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With around one billion of the world’s population affected, the era of the metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) pandemic has entered the global stage. MAFLD is a chronic progressive liver disease with accompanying metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity which can progress asymptomatically to liver cirrhosis and subsequently to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and for which to date there are almost no approved pharmacologic options. Because MAFLD has a very complex etiology and it also affects extrahepatic organs, a multidisciplinary approach is required when it comes to finding an effective and safe active substance for MAFLD treatment. The optimal drug for MAFLD should diminish steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation in the liver, and the winner for MAFLD drug authorisation seems to be the one that significantly improves liver histology. Saroglitazar (Lipaglyn®) was approved for metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in India in 2020; however, the drug is still being investigated in other countries. Although the pharmaceutical industry is still lagging behind in developing an approved pharmacologic therapy for MAFLD, research has recently intensified and many molecules which are in the final stages of clinical trials are expected to be approved in the coming few years. Already this year, the first drug (Rezdiffra™) in the United States was approved via accelerated procedure for treatment of MAFLD, i.e., of MASH in adults. This review underscores the most recent information related to the development of drugs for MAFLD treatment, focusing on the molecules that have come furthest towards approval.

Introduction: Sleep disorders are among the most common non-motor symptoms in patients with cervical dystonia (CD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and depression. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of sleep disorders in patients with cervical dystonia compared to healthy controls, patients with Parkinson's disease, and patients with depression. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 122 patients (30 control patients, 30 with cervical dystonia, 32 with Parkinson's disease, and 30 with depression). Demographic data were collected. All of them, except for the depression group, were tested for depression and anxiety using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Sleep disorders were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Statistical significance was defined at α=0.05. Results: Patients with cervical dystonia differed from the healthy control group in terms of PSQI score and some subscales. The depression group differed in most PSQI subscales when compared to the patients with Parkinson's disease and cervical dystonia, while the latter two groups of patients differed only in the duration subscale. Patients with Parkinson's disease differed from other groups of patients only in one subscale - daytime sleepiness. Conclusion: Cervical dystonia patients suffer from more sleep disturbances when compared to healthy controls. There are differences in the frequency and extent of sleep disturbances with less pronounced symptoms in patients with cervical dystonia and Parkinson's disease, while patients with depression present the most pronounced symptoms. Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with sleep disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease and cervical dystonia. Patients with cervical dystonia do not experience daytime sleepiness problems.