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In Argentina, two tillage systems are used, conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT). The aim was to determine the ground-dwelling macrofauna taxa and compare the impacts of both NT and CT on their activity density. Samples were taken within wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (August--December) and maize (Zea mays L.) (November--April) crop fields under CT and NT during three cropping seasons (Cycles 1,2, and 3). Ten pitfall traps 10 m apart were placed in each field. Traps were collected every 15 d throughout the crop cycles to determine activity density (individuals plot-1) of soil macrofauna. Invertebrates were counted and identified to the class level; Insecta were further identified to order, family, or species levels. Higher mean total macrofauna activity density was found under NT than CT for Cycle 1 in wheat and Cycles 1 and 3 in maize. Arachnida activity density was higher under NT than CT in only a few crop cycles. Carabidae showed no preference for any tillage system. Orthoptera showed more activity density under NT than CT. The activity density of the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera specimens were higher under CT than NT in some wheat and maize seasons. Diplopoda and Crustacea had higher activity density under NT than CT. In conclusion, the total activity density was consistently greater under NT, but there were differences within taxonomic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study purpose to take a contribution to the Knowledge of circumstance and of consequences in which happen the scholastic incidents. Have been taken into consideration 92 scholastic incidents happened during the school year 83/84 at nursery, primary and secondary schools of the Municipality of Cesena, for a total of 11,856 children and have been compared with 1,185 incidents not scholastic of children with same age, happened in Municipality of Cesena and registered at first aid of the "Bufalini" Hospital of Cesena in months of November-December '83 and March, April, July, August 1984. The frequency of such scholastic and not scholastic incidents results superior at male child and of age more low. The seat of damage of scholastic and not scholastic is prevalently the head for children in age 3-6 years and the limbs for those in age 7-11 and 12-14 years. The type of damage of scholastic and not scholastic incidents are prevalently the wounds-abrasions for children in age 3-6 years and the bruises-luxations-stretchings-distortions for those in age 7-11 and 12-14 years. The 77% of scholastic incidents applies to treatment of first aid, the prognostic opinions of which are not significantly different from those emitted for not scholastic incidents. The scholastic incidents at nursery school happen prevalently in court on the occasion of recreation activities for falling from a play equipment, at primary school in schoolroom or in corridor on the occasion of recreation for push of schoolfellow, at secondary school in palaestra during time of physical education for falling or traumatic contact with the ball.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)