyes García Paseo Virgen de Linarejos 6 2 D, Linares, Jaen, Spain Miguel Ángel Ribes Ripoll Avda. Pablo Neruda 120 F, 2°D, 28018 Madrid, Spain Franck Richard CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Mike J. Richardson Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Víctor J. Rico Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Gerardo Lucio Robledo Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil Cristina Rodriguez-Caycedo UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A. Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland Anna Ronikier W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland Luis Rubio Casas Ul. Andrieja Sacharowa 1/1, 30-806 Kraków, Poland Katerina Rusevska Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Günter Saar Dammenmühle 7, 77933 Lahr-Sulz, Germany Irja Saar Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Isabel Salcedo University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain Sergio M. Salcedo Martínez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, UANL. Ave. Pedro de Alba s/n esq. Manuel Barragán Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León, CP. 66451, Mexico Carlos A. Salvador Montoya Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez University of Toronto, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada J. Vladimir Sandoval-Sierra Health Science Centre, University of Tennessee, U.S.A. Sergi Santamaria Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Despatx C1/331, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain Josiane Santana Monteiro Botany Coordination, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil Hans Josef Schroers Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Barbara Schulz Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany Geert Schmidt-Stohn Burgstr. 25, 29553 Bienenbüttel, Germany Trond Schumacher University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Beatrice Senn-Irlet RU Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Hana Ševčíková Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Oleg Shchepin Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Takashi Shirouzu Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan Anton Shiryaev Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144 Ekaterinburg, 8 March str., 202/3, Russia Klaus Siepe Geeste 133, 46342 Velen, Germany Esteban B. Sir Fundación Miguel Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Tucumán, Argentina Mohammad Sohrabi Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 33535111, Tehran, Iran Karl Soop Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Viacheslav Spirin Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Toby Spribille University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada Marc Stadler Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany Joost Stalpers Torenlaan 43, 3742CR Baarn, The Netherlands Soili Stenroos Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Ave Suija Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Stellan Sunhede Hökaskog Sandbacken 1, 533 92 Lundsbrunn, Sweden Sten Svantesson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Sigvard Svensson Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Tatyana Yu. Svetasheva (1) Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia; (2) Department of Technologies of Living Systems, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Lenin ave. 125, Tula, 300026, Russia Krzysztof Świerkosz Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, ul. H. Sienkiewicza 5, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland Heidi Tamm Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Hatira Taskin Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey Adrien Taudière CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Jan-Olof Tedebrand Sundsvall Mycological Society, Medelpad, Sweden Raúl Tena Lahoz C/Arreñales del Portillo B 21 1°D, 44003 Teruel, Spain Marina Temina Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Aba Khoushi Ave. 199, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel Arne Thell Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Marco Thines Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany Göran Thor Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Holger Thüs State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany Leif Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Sanja Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Einar Timdal Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Zdenko Tkalčec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tor Tønsberg University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Gérard Trichies 5, impasse des Écoles S7700 Neufchef, France Dagmar Triebel Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany Andrei Tsurykau (1) F. Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja Str. 104, 246019 Gomel, Belarus; (2) Institute of Natural Sciences, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia Rodham E. Tulloss Herbarium Amanitarum Rooseveltensis, P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, U.S.A. Veera Tuovinen University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada Miguel Ulloa Sosa Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito/Sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C. P. 04510, Mexico Carlos Urcelay Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina François Valade 11 rue haras, le boqueteau, 91240 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France Ricardo Valenzuela Garza Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico Pieter van den Boom Arafura 16, 5691 JA Son, The Netherlands Nicolas Van Vooren Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Aida M. Vasco-Palacios Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Medellín, Colombia Jukka Vauras Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Juan Manuel Velasco Santos 3 C/Pontevedra, 18, 1º C, 37003 Salamanca, Spain Else Vellinga 861 Keeler Avenue, Berkeley, California 94708, U.S.A. Annemieke Verbeken Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Per Vetlesen Norges Sopp- og Nyttevekstforbund, Schweigaards gate 34F, 0191 Oslo, Norway Alfredo Vizzini University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy Hermann Voglmayr University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria Sergey Volobuev Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Wolfgang von Brackel Kirchenweg 2, 91341 Röttenbach, Germany Elena Voronina Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia Grit Walther Arvid-Harnack-Str. 4, 07743 Jena, Germany Roy Watling Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Evi Weber Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Mats Wedin Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Øyvind Weholt Nord University, Nesna, 8700 Nesna, Norway Martin Westberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Eugene Yurchenko Polessky State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus Petr Zehnálek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Huang Zhang Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China Mikhail P. Zhurbenko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia The following institutions are also supporting the present text (institutional support means that committees from the mentioned) Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini (Argentina) Austrian Mycological Society (Austria) Croatian Mycological Society (Croatia) Committee of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology (Czech Republic) The Netherlands Mycological Society (The Netherlands) Sociedad Española de Liquenología (Portugal/Spain) Iberian Mycological Society (which is under constitution, Portugal/Spain) Federación de Asociaciones Micológicas Andaluzas (FAMA) (Spain) Asociación Botánica y Micológica de Jaén (Spain) Asociación Micológica Hispalense Muscaria (Spain) Societat Micològica Valenciana (Spain)