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Fruit ripening involves marked physiological and biochemical changes that affect fruit color, taste, aroma, texture, and nutritional value. A significant amount of research has shown that chitosan interacts with other postharvest treatments, which can enhance the impact of the chitosan coating. This study considered the effects of chitosan coating and melatonin on banana shelf-life and fruit quality at the green mature stage. The studied variables had three levels of melatonin 0, 75, and 150 mg L-1, two levels of chitosan coating 0, 0.25, and 0.5%, and three storage durations 3, 6, and 9 days. Fruits were harvested at the green mature stage and stored at 25 °C and 80% RH for 9 days. The results showed that melatonin and chitosan coating interacted and significantly affected green mature banana quality and shelf -life during the storage time. Chitosan and melatonin interaction delayed the decrease in chlorophyll and the increase in carotenoids, fruit maturity, and color change. Our results showed that on the ninth day of storage under chitosan (0.5%) treatment along with melatonin at a concentration of 150 mg L-1, the total chlorophyll content became 3.89% lower than that under control conditions. The level of antioxidant enzyme activity in the treated samples after 3, 6, and 9 days of storage was more than in the control sample. The results showed that chitosan (0.5%) and melatonin (150 mg L-1) successfully increased the shelf life of banana fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of repeated cycles of drying and rehydration on some physiological traits were assessed in long shelf-life tomatoes cultivated in a typical semi-arid area of Southern Italy. Three Sicilian landraces ('Custonaci', 'Salina', and 'Vulcano') from the germplasm collection at CNR-IBE (Catania, Italy) and a commercial tomato mini-plum ('Faino Hy., control) were investigated under three water regimes: DRY (no irrigation), IRR (long-season full irrigation) and REW (post-drought rewaterings). Net photosynthetic assimilation rate (Pn), leaf transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi), leaf intercellular CO2 (Ci, ppm), and leaf temperature (°C), were measured during the growing season. At harvest (late July), fruit production per plant was measured and ripened fruits were analysed for total solids (TS), soluble solids (SS), reducing sugars (RS), vitamin C (AscA), and total phenols (TP). Pn promptly responded to rewatering (REW), quickly increasing immediately after irrigation, and declined with soil drying up. All genotypes had similar physiological pathways in DRY, but in IRR, 'Faino' had higher Pn (up to 31 μmol CO2 m−2s−1) and E (up to 18 mmol H2O m−2s−1). Stomatal conductance (gs) after rewatering steeply increased and quickly declined after that. All local landraces had the same gs in IRR and REW. Variations in RWC were less pronounced than those in other physiological parameters. WUEi in REW and DRY proceeded similarly (up to 3 μmol CO2 mmol H2O). Irrigation in REW significantly promoted plant productivity over the DRY control (up to +150% in 'Vulcano'). TS and SS in REW were lower than those in DRY, but higher (+19 and +7%, respectively) than in IRR. Vitamin C was greater in DRY and REW (26 and 18% higher than in IRR, respectively). TP in all local tomatoes were significantly higher (up to +29% in 'Vulcano') than those in the commercial control. Water regime had a minor effect on TP in 'Custonaci' and 'Salina'. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) provided information on the changes in physiological and fruit quality traits in tomatoes in relation to cultivars and water regimes. The results of this study also revealed that a water-saving irrigation strategy where few irrigations are applied after prolonged periods of drought might be profitable in terms of fruit production enhancement in long shelf-life tomatoes and that limited rewaterings in most cases, help retaining high levels of fruit quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most harmful olive pests in Mediterranean countries and worldwide, and its control is mainly based on chemical insecticides. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the olive fruit affect the physiology and behavior of the olive fly and could be an effective tool for its control. In this study, we determined the effect of certain olive fruit VOCs on attraction to olives, egg production, and longevity of B. oleae females, under a series of temperatures. The results show that the exposure of female flies to certain VOCs either increased or decreased the number of landings on the olives, egg production, and longevity. These findings are poised to advance our understanding of the role of olive fruit volatiles on olive fly behavior and may contribute to the improvement of bait or repellent products for its control. Females of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae use various contact and volatile plant stimuli to find olive fruits and lay their eggs on them. We detected certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the olive fruit and studied their effect on female landings on olive fruits, egg production, and longevity under a series of different temperatures from 15 °C to 35 °C. When female flies were maintained at temperatures from 17 °C to 30 °C and exposed to different fruit VOCs either increased or decreased, depending on the substance tested, their landings on olives, egg production, and longevity. Temperature significantly affected the females' responses to fruit VOCs. The highest responses of the flies to fruit VOCs were observed at 30 °C, except for longevity. By contrast, at 15 °C or 35 °C, the flies did not show any response to VOCs. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the olive fly positive or negative responses to fruit VOCs and the improvement of its control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dropping during transportation is a critical issue for tomato fruits, as it triggers ethylene production and affects quality parameters, leading to lower quality and a reduced storage life. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the physiological alterations in tomato fruits subjected to dropping. This study involved tomatoes harvested at green and red stages, subjected to the following five dropping treatments: 0 cm, 10 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm. The results revealed that dropping from 100 cm induced the highest ethylene production, particularly in green fruits, where production began within one hour and peaked within 48 h. Red fruits exhibited a dose-dependent response to mechanical stress, with a notable decrease in ethylene production starting from the second week post-dropping, suggesting a regulatory mechanism. CO2 production peaked at 350.1 µL g−1 h−1 in green fruits and 338.2 µL g−1 h−1 in red fruits one day after dropping from 100 cm. Dropping also significantly influenced fruit color, firmness, electrolyte leakage, and vitamin C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct changes in metabolite profiles, with methionine and ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate), key ethylene precursors, increasing in response to dropping, particularly in red fruits. These findings underscore the critical role of mechanical stress in modulating fruit physiology, with implications for post-harvest handling practices aimed at enhancing fruit quality and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to assess the methods used for ripening fruits by sellers and to examine the knowledge regarding the health risks associated with the use of calcium carbide (CaC2) among both fruit sellers and consumers in Ado-Ekiti. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire administered in major markets within Ado-Ekiti. Knowledge levels were categorized into good (> 70% score), fair (50–69% score), and poor (< 50% score). One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Independent sample t-test was used to indicate knowledge score difference with respect to socio demographic characteristics. Results: The study involved 357 consumers and 20 fruit sellers, with a majority being females (54.9% of consumers; 80.0% of sellers) and aged predominantly between 18–27 years and 28–39 years. The findings revealed that the use of CaC2 (50%) and natural ripening methods (100%) were common among fruit sellers. Sellers cited cancer (60%), bacterial infections (35%), and chest tightness (15%) as associated risks with CaC2 usage. Similarly, consumers expressed concerns about consuming CaC2-ripened fruits, attributing risks such as abdominal burns (70%), cancer (70.6%), and diarrhoea (67.3%). A significant proportion of sellers (90%) exhibited poor knowledge regarding the risks associated with CaC2, while 24.6% of consumers demonstrated fair knowledge on the subject. Conclusion: The study identified common fruit ripening practices among sellers. Fruit sellers showed poor knowledge, while consumers displayed fair to poor understanding of health risks linked to calcium carbide use in artificial fruit ripening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), also known as 'vegetarian's meat', is an excellent source of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and several phytochemicals. It is a climacteric fruit that exhibits an increase in ethylene biosynthesis and respiration rate during fruit ripening. The market value of jackfruit is reduced due to the deterioration of fruit quality during storage and transportation. There is a lack of standardized harvest maturity index in jackfruit, where consequently, fruit harvested at immature or overmature stages result in poor quality ripe fruit with short storage life. Other factors responsible for its short postharvest life relate to its highly perishable nature, chilling sensitivity and susceptibility to fruit rot which result in significant qualitative and quantitative losses. Various postharvest management techniques have been adopted to extend the storage life, including cold storage, controlled atmosphere storage, modified atmosphere packaging, edible coatings, chemical treatment, and non-chemical alternatives. Diversified products have been prepared from jackfruit to mitigate such losses. This comprehensive review highlights the nutritional profile, fruit ripening physiology, pre and postharvest quality management, and value addition of jackfruit as well as the way forward to reduce postharvest losses in the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit drop from pear trees causes serious losses in income. However, the application of plant bio-regulators improves the internal physiology of developing fruit by ensuring that they receive an adequate supply of water, nutrients, and other compounds necessary for their proper growth and development, which leads to improved size, quality, and ultimately better yield in a variety of fruit crops. This study investigated the foliar application of three plant growth regulators: CPPU at 10, 15, and 20 ppm, GA3 at 25, 50, and 75 ppm and NAA at 25, 50, and 75 ppm. The pear trees were sprayed four times: before flowering, full bloom, after three weeks, and after six weeks. The results showed that the spray of GA3 at 50 and 75 ppm gave the highest effect in increasing the shoot length, shoot thickness, leaf area, and leaf total chlorophyll. The spraying of NAA at 50 and 75 ppm was the best treatment in increasing the fruit set percentages, fruit yield, fruit weight, and fruit dimensions as well as the fruit content from soluble solids, and fruit sugars, while they reduced the fruit drop percentages comparing with the other applied treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinisation is an important abiotic stress faced in grape cultivating, leading to weakened plant vigour and reduced fruit quality. Melatonin as a novel hormone has shown positive exogenous application value. Therefore, this study used wine grape (Vitis vinifera) 'Pinot Noir' as a test material to investigate the changes of foliar spraying with different concentrations of melatonin on the physiology and fruit quality of wine grapes in a field under simulated salt stress (200 mmol L−1 NaCl). The results showed that foliar spraying of melatonin significantly increased the intercellular CO2 concentration, maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII, relative chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content of the leaves, as well as the single spike weight, 100-grain weight, transverse and longitudinal diameters, malic acid, α-amino nitrogen and ammonia content of fruits, and decreased the initial fluorescence value of leaves, ascorbate peroxidase activity, glutathione content, fruit transverse to longitudinal ratio and tartaric acid content of plants under salt stress. Results of the comprehensive evaluation of the affiliation function indicated that 100 μmol L−1 melatonin treatment had the best effect on reducing salt stress in grapes. In summary, melatonin application could enhance the salt tolerance of grapes by improving the photosynthetic capacity of grape plants under salt stress and promoting fruit development and quality formation, and these results provide new insights into the involvement of melatonin in the improvement of salt tolerance in crop, as well as some theoretical basis for the development and industrialisation of stress-resistant cultivation techniques for wine grapes. In this study, by foliar spraying of 100 and 300 μmol L−1 melatonin, the results showed that melatonin was able to reduce the damage of salt stress on the photosynthetic system and antioxidant system of wine grape (Vitis vinifera) leaves, and also improve the shape of the fruit and the intrinsic quality of the grape berries, such as sugar, acid, and nitrogenous compounds. Melatonin at 100 μmol L−1 was found to be the most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proposed model illustrating the response of broccoli to exogenous application of 5 mg/L folic acid based on an integrated analysis of DNA methylation, transcriptome, and metabolome data. Red word represents a positive effect while green word represents a negative effect. [Display omitted] • Application of FA on the postharvest physiology of fruits and vegetables during storage. • FA treatment changed the level of DNA methylation, transcription and metabolites in broccoli. • The main methylation type of broccoli is the CHH type. • FA treatment affected the methylation level and increased nutraceutical content. • FA treatment can delay in yellowing and inhibited off-odor biogenesis. Folic acid (FA) is a critical metabolite in all living organisms and an important nutritional component of broccoli. Few studies have been conducted on the impact of an exogenous application of FA on the postharvest physiology of fruits and vegetables during storage. In this regard, the mechanism by which an exogenous application of FA extends the postharvest quality of broccoli is unclear. This study utilized a multicomponent analysis to investigate how an exogenous application of FA effects the postharvest quality of broccoli. Broccoli was soaked in 5 mg/L FA for 10 min and the effect of the treatment on the appearance and nutritional quality of broccoli was evaluated. These data were combined with transcriptomic, metabolomic, and DNA methylation data to provide insight into the potential mechanism by which FA delays senescence. The FA treatment inhibited the yellowing of broccoli during storage. CHH methylation was identified as the main type of methylation that occurs in broccoli and the FA treatment was found to inhibit DNA methylation, promote the accumulation of endogenous FA and chlorophyl, and inhibit ethylene biosynthesis in stored broccoli. The FA treatment also prevented the formation of off-odors by inhibiting the degradation of glucosinolate. FA treatment inhibited the loss of nutrients during the storage of broccoli, delayed its yellowing, and inhibited the generation of off-odors. Our study provides deeper insight into the mechanism by which the postharvest application of FA delays postharvest senescence in broccoli and provides the foundation for further studies of postharvest metabolism in broccoli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flesh firmness in sweet cherries is determined using the measurement of normalized deformation force, i.e., determining the required force for a distance equal to 5 or 10% of the diameter of the cherries per millimeter. However, a firmness method involving a defined distance is quite simple and suitable for easy applications. Hence, our study focuses on the impact of fruit physiology under various and fixed distances. To assess the firmness evaluation, two sweet cherry cultivars (Canada Giant and Regina) were selected and subjected to three different levels of compression distance equal to 1%, 5%, 10% of the fruit's small thickness dimension along with a consistent compression distance of 0.16 mm. There was a strong correlation between panelists' preferences and the fruit that had been subjected to both a 1% deformation force and a fixed distance of 0.16 mm within each cultivar. Physiological traits, membrane integrity, and the metabolome of the fruit in these categories were mostly unaffected by the control (0%), or 1%, deformation force, as shown by clustering and PCA analysis. The control and 1% deformation force groups showed similar patterns, contrary to those of the 5% and 10% deformation force groups. Given these considerations, a fixed distance of 0.16 mm and a minimal 1% deformation force possess the potential to be employed and implemented for monitoring the firmness of sweet cherries during postharvest preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine berry shrivel, a ripening disorder, causes significant economic losses in the worldwide wine and table grape industries. An early interruption in ripening leads to this disorder, resulting in shriveling and reduced sugar accumulation affecting yield and fruit quality. Loss of sink strength associated with berry mesocarp cell death is an early symptom of this disorder; however, potential internal or external triggers are yet to be explored. No pathogens have been identified that might cause the ripening syndrome. Understanding the underlying causes and mechanisms contributing to berry shrivel is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies and finding solutions for other ripening disorders associated with climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. This review discusses alterations in the fruit ripening mechanism induced by berry shrivel disorder, focusing primarily on sugar transport and metabolism, cell wall modification and cell death, and changes in the phytohormone profile. The essential open questions are highlighted and analyzed, thus identifying the critical knowledge gaps and key challenges for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the importance of understanding the nutrition and physiology of fruit crops. Fruit crops require significant inputs of pesticides and fertilizers, but they have lower rates of energy use, soil erosion, and nitrogen loss compared to annual crops. Fruits are a major source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. The document also highlights the need for continuous research and scientific advances to prevent and treat nutrition problems in fruit trees. The document includes five research papers that investigate various aspects of fruit physiology and nutrition, such as the effects of cultivation practices on fruit quality, alternative nutrient sources for potted olives, the impacts of salinity stress on pomegranate and strawberry, and ways to alleviate cracking in figs at harvest. [Extracted from the article]

Sod culture plays an important role in improving orchard environment, soil ecology, and fruit physiology, however, the effects of orchard green manure on fruit yield and quality, and soil parameters are still not clear. By collecting 669 sets of data, the effects of grassing on fruit yield and its influencing factors, and the response of fruit quality, disease incidence, soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity to sod culture were studied by Meta analysis. The results showed that grass growing significantly increased fruit yield (11.9%), for the orchard located in the area where the yearly average temperature lower than 10 &#176lC, or the soil pH higher than 7, or the soil available P content lower than 5 mg⋅kg-1 or higher than 40 mg⋅kg-1, or the soil available K content higher than 100 mg⋅kg-1, grass growing had no significant effects on fruit yield. Grass kinds, available K content and orchard type were the major factors impacting the yield response, which accounting for 17.4%, 9.8% and 9.7% of the relative influence, respectively. In addition, fruit quality was improved and the incidence rate was reduced by grass growing. Orchards grassing system also led to an increase in soil organic matter and nutrients content. In 0-20 cm depth, soil water content, soil porosity, key enzyme activities, soil microbial carbon and nitrogen content, the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes and the microbial Shannon index and richness were also increased significantly. Therefore due to its significant positive role in improving the productivity of orchard-soil system, sod culture in orchard is one of the effective measures to achieve the green sustainable development of orchard in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background High quality 3D information of the microscopic plant tissue morphology—the spatial organization of cells and intercellular spaces in tissues—helps in understanding physiological processes in a wide variety of plants and tissues. X-ray micro-CT is a valuable tool that is becoming increasingly available in plant research to obtain 3D microstructural information of the intercellular pore space and individual pore sizes and shapes of tissues. However, individual cell morphology is difficult to retrieve from micro-CT as cells cannot be segmented properly due to negligible density differences at cell-to-cell interfaces. To address this, deep learning-based models were trained and tested to segment individual cells using X-ray micro-CT images of parenchyma tissue samples from apple and pear fruit with different cell and porosity characteristics. Results The best segmentation model achieved an Aggregated Jaccard Index (AJI) of 0.86 and 0.73 for apple and pear tissue, respectively, which is an improvement over the current benchmark method that achieved AJIs of 0.73 and 0.67. Furthermore, the neural network was able to detect other plant tissue structures such as vascular bundles and stone cell clusters (brachysclereids), of which the latter were shown to strongly influence the spatial organization of pear cells. Based on the AJIs, apple tissue was found to be easier to segment, as the porosity and specific surface area of the pore space are higher and lower, respectively, compared to pear tissue. Moreover, samples with lower pore network connectivity, proved very difficult to segment. Conclusions The proposed method can be used to automatically quantify 3D cell morphology of plant tissue from micro-CT instead of opting for laborious manual annotations or less accurate segmentation approaches. In case fruit tissue porosity or pore network connectivity is too low or the specific surface area of the pore space too high, native X-ray micro-CT is unable to provide proper marker points of cell outlines, and one should rely on more elaborate contrast-enhancing scan protocols.

Social Impact Statement: Tomato fruit is an important and popular commodity producing $95.62 billion worldwide. Tomato fruit losses in the supply chain vary between 25% and 42% depending on the production area and the availability of postharvest technologies. For many decades, conventional tomato breeding programs have focused on extending the shelf‐life of fresh‐market varieties. However, in many instances, consumer‐based quality traits were not considered a priority. Consumers are now demanding safe, nutrient‐rich, high‐flavor, and convenient fruit. Here, we demonstrate the use of gene editing to improve fruit shelf‐life and positively impact quality, which can help significantly reduce tomato fruit losses and meet consumer expectations. Summary: Finding alternative ways to extend tomato fruit shelf‐life without reducing the quality is critical to ensure the accessibility and likeability of this commodity worldwide. Improving fruit firmness in tomato fresh‐market varieties directly impacts their shelf‐life potential. We simultaneously knocked out two pectin‐degrading enzymes, polygalacturonase (SlPG2a) and pectate lyase (SlPL), key for tomato fruit softening. We expected this gene‐editing approach to result in longer‐lasting fruit without negatively impacting consumer‐based quality attributes.By generating the double clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout PGPL, we evaluated the combined functions of SlPG2a and SlPL on fruit quality, including shelf‐life attributes like firmness and water loss, fruit marketability, and disease incidence. We also assessed additional attributes impacting consumer acceptance, such as taste and aroma.We revealed that the enzymes SlPG2a and SlPL act additively, significantly impacting fruit firmness and shelf‐life, with the double CRISPR knockout PGPL outperforming the wild‐type fruit. Additionally, fruit quality traits, such as sugar: acid ratio, aroma volatiles, and skin color, were improved or not affected in the double CRISPR knockout PGPL compared to the wild‐type.The discoveries of this research provide new insights into the influence of pectin backbone degradation on fruit physiology and postharvest quality, which can be used in crop improvement programs to make fruit more resilient in the supply chain without compromising quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora edulis, commonly known as passion fruit, is a crop with a fragrant aroma and refreshingly tropical flavor that is a valuable source of antioxidants. It offers a unique opportunity for growers because of its adaptability to tropical and subtropical climates. Passion fruit can be sold in the fresh market or used in value-added products, but its postharvest shelf life has not been well-researched, nor have superior cultivars been well-developed. Understanding the proteins expressed at the tissue level during the postharvest stage can help improve fruit quality and extend shelf life. In this study, we carried out comparative proteomics analysis on four passion fruit tissues, the epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and pulp, using multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling quantitation. A total of 3352 proteins were identified, including 295 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Of these DEPs, 213 showed a fold increase greater than 1.45 (50 proteins) or a fold decrease less than 0.45 (163 proteins) with different patterns among tissue types. Among the DEPs, there were proteins expressed with functions in oxygen scavenging, lipid peroxidation, response to heat stress, and pathogen resistance. Thirty-six proteins were designated as hypothetical proteins were characterized for potential functions in immunity, cell structure, homeostasis, stress response, protein metabolism and miraculin biosynthesis. This research provides insight into tissue-specific pathways that can be further studied within fruit physiology and postharvest shelf life to aid in implementing effective plant breeding programs. Knowing the tissue-specific function of fruit is essential for improving fruit quality, developing new varieties, identifying health benefits, and optimizing processing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WRKY transcription factors(TFs), as plant-specific transcription factors, play significant roles in various biological and abiotic stress. In this study, based on RNA-seq analyses, many differentially expressed grapes WRKY genes with unknown function were found during the process of SO2 fumigation combined with low temperature preservation. Through amino acid sequence homology comparison, VvWRKY70 which had the highest similarity to the amino acid sequence of AtWRKY70 was selected for bioinformatics and expression characteristics analysis. The results of bioinformatics analysis showed that the promoter region of VvWRKY70 gene contained W-box element and the response elements to the hormones such as methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. VvWRKY70 encoding protein was composed of 322 amino acids with a molecular weight about 36.57 ku and hydrophilic, rich in serine/threonine. The secondary structure was mainly composed of random coil and α -helix. The N-terminal contained a highly conserved WRKY domain, and the C-terminal was a C2HC zinc finger structure, belonging to the third WRKY subfamily. Predictions also showed that VvWRKY70 protein was mainly located in the nucleus and conserved in evolution. Analysis of qRT-PCR showed that the VvWRKY70 expressed in Muscat root, stem, leaf, bud, and fruit. The expression of VvWRKY70 in fruit was up-regulated by SO2 and Botrytis cinerea, and down-regulated by low temperature. These results revealed that VvWRKY70 was probably involved in regulation of the process of plant physiology and fruit development, played a role in the process of SO2 preservation of fruits after harvest, and regulated the biotic and abiotic stress responses during fruit storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of yield in tropical greenhouses is an issue with Cucumis melo L. var. cantaloupensis. A natural occurring hormone, 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), regulates cellular activities and physiological processes of plants and signaling. To determine effects of EBR application, cantaloupe cvs. Himalai-99 and Glamour (factor 1) were treated with 0.1 mg∙L−1 EBR applied over four frequencies (factor 2) as; F1: no EBR (control), F2: at 15 DAT (days after transplant), F3: at 15 + 30 DAT, and F4: at 15 + 30 + 45 DAT at 47 ± 3°C (5°C higher than the ambient greenhouse) in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Postharvest fruit quality was monitored at room temperature (26°C) in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, mean separation with least significant difference and associations between parameters with Pearson correlation. Application of EBR at 15 + 30 DAT (F3) increased plant dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area, root length, root surface area, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll content. It increased the quantum efficiency of photosystem II, peroxidase and catalase activities by 50%, stomatal length and width by 75% and decreased malondialdehyde and proline content by 56%. Pre-harvest foliar application of EBR at 15 + 30 DAT reduced postharvest weight loss and ethylene emission rate by two fold and reduced ascorbic acid and antioxidant depletion rates during storage. The EBR application at 15 + 30 DAT produced the best plant and fruit quality performances, while the application of EBR at fruit development stage (45 DAT) caused reduced fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 (COMT1) is a key enzyme that is involved in melatonin synthesis, affecting the melatonin content in plants. In this experiment, tomato plants (slcomt1) with silenced SlCOMT1 gene expression were used to investigate the effects of SlCOMT1 deficiency on fruit growth, development, and quality formation. The results show that the slcomt1 plants exhibited prolonged fruit development, with reductions in the relative expression levels of SlCOMT1 by 71.1%, 79.7%, 83.9%, and 90.6% during the green fruit, breaker, orange ripening, and red ripening stages, respectively. The endogenous melatonin content also decreased by 29.4%, 43%, 45%, and 61.4% in the corresponding stages. Furthermore, the slcomt1 plants showed a decrease in the individual fruit weight, seed number per fruit, and fruit set rate by approximately 51.1%, 48.2%, and 30.4%, respectively. The slcomt1 plants exhibited an increase in the titratable acid content by 32.1%, 22.1%, 10.3%, and 24.4% during the green fruit, breaker, orange ripening, and red ripening stages, while the sugar-to-acid ratio decreased by 44.9%, 32.6%, 22.7%, and 36.8%. The slcomt1 plants also displayed increased fruit firmness, along with reductions in the relative expression levels of the cell wall and carotenoid-related genes and carotenoid content. Specifically, the Vc content in the slcomt1 plants decreased by 80.7% during the green fruit stage, and by 11.5%, 17.1%, and 2.6% during the breaker, orange ripening, and red ripening stages, respectively. The soluble protein content exhibited a decreasing trend in the corresponding stages. This study highlights the important role of endogenous melatonin in fruit physiology and quality formation, providing insights for further research and application of melatonin in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euterpe oleracea palm, endemic to the Amazon region, is well known for açai, a fruit violet beverage with nutritional and medicinal properties. During E. oleracea fruit ripening, anthocyanin accumulation is not related to sugar production, contrarily to grape and blueberry. Ripened fruits have a high content of anthocyanins, isoprenoids, fibers, and proteins, and are poor in sugars. E. oleracea is proposed as a new genetic model for metabolism partitioning in the fruit. Approximately 255 million single-end-oriented reads were generated on an Ion Proton NGS platform combining fruit cDNA libraries at four ripening stages. The de novo transcriptome assembly was tested using six assemblers and 46 different combinations of parameters, a pre-processing and a post-processing step. The multiple k-mer approach with TransABySS as an assembler and Evidential Gene as a post-processer have shown the best results, with an N50 of 959 bp, a read coverage mean of 70x, a BUSCO complete sequence recovery of 36% and an RBMT of 61%. The fruit transcriptome dataset included 22,486 transcripts representing 18 Mbp, of which a proportion of 87% had significant homology with other plant sequences. Approximately 904 new EST-SSRs were described, and were common and transferable to Phoenix dactylifera and Elaeis guineensis, two other palm trees. The global GO classification of transcripts showed similar categories to that in P. dactylifera and E. guineensis fruit transcriptomes. For an accurate annotation and functional description of metabolism genes, a bioinformatic pipeline was developed to precisely identify orthologs, such as one-to-one orthologs between species, and to infer multigenic family evolution. The phylogenetic inference confirmed an occurrence of duplication events in the Arecaceae lineage and the presence of orphan genes in E. oleracea. Anthocyanin and tocopherol pathways were annotated entirely. Interestingly, the anthocyanin pathway showed a high number of paralogs, similar to in grape, whereas the tocopherol pathway exhibited a low and conserved gene number and the prediction of several splicing forms. The release of this exhaustively annotated molecular dataset of E. oleracea constitutes a valuable tool for further studies in metabolism partitioning and opens new great perspectives to study fruit physiology with açai as a model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production process of sweet cherry, there are unreasonable planting densities and tree shape selections. With increasing tree age, the crown of the tree continues to expand and the tree body is prone to canopy closure, which leads to the inability to efficiently use space and light energy. Low-light has become a major limiting factor in the quality of sweet cherry. Therefore, we analyzed the changes of various physiological indicators and the transcriptome of 'Hongdeng' sweet cherry under shading treatment in this study to investigate the effects of low-light stress on the photosynthetic characteristics of sweet cherry leaves and fruit physiology and biochemistry. The results showed that shading significantly reduces the light capture capacity of leaves, damages the photosystem, reduces carbon assimilation capacity, and consumes the majority of the captured light energy as photochemical energy, thereby restricting the growth and development of leaves and reducing the accumulation of nutrients in fruits. Shading significantly reduced fruit weight, sugar content, and vitamin C content at maturity and significantly increased acid content. Transcriptomic data demonstrated that low-light stress produces a large number of differential genes related to carbon metabolism, organic acid metabolism, and stress resistance, thereby suggesting that low-light stress may affect the expression of these related genes and inclusions in the fruit. The results of this study will provide theoretical and technical support for the physiological response mechanism of low-light tolerance in sweet cherry, the selection and breeding of low-light tolerant sweet cherry varieties, and the cultivation of sweet cherry in facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as a nitric oxide donor, is widely used in postharvest fruit physiology and metabolism. Our previous study has indicated that SNP plays a crucial role in postharvest browning control of rambutan, but the molecular mechanism underlying this process is still unclear. In this research, we investigated the gene expression and function of postharvest rambutan in response to SNP during browning. We found 7336 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 2206 were upregulated and 5130 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed, and the real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) data were consistent with transcriptome data. The DEGs relevant to rambutan pericarp browning were mainly involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, phenolic oxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and energy supply. It was shown that SNP regulated the synthesis and degradation of anthocyanins, accumulation of phenols, level of ROS and energy metabolism to suppress the postharvest browning of rambutan. Also, one WRKY transcription factor involved in ROS metabolism was observed to be differentially regulated. These findings add to our insights into the molecular mechanisms of the SNP‐induced browning delays of rambutan, which has implications for subsequent studies on molecular mechanisms of fruit browning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The class III peroxidases (PODs) catalyze the oxidation of several substrates coupled to the reduction of H2O2 to water, and play important roles in diverse plant processes. The POD family members have been well-studied in several plant species, but little information is available on sweet pepper fruit physiology. Based on the existing pepper genome, a total of 75 CaPOD genes have been identified, but only 10 genes were found in the fruit transcriptome (RNA-Seq). The time-course expression analysis of these genes showed that two were upregulated during fruit ripening, seven were downregulated, and one gene was unaffected. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) treatment triggered the upregulation of two CaPOD genes whereas the others were unaffected. Non-denaturing PAGE and in-gel activity staining allowed identifying four CaPOD isozymes (CaPOD I-CaPOD IV) which were differentially modulated during ripening and by NO. In vitro analyses of green fruit samples with peroxynitrite, NO donors, and reducing agents triggered about 100% inhibition of CaPOD IV. These data support the modulation of POD at gene and activity levels, which is in agreement with the nitro-oxidative metabolism of pepper fruit during ripening, and suggest that POD IV is a target for nitration and reducing events that lead to its inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits are important horticultural commodities because they provide nutrients that help human health. Fruits are mostly consumed as fresh products; however, there are challenges in retaining the freshness, such as the rapid ripening process that triggers fruit deterioration and reduces fruit quality and nutrient content. The postharvest quality of horticultural crops is affected by pre-and postharvest treatment. Most farmers use chemical compounds and fungicides to prevent postharvest damage; however, this results in health hazards and environmental pollution. Melatonin can be used for maintaining and improving postharvest horticultural crops such as fruits. Melatonin is a new bioactive compound that is a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant. It has been studied as an alternative to harmful chemicals used commercially in the postharvest management of fresh products. For human health, melatonin plays a regulatory role in circadian and seasonal rhythms, sleep, retinal functions, and the immune system. In plants, melatonin regulates many biological processes, particularly when plants have experienced abiotic stress, germination, aging, and growth. The effect of exogenous melatonin on fruit ripening has focused primarily on the relationship between melatonin and ethylene plant hormones. Many studies in recent years have discussed melatonin's role in plants, particularly in delaying plant aging as an alternative way of increasing fruit shelf life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of melatonin biosynthesis in plants, factors that affect the content of melatonin in fruit, melatonin mechanisms in fruit ripening, the impact of melatonin on postharvest fruit quality, the effect of melatonin on postharvest quality, and the change in metabolite content of horticultural products, particularly fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit is a rich source of carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, sugars, and organic acids. Although it is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, susceptibility to mechanical and physical bruising causes its rapid deterioration by moisture loss and postharvest decay caused by pathogens. Anthracnose, canker, and purple spot are the most prevalent postharvest diseases of loquat fruit. Cold storage has been used for quality management of loquat fruit, but the susceptibility of some cultivars to chilling injury (CI) consequently leads to browning and other disorders. Various techniques, including cold storage, controlled atmosphere storage, hypobaric storage, modified atmosphere packaging, low-temperature conditioning, heat treatment, edible coatings, and postharvest chemical application, have been tested to extend shelf life, mitigate chilling injury, and quality preservation. This review comprehensively focuses on the recent advances in the postharvest physiology and technology of loquat fruit, such as harvest maturity, fruit ripening physiology, postharvest storage techniques, and physiological disorders and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas exchange mechanisms play crucial roles in maintaining fruit post-harvest quality in perishable fruit such as strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The internal oxygen concentration ([O2]) of strawberry and blueberry were measured using Clark-type oxygen sensing electrodes. The volume of intercellular voids in strawberry was obtained by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). In both berries, internal [O2] was consistent and relatively high across measured tissues. The overall [O2] was well above the Michaelis constant (K m) for cytochrome c oxidase in both fruit and different from previously examined grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry mesocarp with near zero minimum [O2]. In strawberry and blueberry, cell vitality was also maintained at full maturity in the mesocarp. Higher storage temperature (i.e. 20 vs 4°C) reduced internal [O2] of strawberry. Pedicel detachment in blueberry was associated with greater fruit dehydration and lower internal [O2] after short-term storage of 12 h. The results suggest that the intercellular voids of the fruit's mesocarp provide an efficient gas exchange route for maintaining high fruit internal [O2] post-harvest. Understanding the dynamics and factors regulating internal oxygen concentration ([O2]) of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruit can assist horticultural improvement and post-harvest management. This work has integrated oxygen sensing and non-destructive imaging techniques to provide insight into the 3D microstructure of the mesocarp of strawberries and blueberries. The results provide fundamental knowledge on how oxygen and tissue anatomy are interrelated in small soft fruit. The implications of the observed anatomical features on post-harvest fruit physiology (specifically internal [O2]) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial lighting at nights (ALAN) affects behaviour in many animals, especially nocturnal species. However, its effect on frugivorous bats remains less explored, especially in the family Pteropodidae. Since they rely predominantly on vision and light-based cues, ALAN at roost sites could have consequences on their behaviour, activity, and the ecosystem services they provide. In a semi-urban site in southern India, we compared the emergence-return activity of the cave-roosting Rousettus leschenaultii, between a roost in an undisturbed, naturally-lit agricultural well and an artificially-lit roost in a temple. We also compared emergence times between five colonies of the tree-roosting Pteropus giganteus (currently P. medius) that were exposed to different intensities of artificial light. Emergence-return flights at the naturally-lit R. leschenaultii roost occurred significantly earlier than at the artificially-lit roost. Peak flight activity across nights varied more in the naturally-lit than at the artificially-lit roost. Nightly flight durations (interval between peak emergence and peak return times) varied more in the naturally-lit roost, while mean flight durations were similar between these roosts. In P. giganteus, emergence was significantly earlier in the highly light-polluted roost than in the other roosts. These modified flight activities could have potential consequences on the physiology and ecology of fruit bats and requires further study. Moreover, the effect of ALAN on seed dispersal and pollination services provided by fruit bats in tropical landscapes remains to be understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits are highly perishable causing a huge post-harvest loss of more than 35% and the nano-packaging is one of the promising technologies to address the global challenge. In this study, a naturally occurring volatile compound "hexanal" was loaded into the nano-fiber developed using a biodegradable polymer PVA (poly vinyl alcohol). It is hypothesized that hexanal is known to extend shelf-life of perishables and the nano-fiber enabled regulated release of hexanal vapor slows down the physiology of ripening of fruits thereby getting preserved. Nanofibers were developed using optimal parameters such as PVA solution concentration (7%), voltage (25 kV), flow rate (0.1 mL/h) and tip to collector distance (10 cm). The diameters of the nanofibers before and after loading the hexanal were in the range of 110 ± 20 nm and 340 ± 100 nm, respectively. GC–MS studies revealed that hexanal release from the actively loaded matrices was slower than passively loaded ones. Nano-matrix loaded with hexanal assisted in extending shelf-life mango fruits up to 18 days while control fruits decayed within 7 days under ambient storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difenoconazole is widely used in crop growth, however, its effects on the quality of agricultural products are poorly studied. In this study, the application of difenoconazole on tomato plants could increase soluble sugar content, reduce organic acid and raise accumulation of nutrient-related metabolites during late fruit ripening. Consumer surveys in our study showed that the treatment of difenoconazole tomatoes group had higher sweetness and lower acidity, and those tomatoes were preferred by consumers. Alterations in fruit flavor-related attributes were at least in part corroborated by the abundance of transcripts related to sucrose (SlLin5 , SlLin7 , SlSuS2 , SlSuS6 , SlSPS1 , SlSPS3) and organic acids (CS , ICDH , cMDH) anabolism. Furthermore, the difenoconazole also significantly promoted the expression of phytohormones synthesis genes, and consequently increased abscisic acid and ethylene levels. Our study not only provides theoretical support for the use of difenoconazole on tomatoes at the level of flavor quality and nutritional health, but also provides valuable information on the mechanism of triazole fungicides in the flavor quality of tomato fruits. • Difenoconazole affected the ripening and major flavour qualities of tomato fruits. • Increased soluble sugar content in fruits correlates with elevated photosynthesis. • Difenoconazole enhanced the nutritional quality of tomato fruits. • Difenoconazole changed the expression of sucrose, organic acid and phytohormone biosynthesis-related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted in a commercial sweet cherry orchard in central Chile. The objective was to evaluate the rain cover effect on changes in the microclimate, vegetative growth, plant physiology and fruit quality of 'Rainier', 'Bing' and 'Sweetheart' sweet cherry trees. The data were compared to a control without a rain cover. The results showed that, under the rain cover, there was a 50–60% reduction in total solar radiation, as well as an increase in air temperature (+0.6 °C) and a decrease in relative humidity (−4.7 percentage points) in the upper canopy zone. Regarding the trees under rain cover, a greater shoot length (28–58%) and leaf area (24–54%) were observed among cultivars compared to the control; the trunk cross-sectional area was only significant in 'Rainier', it being 1.2 times greater under rain cover. CO2 assimilation showed no differences, but an increase in the leaf transpiration rate was observed. The fruit firmness and sugar content in fruits were negatively affected by the rain cover, those characteristics being of major relevance for the cherry growers. Additionally, the contents of anthocyanins and carotenoids and the antioxidant capacity were significantly lower only in 'Rainier' under rain cover, while the total phenol content decreased in all three cultivars. The rain cover did not negatively affect the tree physiology, but it can be detrimental in bicolor cultivars with a yellow flesh due to a lower color and phenolic compounds development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Xuxiang' kiwifruit, a leading cultivar in China known for its high quality and yield, experiences quality degradation due to vibration stress during postharvest transportation. This study simulated the postharvest transportation vibrations of 'Xuxiang' kiwifruits to investigate the effects on the fruit quality and physiology. Different vibration intensities (0.26, 0.79, and 1.5 m s−2) and durations (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) were applied to analyze the quality, physiological and transcriptomic changes of fruits after vibration stress, as well as the association between quality deterioration, gene networks, and key genes. Results indicated that vibration stress significantly accelerated the deterioration of fruit quality and induced physiological changes. As vibration intensity and duration increased, there was a rapid decrease in fruit firmness and an increase in weight loss, soluble solid content, relative conductivity, ethylene production, respiratory rate, and malondialdehyde levels. The most severe deterioration in fruit quality occurred at a vibration intensity of 1.5 m s−2. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was conducted on samples from different durations of exposure to the 1.5 m s−2 vibration intensity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses identified key genes associated with ethylene metabolism and softening. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and correlation analysis further determined that 24 of these genes were regulated by vibrational stress, impacting ethylene metabolism and cell wall degradation. Vibration stress induced changes in genes related to ethylene metabolism and cell wall degradation, promoting lipid peroxidation and respiratory changes, which compromise cell membrane integrity and lead to quality deterioration. Compared with untreated fruits, vibration stress caused the quality deterioration, physiological changes and transcriptional regulation of kiwifruits, indicating that kiwifruits respond to vibration stress through multiple aspects. It proposes a fresh outlook on the understanding of the mechanism of transport vibration stress and further illustrates the importance of monitoring vibration intensity and duration as well as reducing vibration. • Vibration stress has a marked effect on the quality and physiological features. • As Vibration stress increases, the total mass decreases by a greater factor. • Multiple transcriptional pathways are affected by vibration stress. • Ethylene- and softening-related genes dramatically respond to vibration stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phytohormonal changes in relation to citrus rind disorder was examined postharvest. • Fruit were harvested from inside and outside canopy position of the tree. • Endogenous levels of cytokinins (CK), auxins, isomers and conjugates were analysed. • Cis -zeatin-type CK concentrations were higher in outside canopy fruit postharvest. The role of phytohormones in mitigating or enhancing the incidence of non-chilling rind physiological disorder of citrus fruit is largely unknown. Therefore, this study attempted to elucidate cytokinins (CK) and auxin changes in 'Nules Clementine' mandarin fruit rind from different canopy positions during postharvest non-chilling cold storage regarding rind breakdown disorder (RBD). Fruit from the inside canopy (IC) and outside canopy (OC) positions of citrus trees were harvested at commercial maturity from Eastern Cape (EC) and Western Cape (WC) provinces of South Africa, respectively. Endogenous levels of CK, auxins, their isomers, and conjugates were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) equipped with an electrospray interface. Cis -zeatin-type cytokinins were significantly higher in the OC fruit than in the IC fruit from both provinces during cold storage. Whereas dihydrozeatin concentration (the most abundant CK) was significantly higher in fruit from IC (326.10 and 29.38 nmol kg−1) than in OC (65.75 and 17.72 nmol kg−1) fruit before cold storage, respectively. Fruit without rind disorder had lower CK - conjugates than fruit with the disorder. The IAA concentration was higher in the IC fruit (344.15 nmol kg−1) than in the OC fruit (194.20 nmol kg−1) from EC at week 0 while the IAA concentration of OC fruit from WC was below the limit of detection and IC fruit had 53.20 nmol kg−1 at week 0. Fruit without the disorder had more IAA concentration than fruit with RBD while indole-3-acetylaspartic acid (IAAsp) was higher in fruit with RBD than fruit without the disorder, indicating the preventive role of IAA in the incidence of the disorder. This study is the first to record the negative effect of IAAsp in RBD and revealed the crucial role and synergistic role of CK, IAA and their isomers in RBD of 'Nules Clementine' fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of calcium in fruit ripening has been established, however knowledge regarding the molecular analysis at fruit tissue-level is still lacking. To address this, we examined the impact of foliar-applied calcium (0.5% CaCl 2) in the ripening metabolism in skin and flesh tissues of the sweet cherry 'Tragana Edessis' fruit at the harvest stage. Exogenously applied calcium increased endogenous calcium level in flesh tissue and reduced fruit respiration rate and cracking traits. Fruit metabolomic along with transcriptomic analysis unraveled common and tissue-specific metabolic pathways associated with calcium feeding. Treatment with calcium diminished several alcohols (arabitol, sorbitol), sugars (fructose, maltose), acids (glyceric acid, threonic acid) and increased ribose and proline in both fruit tissues. Moreover, numerous primary metabolites, such as proline and galacturonic acid, were differentially accumulated in calcium-exposed tissues. Calcium-affected genes that involved in ubiquitin/ubl conjugation and cell wall biogenesis/degradation were differentially expressed between skin and flesh samples. Notably, skin and flesh tissues shared common calcium-responsive genes and exhibited substantial similarity in their expression patterns. In both tissues, calcium activated gene expression, most strongly those involved in plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signaling and MAPK signaling pathway, thus affecting related metabolic processes. By contrast, calcium depressed the expression of genes related to TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and starch/sucrose metabolism in both tissues. This work established both calcium-driven common and specialized metabolic suites in skin and flesh cherry tissues, demonstrating the utility of this approach to characterize fundamental aspects of calcium in fruit physiology. [Display omitted] • Exogenously applied calcium reduces respiration rate and cracking symptoms in sweet cherry fruit. • Ca reduces alcohols, sugars and acids whereas increase proline in both fruit tissues. • Gene expression of plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signaling and MAPK signaling increase in Ca treatment. • Genes of TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and starch/sucrose metabolism reduce their expression in Ca treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and is an economically important vegetable crop. However, the crop is very sensitive to adverse weather conditions such as high temperatures and excessive sunlight, which cause flower and young fruit to drop and sunscald to mature fruits. Using protected cultivation such as shade covers or net houses is a feasible agronomic approach to protect the crop from high light intensity, which increases plant growth, reduces fruit damage, and increases marketable fruit yield and quality. Low-cost protected cropping options such as fixed-roof net houses have proved cost-effective and suitable for fruiting vegetable production in semi-arid climatic regions. However, this structure type is unable to protect the crops from rainfall, is prone to cyclone damage and is inflexible to accommodate various vegetable crops which have different requirements for healthy and productive growth. This study was conducted in Carnarvon, which has semi-arid climatic conditions and is a key horticultural district of Western Australia, to compare the Retractable Roof Production System (RRPS) and open field (OF) conditions in the production of capsicum. The data showed that the RRPS modified the internal light, temperature and humidity in favour of the capsicum crop. The RRPS-grown capsicum had higher plant height and lower canopy temperature on hot days than those in the OF. The mean marketable fruit yield of capsicum varieties grown in the RRPS was significantly higher than those in the OF with fruit yields of 97 t ha−1 and 39.1 t ha−1, respectively, but the fruit quality remained unchanged. Overall, the data suggest that the RRPS altered the internal microenvironment and enhanced capsicum crop growth, physiology and fruit yield by setting climatic parameters to automatically control the opening and closing of the roof, the insect net and side curtains, and activation of the fogging system. The future perspective of the deployment of RRPS for capsicum production under climatic conditions in Carnarvon was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to determine the morphological characteristics of 17 references snap melon landraces (Cucumis melo L. momocardica) collected from various district of Allahabad regions validate DUS testing using the Botanical descriptors are based on PPV and FRA DUS guidelines of muskmelon. Of the 34 morphological characters studied, 19 were visually assessed and 15 were measured. Based on fruit length, snap melon landraces are divided into three categories. Short, (no varieties) medium (CAIV-40, CSAK-30), long (almost all breeds are naturally long). Most of the cultivars have a long shape, and the cross-sectional shape of the fruit has been confirmed to be ovate (ASKP-552, KSKP-553, ASTP-554, RSCP-556, KSNP-561, BSKP-562, DSKP-567), elongated globe (ASNP-560, RSCP-564), round (CSAK-39) and oval (SSJP-551, ASKP-555, MSSP-557, BSKP-558, ASTP-563, CAIV-40). The fruit skin color is yellow (BSKP-558, BSKP-562) and yellowish green (ASKP-552, ASKP-554, ASKP-555, MSSP-557, ASTP-559, ASNP-560, RSCP-564) and orange (KSKP-553, RSCP-556, KSNP-561). Sutures on the surface of the fruit have been found to be absent in all snap melon landraces. Regarding fruit surface netting, landraces were grouped as absent netting and moderate netting, while all 17 landraces showed absence of netting on surface. Skin color is cream white (BSKP-558), white (SSJP-551), orange (ASKP-552, KSKP-553, ASTP-554, ASKP-555, RSCP-556, MSSP-557, ASTP-559, KSNP-561, BSRP-562, ASTP-563, RSCP-564, DSKP-567, CAIV-40, ASNP-560, CSAK-39). Seed color was observed to be cream colour (SSJP-551, ASKP-552, KSKP-553, RSCP-556, MSSP-557, ASTP-559, ASNP-560, ASTP-563, CAIV-40 and CSAK-39) and yellowish (ASTP-554, BSKP-558, KSNP-561, BSKP-562, RSCP-564 and DSKP-567). The results showed no intra-breed variation was observed for any of the imaging characteristics examined. Furthermore, the expression of characters in different landraces remained the same for three consecutive years, confirming the homogeneity and stability of the landraces with respect to the visual characteristics. Landraces have been grouped into different categories for each trait based on 34 descriptors. The grouping was done 6 traits as grouping traits, viz. sex [removed] at full bloom), shape of fruit in longitudinal section, color of rind, sutures in rind, surface of fruit and color of flesh. The morphological characterization of the existing landraces has been completed to determine the distinctiveness of the tested landraces from other check varieties in order to use these landraces as a reference for the protection of other varieties, according to PPV & FR laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid movement is rare in the plant kingdom, but a prerequisite for ballistic seed dispersal. A particularly dramatic example of rapid motion in plants is the squirting cucumber ( Ecballium elaterium ) which launches its seeds explosively via a high-pressure jet. Despite intriguing scientists for centuries, the exact mechanism of seed dispersal and its effect on subsequent generations remain poorly understood. Here, through a combination of experimentation, high-speed videography, quantitative image analysis, and mathematical modeling, we develop a full mechanical description of the process. We quantify the turgor pressure driving ballistic ejection, and uncover key mechanical interactions between the fruit and stem both prior to and during seed ejection, including the unique feature that fluid is redistributed from fruit to stem prior to ejection, a developmental event that goes against the paradigm of rapid seed ejection but which is of key importance in successful dispersal for Ecballium . Combining modeling elements, we quantify and simulate the ballistic trajectories of seeds, which are dispersed over distances greater than 2,000 times their length. We demonstrate how together these mechanical features contribute to a nearly uniform distribution of seeds away from the parent plant. Parametric variation of key developmental events in the modeling framework indicates how a suite of adaptive features in combination drives the spatial distribution of offspring over consecutive generations, and suggests that ballistic seed dispersal has a stabilizing effect on population dynamics by reducing intraspecific competition., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Invasive non-native species are one of the main causes of degradation of ecosystems worldwide. The control of invasive species is key to reducing threats to ecosystem viability in the long term. Observations of structural changes in ecological interaction networks following invasive species suppression can be useful to monitor the success of ecological restoration initiatives. We evaluated the structure of plant-bird frugivory interaction networks in a plant community invaded by the guava tree (Psidium guajava L.) by comparing network metrics before and after control actions. Psidium guajava was relevant in all metrics for the unmanaged network in this study, with high degree centrality and high nestedness contribution. Based on the asymmetry of species interactions, we found that birds were highly dependent on the invasive plant before suppression. Once P. guajava trees were eliminated, bird and plant species richness, total number of interactions, and modularity increased, whereas nestedness and interaction strength asymmetry decreased. The diet of the bird community became more diversified once P. guajava was no longer available and relevant species roles in community structure emerged. Our results corroborate the fact that ecological restoration interventions should include the control of non-native plant species that attract frugivorous animals in order to diversify plant-frugivore interactions and thus maintain biodiversity in natural ecosystems., (© 2024 The Ecological Society of America.)

Cyrtosia septentrionalis, an orchid species, is notable for its sausage-shaped red fleshy fruits, which can reach up to 10 cm in length. Previous research identified frugivorous and omnivorous birds, especially the brown-eared bulbul Hypsipetes amaurotis (Pycnonotidae, Passeriformes), as key seed dispersers of C. septentrionalis in natural habitats. This finding challenges conventional belief that orchid seeds are primarily wind-dispersed. Moreover, given the rarity of specialized co-evolutionary relationships between fruits and frugivores, C. septentrionalis may also rely on mammals for seed dispersal in certain regions. We aimed to explore the fruit consumption habits of animals other than birds. Motion sensor-equipped cameras were used to observe interactions with the fruits of C. septentrionalis and assess the viability of seeds post-consumption. The observations revealed three animal species consuming the fruits, with the masked palm civet Paguma larvata (Viverridae, Carnivora) identified as a dominant consumer in the investigated population. Microscopy analysis of seeds retrieved from P. larvata faeces indicated that the seeds remained intact and viable after passing through the digestive system of this carnivorous mammal. The above discovery suggests a potential role for carnivorous mammals in seed dispersal of C. septentrionalis, alongside birds, thus broadening our understanding of the complex seed dispersal strategies employed by orchids., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Fleshy fruit metabolism is intricately influenced by environmental changes, yet the hormonal regulations underlying these responses remain poorly elucidated. ABA and ethylene, pivotal in stress responses across plant vegetative tissues, play crucial roles in triggering fleshy fruit ripening. Their actions are intricately governed by complex mechanisms, influencing key aspects such as nutraceutical compound accumulation, sugar content, and softening parameters. Both hormones are essential orchestrators of significant alterations in fruit development in response to stressors like drought, salt, and temperature fluctuations. These alterations encompass colour development, sugar accumulation, injury mitigation, and changes in cell-wall degradation and ripening progression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent research progress on the roles of ABA and ethylene in responding to drought, salt, and temperature stress, as well as the molecular mechanisms controlling ripening in environmental cues. Additionally, we propose further studies aimed at genetic manipulation of ABA and ethylene signalling, offering potential strategies to enhance fleshy fruit resilience in the face of future climate change scenarios., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), celebrated for its unique flavor and rich nutritional content, is a globally popular fruit. This fruit requires post-harvest ripening before consumption. However, the unpredictable ripening pace significantly impacts consumer acceptance and sales, thereby hindering the commercial growth of kiwifruit. To address this, understanding the key molecular mechanisms and metabolites governing postharvest ripening and senescence could offer valuable insights for developing storage strategies and breeding techniques in yellow-fleshed kiwifruits. We constructed two models that integrated these findings with existing theories. The first model suggests that, unlike the T6P-sucrose regulatory mechanism observed in plant leaves, the separation of harvested kiwifruit from the mother plant leads to an insufficient supply of T6P, which activates the SnRK1 kinase. This, in turn, inhibits the TOR kinase signaling pathway, regulating starch metabolism. The T6P-SnRK1-TOR-starch metabolism pathway plays a regulatory role during postharvest ripening, limiting excessive starch degradation that could accelerate aging and decay in yellow-fleshed kiwifruit. The second model highlights the role of abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), and ethylene in regulating the process, inducing the activation of ERFs and cell wall-degrading enzymes, promoting fruit postharvest softening. These findings indicate that at least two models, the T6P-SnRK1-TOR-starch metabolism model and the ABA-CKs-ethylene-cell wall degradation model, regulate postharvest fruit ripening, offering new insights into the artificial regulation of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit ripening speed., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The authors declare that the experimental research conducted on the plants described in this paper adheres to institutional, national, and international guidelines. The collection of fruits was carried out with full permission from the Jiangxi Academy of Sciences. Sampling was conducted at the Fengxin County Doctor Kiwifruit Base in Yichun City, China (114°45’ E, 28°34’ N), which is managed by the Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, with all necessary authorizations in place. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The evolutionary success of flowering plants is associated with the vast diversity of their reproductive structures. Despite recent progress in understanding angiosperm-wide trends in floral structure and evolution, a synthetic view of the diversity in seed form and function across angiosperms is lacking., Scope: Here we present a roadmap to synthesize the diversity of seed forms in extant angiosperms, relying on the morphospace concept, i.e. a mathematical representation which relates multiple traits and describes the realized morphologies. We provide recommendations on how to broaden the range of measurable traits beyond mass, by using key morphological traits representative of the embryo, endosperm and seed coat but also fruit attributes (e.g. dehiscence, fleshiness). These key traits were used to construct and analyse a morphospace to detect evolutionary trends and gain insight into how morphological traits relate to seed functions. Finally, we outline challenges and future research directions, combining the morphospace with macroevolutionary comparative methods to underline the drivers that gave rise to the diversity of observed seed forms., Conclusions: We conclude that this multidimensional approach has the potential, although still untapped, to improve our understanding of covariation among reproductive traits, and further elucidate angiosperm reproductive biology as a whole., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The most widely cultivated species globally is Actinidia deliciosa cv. 'Hayward'. However, in recent years, consumers have shown greater demand for new varieties with novel flesh colour, flavour and appearance in international markets. To meet these expectations, one breeding study was started in 2016 at the University of Guilan in Iran to develop new kiwifruit cultivars with superior characteristics. In this breeding program, 201 female and 534 male hybrid genotypes were obtained from combinations of six different parents using the controlled cross-breeding technique. The evaluations were carried out over three consecutive stages. In the first stage, 201 female hybrid genotypes and control ('Golden') were evaluated based on 25 phenological and pomological traits. In the second stage, hybrids passed the desired threshold values in 7 key attributes were selected. Sensory testing in the next stage evaluated these selected hybrid genotypes more. As a result of the first stage, 30 hybrid genotypes with fruit weight (90 ≥ g) were selected. Then, in the second stage, 21 hybrids that showed acceptable dry matter, hue angle, flesh firmness, soluble solid content, acidity, and ascorbic acid were selected. Finally, 13 hybrid genotypes received high scores in sensory testing, and just two hybrid genotypes represented a 100% of novelty with positive texture. These genotypes were selected as potential cultivar candidates. In future studies, fruit yield, disease/pest resistance, and post-harvest performance trials of the 13 selected candidates will be evaluated at different sites. Thus, the ones that give the best results will be introduced to kiwifruit growers., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The worldwide cultivated Cucurbita pepo L. is one of the most diverse species in the plant kingdom. In this study, chilling tolerance over a wide range of cultivars was characterized to discover the allelic variants to improving the postharvest quality of the immature fruit during cold storage. For this purpose, fruits from 126 accessions of worldwide origin have been evaluated for weight loss and chilling injury after 3, 7 and 14 days of cold storage, classifying them into tolerant, partially tolerant, and sensitive accessions. To verify this classification, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation (MDA) of contrasting accessions (tolerant vs. sensitive) were assessed. The antioxidant capacity significantly decreased during cold storage in the sensitive accessions, while it was maintained in tolerant accessions. Additionally, the sensitive accessions presented a higher accumulation of MDA during this period. Finally, a GWAS analysis using GBS data available in CuGenDBv2, combined with weight loss percentage data, led to the identification of a candidate QTL located on chromosome 17 that regulates postharvest cold tolerance in zucchini. The region contains four SNPs whose alternative alleles were significantly associated with lower weight loss percentage and chilling injury indices during cold storage. Two SNPs are located in the 3' UTR region of the gene CpERS1, a gene involved in ethylene perception. The other two SNPs generate missense mutations in the coding region of a Pectin methyl esterase inhibitor gene (CpPMI). The role of this QTL and these variants in chilling tolerance is discussed., (© 2024 The Author(s). Physiologia Plantarum published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

Premise: Volatile emissions from flowers and fruits play a key role in signalling to animals responsible for pollination and seed dispersal. Here, we investigated the pollination biology and chemical ecology of reproduction in Apodolirion buchananii, an African amaryllid that flowers in a leafless state soon after grassland vegetation is burnt in the dry late-winter season., Methods: Pollinators were identified through field collection and pollen loads were quantified. Floral traits including spectral reflectance and scent chemistry were documented. Bioassays using cup traps were used to test the function of floral volatiles. Fruiting biology was investigated using controlled hand-pollination experiments and chemical analysis of fruit scent. Seed germination was scored in greenhouse trials. Seed dispersal was monitored using observations and camera trapping., Results: The sweetly scented white flowers of A. buchananii are pollen-rewarding and pollinated mainly by a diverse assemblage of bees. Cup-trap experiments demonstrated that pollinators are attracted to phenylacetaldehyde, the dominant volatile in the floral scent. Plants are shown to be self-incompatible, and the fleshy fruits were found to emerge from the soil six months after pollination during the peak of the summer rains. Fruits emit a diverse blend of aliphatic and aromatic esters and contain large fleshy recalcitrant seeds which germinate within days of fruits splitting open. Seed dispersal by ants was recorded., Conclusions: This first account of the reproductive biology of a species in the genus Apodolirion highlights an outcrossing mating system involving bees attracted to color and scent as well as the unusual fruiting biology and ant-mediated system of seed dispersal., (© 2024 The Author(s). American Journal of Botany published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Botanical Society of America.)

Premise: There are advantages to flowering early in the spring, including greater pollinator fidelity and longer fruit maturation time. But plant phenology has advanced in recent years, making many plants vulnerable to freezing damage from late frosts., Methods: To determine the costs and benefits of flowering early in the growing season, we exposed Prunus pumila plants to two freezing treatments and a delayed flowering treatment in subsequent years. Data were collected on ovary swelling, fruit production, and pollinator visitation on hand- and open-pollinated plants in all treatments. We also measured tissue damage after freeze events., Results: Our results suggest that flowering time and temperature affect reproductive success, with fewer fruits produced after hard freezes. The same was not true for light freezes, which had minimal impact on reproduction. Freezing damage to plants after a hard freeze did affect the number of dipteran pollinators but not the overall pollinator visitation rate. Despite the clear impact of freezing temperatures on plant reproduction, flowering early provided an advantage in that reproductive output decreased with delayed flowering., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Prunus pumila will retain the ability to attract pollinators and produce viable seeds if exposed to false spring conditions that involve a light freeze, but hard freezes may reduce yield by an order of magnitude. Although the advantages to flowering early may outweigh the risk of freezing damage under current conditions, it is possible that flower viability may be constrained under continued climate warming., (© 2024 The Author(s). American Journal of Botany published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Botanical Society of America.)