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Bee diversity and current status of native populations is barely known in cropland from semiarid Sergipe, where fruit production is a growing activity among small farmers. Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is spread among small growers in Canindé de São Francisco and Poço Redondo in Sergipe state, Northeastern Brazil, in semiarid Caatinga, causing landscape change and habitat loss. Available evidences support that cross-pollination provided by bees may increase seed set and fruit production, despite self-pollination. We aimed to access bee richness and abundance within Guava orchard and identify landscape parameters important to these patterns. Survey was conducted in ten Guava orchards during the flowering period (n=10) from May to December 2017. Nine bee species were recorded and the high density and generalist bees Trigona spinipes and Apis mellifera comprised 92% of the flower visitors. No other social native bees were found, and solitary bees were scarce. No significant influence of landscape structure was found for bee richness, while bee abundance was affected by environmental diversity, isolation, and distance to caatinga patches and continuous vegetation reserves. Landscape simplification threatened bee diversity and pollination services. These results highlight the importance of providing bee habitat within farmlands, rearing stingless bees and restoring natural habitats along streams to increase wild bee populations within crops.

Encounters between flowers and invertebrates are key events for the functioning of tropical forests. Assessing the structure of networks composed by the interactions between those partners enables a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and the effects of environmental factors over ecological processes. Gathering such data is, however, costly and time-consuming, especially in the highly diverse tropics. We aimed to provide a comprehensive repository of the available flower-invertebrate interactions information for the Atlantic Forest, a South American tropical forest domain. Data were obtained from published works and "grey literature", such as theses and dissertations, as well as self-reports by co-authors. The data set has ~18 thousand interaction records forming 482 networks, each containing from 1 to 1,061 interaction links. Each network was sampled for about 200 hours or less, with few exceptions. A total of 641 plant genera within 136 different families and 39 orders were reported, with the most abundant and rich families being Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. Invertebrates interacting with these plants were all arthropods from 10 orders, 129 families and 581 genera, comprising 2,419 morphotypes (including 988 named species). Hymenoptera was the most abundant and diverse order with at least six times more records than the second-ranked order (Lepidoptera). The complete data set shows Hymenoptera interacting with all plant orders, also depicting Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera as important nodes. Among plants, Asterales and Fabales had the highest number of interactions. The best sampled environment was forest (~8,000 records), followed by pastures and crops. Savanna, grasslands and urban environments (among others) were also reported, indicating a wide range of approaches dedicated to collect flower-invertebrate data in the Atlantic Forest domain. Nevertheless, most reported data were from forest understory or lower strata, indicating a knowledge gap about flower-invertebrate interactions at the canopy. Also, access to remote regions is still a limitation, generating sampling bias across the geographical range of the Atlantic Forest. Future studies in these continuous and hard to access forested areas shall bring important new information regarding the interactions between flowers and invertebrates at the Atlantic Forest. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set. Please cite this data paper if the data are used in publications and teaching events.

Agricultural intensification negatively affects bird communities, and the response of birds to these changes varies from those that survive and increase their populations (disturb-tolerant species) to those that cannot adapt to new conditions and are regionally extinct (disturb-sensitive species). Thus, the present study sought to investigate the bird community in 39 guava orchards in the semiarid region of the state of Sergipe, northeast Brazil. Field observations were made between July and October 2017, through a one-hour visit to each orchard. Samplings were conducted using the MacKinnon’s List method. In addition to bird sampling, walks were carried out in the orchards to observe nesting. Seventy-six species of birds belonging to 30 families were recorded using the guava orchards. The most frequent species wereVanellus chilensis,Columbina talpacoti,Columbina picui,Crotophaga ani,Pitangus sulphuratusandSporophila albogularis. Of the 186 nests recorded in the orchards, the majority (n = 144 nests; 77.4%) belonged toColumbina picui,Columbina talpacotiandColumbina minuta. The results demonstrate that the bird community in the guava orchards is formed only by disturb-tolerant species, showing that the studied guava orchards are not favorable to the conservation of disturb-sensitive birds of the Caatinga domain.

The consumption of insect pests by birds can result in benefits for the farmer. In this sense, the present study aimed to investigate the consumption of insects by wild birds within guava orchards in the upper Sertão Sergipe. The records were conducted from 15 to 30 November 2018, using the direct observation method. 98 feeding events were recorded for 21 bird species. Among the insects consumed by birds, we highlight the caterpillars and bedbugs of the genus Leptoglossus, considered insects harmful to guava. It is possible that birds can reduce the populations of these insects and help with pest control. However, we recommend that experimental studies be performed for confirmation. The results of this research can also be used to change farmers' perceptions of birds, who normally see birds only as animals harmful to crops.

Land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes are major drivers of biodiversity loss in semi-arid regions, such as the Caatinga biome located in the Northeast of Brazil. We investigated landscape dynamics and fragmentation in an area of the São Francisco Valley in the Brazilian Caatinga biome and measured the effect of these dynamics on ecological, functional and structural connectivity over a 33-year period (1985–2018). We calculated landscape connectivity indices based on graph theory to quantify the effect of further agricultural expansion on ecological connectivity at the landscape scale. We used a multicriteria decision analysis that integrates graph-based connectivity indices at the habitat patch scale, combined with an index of human disturbance to identify patches that, if conserved and restored, preserve the connectivity of the landscape most effectively. In the period studied, agriculture increased at a rate of 2104 ha/year, while native Caatinga vegetation decreased at a rate of 5203 ha/year. Both dense and open Caatinga became more fragmented, with the number of fragments increasing by 85.2% and 28.6%, respectively, whilst the average fragment size decreased by 84.8% and 6.1% for dense and open Caatinga, respectively. If agriculture patches were to expand by a 300 m buffer around each patch, the overall ecological connectivity could be reduced by 6–15%, depending on the species’ (small- to mid-size terrestrial vertebrates) mobility characteristics for which the connectivity indices were calculated. We provided explicit spatial connectivity and fragmentation information for the conservation and restoration of the Caatinga vegetation in the studied area. This information helps with conservation planning in this rapidly changing ecosystem.

2017-2018 Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND programme, and with the funding organisations AEI, NWO, ECCyT and NSF Funding information, Allen-Perkins A, Magrach A, Dainese M, Garibaldi LA, Kleijn D, Rader R, Reilly JR, Winfree R, Lundin O, McGrady CM, Brittain C, Biddinger DJ, Artz DR, Elle E, Hoffman G, Ellis JD, Daniels J, Gibbs J, Campbell JW, Brokaw J, Wilson JK, Mason K, Ward KL, Gundersen KB, Bobiwash K, Gut L, Rowe LM, Boyle NK, Williams NM, Joshi NK, Rothwell N, Gillespie RL, Isaacs R, Fleischer SJ, Peterson SS, Rao S, Pitts-Singer TL, Fijen T, Boreux V, Rundlöf M, Viana BF, Klein AM, Smith HG, Bommarco R, Carvalheiro LG, Ricketts TH, Ghazoul J, Krishnan S, Benjamin FE, Loureiro J, Castro S, Raine NE, de Groot GA, Horgan FG, Hipólito J, Smagghe G, Meeus I, Eeraerts M, Potts SG, Kremen C, García D, Miñarro M, Crowder DW, Pisanty G, Mandelik Y, Vereecken NJ, Leclercq N, Weekers T, Lindstrom SAM, Stanley DA, Zaragoza-Trello C, Nicholson CC, Scheper J, Rad C, Marks EAN, Mota L, Danforth B, Park M, Bezerra ADM, Freitas BM, Mallinger RE, Oliveira da Silva F, Willcox B, Ramos DL, D da Silva E Silva F, Lázaro A, Alomar D, González-Estévez MA, Taki H, Cariveau DP, Garratt MPD, Nabaes Jodar DN, Stewart RIA, Ariza D, Pisman M, Lichtenberg EM, Schüepp C, Herzog F, Entling MH, Dupont YL, Michener CD, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Burns KLW, Vilà M, Robson A, Howlett B, Blechschmidt L, Jauker F, Schwarzbach F, Nesper M, Diekötter T, Wolters V, Castro H, Gaspar H, Nault BA, Badenhausser I, Petersen JD, Tscharntke T, Bretagnolle V, Willis Chan DS, Chacoff N, Andersson GKS, Jha S, Colville JF, Veldtman R, Coutinho J, Bianchi FJJA, Sutter L, Albrecht M, Jeanneret P, Zou Y, Averill AL, Saez A, Sciligo AR, Vergara CH, Bloom EH, Oeller E, Badano EI, Loeb GM, Grab H, Ekroos J, Gagic V, Cunningham SA, Åström J, Cavigliasso P, Trillo A, Classen A, Mauchline AL, Montero-Castaño A, Wilby A, Woodcock BA, Sidhu CS, Steffan-Dewenter I, Vogiatzakis IN, Herrera JM, Otieno M, Gikungu MW, Cusser SJ, Nauss T, Nilsson L, Knapp J, Ortega-Marcos JJ, González JA, Osborne JL, Blanche R, Shaw RF, Hevia V, Stout J, Arthur AD, Blochtein B, Szentgyorgyi H, Li J, Mayfield MM, Woyciechowski M, Nunes-Silva P, Halinski de Oliveira R, Henry S, Simmons BI, Dalsgaard B, Hansen K, Sritongchuay T, O'Reilly AD, Chamorro García FJ, Nates Parra G, Magalhães Pigozo C, Bartomeus I

A presença de aves em agroecossistemas pode aumentar significativamente a produção agrícola e os valores de marcado, por meio, especialmente, do controle de pragas, importante serviço ecossistêmico, mas que não costuma ser percebido pelos agricultores. Deste modo, esta pesquisa buscou investigar e compreender a percepção dos produtores de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) do Alto Sertão sergipano sobre a avifauna silvestre local, a fim contribuir para a conservação da avifauna e para o desenvolvimento de práticas agrícolas mais sustentáveis. Os dados foram coletados de julho de 2017 a março de 2018, por meio de entrevistas estruturadas com 85 produtores de goiaba. Foi citado um total de 50 espécies de aves pelos entrevistados. Cerca de 70% dos produtores entrevistados afirmaram que as aves visitam as plantações para se alimentar das goiabas, causando prejuízos econômicos. Poucos produtores percebem as aves como elementos importantes dentro do sistema agrícola, realizando poucas práticas para sua proteção. Assim, faz-se necessário estimular a percepção positiva dos produtores sobre a interação das aves com o ambiente agrícola, uma vez que esses animais podem fornecer importantes serviços ecossistêmicos (ex., controle de pragas).

Bees foraging strategy is affected by the distribution and abundance of flower resources, mainly nectar and pollen. Homing-time of female Xylocopa cearensis (Ducke) bees to their nests was assessed through a simple translocation method. The hypothesis addressed was that resource distribution in the landscape level influences bee homing time. The study area comprises about 300ha in a sand dune field with patchy shrubs in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The mean homing time after translocation was 60 min (sd = 4.36 min; n= 03), except for one bee that did not returned. The translocation technique was successfully applied to large solitary bees, since they do return to their own nest and can be easily recognized when arriving. Also, bees returned carrying pollen, what suggests foraging activity after translocations. Results evidence landscape functional connectivity since bees were able to move through local habitats. Further studies should address movement cost tradeoffs and its consequences on bee diversity conservation.

Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Carvalheiro, Luísa G. Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro. Departamento de Ecologia; Brasil. Fil: Carvalheiro, Luísa G. Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Ciências. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C); Portugal. Fil: Carvalheiro, Luísa G. Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Países Bajos. Fil: Vaissière, Bernard E. Institut national de la recherche agronomique; Francia. Fil: Gemmill Herren, Barbara. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Italia. Fil: Hipólito, Juliana. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Campus de Ondina. Departamento de Zoologia. Instituto de Biologia; Brasil. Fil: Freitas, Breno M. Universidade Federal do Ceará. Campus Universitário do Pici. Departamento de Zootecnia. Centro de Ciências Agrárias; Brasil. Fil: Ngo, Hien T. Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). UN Campus. IPBES Secretaria; Alemania. Fil: Azzu, Nadine. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Italia. Fil: Sáez, Agustín. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Laboratorio Ecotono; Argentina. Fil: Sáez, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Laboratorio Ecotono; Argentina. Fil: Åström, Jens. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; Noruega. Fil: An, Jiandong. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Institute of Apicultural Research. Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture; China. Fil: Blochtein, Betina. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS); Brasil. Fil: Buchori, Damayanti. Bogor Agricultural University. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Plant Protection; Indonesia. Fil: Chamorro García, Fermín J. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio investigaciones en Abejas (LABUN); Colombia. Fil: Oliveira da Silva, Fabiana. Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Campus do Sertão. Departamento de Educação em Ciências Agrárias e da Terra; Brasil. Fil: Devkota, Kedar. Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science; Nepal. Fil: de Fátima Ribeiro, Márcia. Embrapa Semiárido; Brasil. Fil: Freitas, Leandro. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ); Brasil. Fil: Gaglianone, Maria C. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais; Brasil. Fil: Goss, Maria. University of Zimbabwe. Faculty of Agriculture. Crop Science Department; Zimbabue. Fil: Irshad, Mohammad. National Agricultural Research Centre. Honey Bee Research Institute. Conservation and Management of Pollinators for Sustainable Agriculture through Ecosystem Approach project; Pakistán. Fil: Kasina, Muo. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation-Sericulture; Kenia. Fil: Pacheco Filho, Alípio J. Universidade Federal do Ceará. Campus Universitário do Pici. Departamento de Zootecnia. Centro de Ciências Agrárias; Brasil. Fil: Piedade Kiill, Lucia H. Embrapa Semiárido; Brasil. Fil: Kwapong, Peter. University of Cape Coast. School of Biological Sciences. College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences; Ghana. Fil: Nates Parra, Guiomar. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio investigaciones en Abejas (LABUN); Colombia. Fil: Pires, Carmen. Parque Estação Biológica. Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil. Fil: Pires, Viviane. Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (INEMA)–UR Extremo Sul; Brasil. Fil: Rawal, Ranbeer S. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development; India. Fil: Rizali, Akhmad. University of Brawijaya. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Plant Pest Diseases; Indonesia. Fil: Saraiva, Antonio M. Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Politécnica; Brasil. Fil: Veldtman, Ruan. Kirstenbosch Research Centre. South African National Biodiversity Institute; Sudáfrica. Fil: Veldtman, Ruan. Stellenbosch University. Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Sudáfrica. Fil: Viana, Blandina F. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Campus de Ondina. Departamento de Zoologia. Instituto de Biologia; Brasil. Fil: Witter, Sidia. Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Fepagro Vale do Taquari). Centro de Pesquisa Emílio Schenk; Brasil. Fil: Zhang, Hong. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Institute of Apicultural Research. Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture; China. Ecological intensification, or the improvement of crop yield through enhancement of biodiversity, may be a sustainable pathway toward greater food supplies. Such sustainable increases may be especially important for the 2 billion people reliant on small farms, many of which are undernourished, yet we know little about the efficacy of this approach. Using a coordinated protocol across regions and crops, we quantify to what degree enhancing pollinator density and richness can improve yields on 344 fields from 33 pollinator-dependent crop systems in small and large farms from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. For fields less than 2 hectares, we found that yield gaps could be closed by a median of 24% through higher flower-visitor density. For larger fields, such benefits only occurred at high flower-visitor richness. Worldwide, our study demonstrates that ecological intensification can create synchronous biodiversity and yield outcomes.

The use of Africanised honeybee ( Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) hives to increase pollination success in apple orchards is a widespread practice. However, this study is the first to investigate the number of honeybee hives ha -1 required to increase the production of fruits and seeds as well as the potential contribution of the stingless bee Mandacaia ( Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Lepeletier). We performed tests in a 43-ha apple orchard located in the municipality of Ibicoara (13o24’50.7’’S and 41o17’7.4’’W) in Chapada Diamantina, State of Bahia, Brazil. In 2011, fruits from the Eva variety set six seeds on average, and neither a greater number of hives (from 7 to 11 hives ha -1 ) nor a greater number of pollen collectors at the honeybee hives displayed general effects on the seed number. Without wild pollinators, seven Africanised honeybee hives ha -1 with pollen collectors is currently the best option for apple producers because no further increase in the seed number was observed with higher hive densities. In 2012, supplementation with both stingless bees (12 hives ha -1 ) and Africanised honeybees (7 hives ha -1 ) provided higher seed and fruit production than supplementation with honeybees (7 hives ha -1 ) alone. Therefore, the stingless bee can improve the performance of honeybee as a pollinator of apple flowers, since the presence of both of these bees results in increases in apple fruit and seed number.

Background: Tinea capitis (TC) is a dermatophytosis of the scalp caused by the Trichophyton and Microsporum genera. The condition can be classified according to clinical symptoms or based on mycological presentations observed on direct examination. Treatment is best determined after isolation of the causative agent, with griseofulvin indicated for Microsporum and terbinafine for Trichophyton. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study correlating clinical and mycological classifications with agents isolated from culture of patients seen at a tertiary hospital in São Paulo (Brazil) between May 15, 2017, and January 11, 2019. Results: A total of 23 patients were treated, comprising 19 (83%) with alopecic clinical aspect (14 [60%] trichophytic and five [23%] microsporic) and 4 (17%) with kerion celsi presentation. According to the parasite invasion at the hair shaft, 9 (40%) were endothrix and 14 (60%) were ectothrix cases. Trichophyton tonsurans was isolated from culture in 14 (60%) patients and Microsporum canis in 5 (40%) patients. A statistically significant association was found for mycological classification and agent isolated from culture (P = 0.003) with associations of the endothrix form with T. tonsurans and of ectothrix with M. canis. Conclusions: The mycological classification appears to be a valid method for suggesting the etiological agent of TC.

A polinização é um importante serviço ecológico para o funcionamento dos ecossistemas. É um processo chave na produção de alimentos e na conservação da biodiversidade, pois os polinizadores asseguram a reprodução da maioria das espécies vegetais com flores. Para viabilizar ações que visem a conservação e o uso sustentável dos polinizadores é essencial investir na formação de profissionais para atuarem nesse campo do conhecimento. Nesse contexto, iniciativas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de estratégias pedagógicas inovadoras, que logrem bons resultados em curto espaço de tempo devem ser incentivadas. Os cursos internacionais de campo sobre polinização é uma dessas iniciativas. O curso visa qualificar pesquisadores, docentes de instituições de ensino superior, discentes de pós-graduação e demais profissionais que atuam na área de polinização e/ou que possuem o perfil para atuarem nesta área, como futuros pesquisadores, formadores de recursos humanos e disseminadores de conhecimentos em nível local e/ou regional. O formato original desses cursos foi concebido e desenvolvido pelo Prof. Dr. Peter Kevan, da Universidade de Guelph no Canadá, na década de 90. No Brasil já foram realizadas cinco edições desses cursos, sendo quatro na Bahia (Chapada Diamantina) e uma no Ceará (Limoeiro do Norte). A sexta edição está sendo preparada para novembro de 2010, no Rio Grande do Sul e a sétima para 2011, no Pará. O curso é teórico e prático e tem a duração de duas semanas. A proposta pedagógica e o cronograma do curso serão apresentados neste artigo. Pollination is an important and ecological service for ecosystem function. It is a key process for food production and biodiversity conservation because pollinators mediate reproduction in most flowering plant species. To take practical actions directed to conservation and sustainable management of pollinators, it is essential to invest in training experts with appropriately deep knowledge in the field. In this context, initiatives devoted to improving novel pedagogical strategies that generate highly qualified personnel in a short time must be improved. The international pollination field course is one of such initiatives. The aim of this course is to qualify researchers, professors at higher education institutions, undergraduate and graduate students and other professionals working in the general area of pollination with practical and theoretical skills as future researchers, human resource trainers and disseminators of knowledge in local and/or regional levels. The original format of the course was conceived and developed by Professor Dr. Peter Kevan, from University of Guelph, in Canada, in the 1990’s. In Brazil, the course has been offered five times to date four times in Bahia (Chapada Diamantina) and once in Ceará (Limoeiro do Norte). The sixth presentation is being organized for November 2010, in Rio Grande do Sul state and the seventh for 2011, in Pará state. The course, with both theoretical and practical phases, lasts two weeks. The pedagogical details and chronogram of the course are presented in this article. La polinización es un importante servicio ecológico para el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. Es un proceso clave en la producción de alimentos y en la conservación de la biodiversidad, pues los polinizadores garantizan la reproducción de la mayoría de las especies vegetales con flores. Para viabilizar acciones que busquen la conservación y el uso sostenible de los polinizadores, es esencial invertir en la formación de profesionales que actúen en ese campo del conocimiento. En este contexto, deben ser incentivadas iniciativas dirigidas al desarrollo de estrategias pedagógicas innovadoras, que logren buenos resultados en un corto intervalo de tiempo. Los cursos internacionales de campo sobre polinización son una de esas iniciativas. El curso pretende formar investigadores, docentes de instituciones de educación superior, alumnos de posgrado y demás profesionales que actúan en el área de polinización y/o poseen el perfil para actuar en esta área, como futuros investigadores, formadores de recursos humanos y divulgadores de conocimiento a nivel local y/o regional. El formato original de estos cursos fue concebido y desarrollado por el profesor Dr. Peter Kevan, de la Universidad de Guelph, en Canadá, en la década de 1990. En Brasil han sido realizadas cinco ediciones de estos cursos, cuatro en Bahia (Chapada Diamantina) y una en Ceará (Limoeiro do Norte). La sexta edición está siendo preparada para noviembre de 2010, en Rio Grande do Sul y la séptima para 2011, en Pará. El curso es teórico y práctico y tiene una duración de dos semanas. La propuesta pedagógica y el cronograma del curso serán presentados en este artículo Fil: Viana, Blandina Felipe. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Biología. Departamento de Zoologia. Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas; Brasil. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biomonitoramento; Brasil Fil: Freitas, Breno Magalhães. Universidade Federal do Ceará. Departamento de Zootecnia. Grupo de Pesquisa com Abelhas; Brasil Fil: Silva, Fabiana Oliveira Da. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biomonitoramento; Brasil Fil: Oliveira, Favizia Freitas De. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Depto. de Ciências Biológica. Laboratório de Sistemática de Insetos; Brasil Fil: Galetto, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina Fil: Kevan, Peter G.. Universiy of Guelph. Department of Environmental Biology. Applied Ecology and Anthecology Laboratory; Canadá

To evaluate the role that a trap-nest cover might have on sampling methodologies, the abundance of each species of trap-nesting Hymenoptera and the parasitism rate in a Canadian forest were compared between artificially covered and uncovered traps. Of trap tubes exposed at eight forest sites in six trap-nest boxes, 531 trap tubes were occupied and 1216 individuals of 12 wasp species of four predatory families, Vespidae (Eumeninae), Crabronidae, Sphecidae and Pompilidae emerged over 2 years, and no bee species were found. Results indicated that artificial covering led to a significant increase in the number of nested tubes of Ancistrocerus adiabatus, Ancistrocerus antilope, Ancistrocerus campestris and Auplopus mellipes, and significant effects of covering were not found for the other species. No significant difference in the overall parasitism rate between covered and uncovered traps was noted. These suggested that the covering technique could provide more opportunities for some wasp species to colonize trap nests.

As observações sobre a floração, produção de néctar e abelhas visitantes foram realizadas entre outubro de 1999 e outubro de 2000, em uma população natural de Eriope blanchetii (Benth) Harley (Lamiaceae) distribuída em dunas litorâneas, Salvador (12º56'S, 38º21'W), Bahia. Entre as 15 espécies de abelhas registradas, predominaram aquelas de porte corporal médio e grande. Os polinizadores efetivos são Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1910 e Colletes petropolitanus Dalla Torre, 1896, considerando seu tamanho, comportamento e freqüência nas flores. A floração contínua da população de E. blanchetii e o grau de sincronia, duração e intensidade da floração entre os indivíduos estimula o movimento interplanta e o transporte de pólen pelos polinizadores com diferentes demandas energéticas e comportamento generalista. A deposição de pólen ocorre na região ventral do corpo do polinizador na região que contata as anteras e o estigma durante o forrageio, mas apenas C. petropolitanus transportou exclusivamente pólen de E. blanchetii. O pólen, removido principalmente durante a fase masculina é, posteriormente, depositado em flores com estigmas receptivos durante a fase feminina. Entre maio e outubro de 2000, o volume de néctar variou de 0,01 a 0,98 ml sendo maior na fase masculina (U=2972,5; P0.05) e entre aquelas ensacadas e não ensacadas (U=3632; P>0.05) não foi significativa. O padrão de floração, a produção e acessibilidade do néctar tornam as flores de E. blanchetii atrativas aos seus polinizadores potenciais.

We investigated changes in the communities of trap-nesting Hymenoptera in forests in relation to forest loss on a landscape scale and understory conditions on a local habitat scale. Two specific questions were addressed. (1) Do the communities change with degrees of forest loss? (2) Do the communities change with varying local environmental conditions of understory habitats? The study was made in a landscape characterized by distributed forest patches within intensively managed agricultural surroundings. We deployed trap-nests at eight randomly selected sites in forests in summer. To quantify forest loss, the amount of forest coverage was calculated using GIS. To indicate local habitat conditions, the species richness of understory flowering plants was used. All together, 12 species of wasps and no bees were captured. Regression analyses showed that both abundance and species richness of the wasps were not significantly related to forest coverage. However, abundance of trap-nesting wasps was significantly related to species richness of understory plants, but species richness of the wasps was not significantly related to the plants. These results suggest that communities of trap-nesting wasps in forests are influenced more by the local habitat conditions than by forest loss.

The floral biology, flowering behavior and plant breeding system of C. brachiata were investigated in a coastal sand dune ecosystem (12º55’33”S e 38º20’08”W) in Salvador, Bahia state, Northeast Brazil. The behavior of the predominant visiting bees Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke 1910 and Centris (Centris) leprieuri Spinola 1841 was recorded with the aim of identifying their role as potential pollinators. The corolla is yellow, small, zigomorphic and homogamic. Anthesis is diurnal and longevity reaches ca 2 d (n=58); flowering synchrony is low (0.43) at the population level, resulting in a long flowering period. Mean nectar volume for first (2.13 ± 0.93 mL, n=27) and second day (0.96 ± 0.60 mL, n=26) flowers differed significantly (t=5.741, p

p.13-25 Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-07-29T15:04:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 a03v29n1.pdf: 278111 bytes, checksum: 20b73d4490bfaa672b4a077746249dc0 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles (rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-11-03T14:55:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 a03v29n1.pdf: 278111 bytes, checksum: 20b73d4490bfaa672b4a077746249dc0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-03T14:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 a03v29n1.pdf: 278111 bytes, checksum: 20b73d4490bfaa672b4a077746249dc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 A comunidade de plantas visitadas por abelhas foi estudada em um fragmento de 8,2 ha na Área de Proteção Ambiental das Lagoas e Dunas de Abaeté, Salvador, Bahia (12º56 S e 38º21 W). Entre janeiro e dezembro de 1996, três vezes ao mês, as plantas floridas eram amostradas, registrando-se para cada espécie o período de floração, hábito e características florais como: cor, forma, sexualidade, simetria, deiscência das anteras e recurso oferecido ao visitante. O tipo de vegetação local é a restinga, composta principalmente por arbustos e subarbustos. Foram observadas 97 espécies vegetais e a família Fabaceae foi a mais rica em número de espécies. Das espécies observadas, 66 foram visitadas por abelhas, sendo que 12 delas foram predominantemente visitadas (79,4% do total de indivíduos). Waltheria cinerescens St. Hilaire e Byrsonima microphylla A. Juss. foram as espécies mais abundantes. Os recursos florais estiveram disponíveis ao longo de todo o ano, havendo maior produção de flores nos meses de menor precipitação. A maioria das flores esteve aberta durante todo o dia. Predominaram flores actinomorfas (63%), monóclinas (89%), pequenas, tubulares e reunidas em inflorescências, cujas cores mais freqüentes são lilás (32%) e creme (31%). A maioria era melitófila (85%), significando que as abelhas são, provavelmente, os principais responsáveis pela reprodução sexual das espécies vegetais nessas dunas.

The floral biology of the sand dune shrub Eriope blanchetii (Benth) Harley was investigated in a wild population located within an environment protection area near Salvador, NE Brazil. Inflorescence and flower development were monitored, and the reproductive biology was assessed. Inflorescences are terminal panicles, each bearing from one to 38 small, zygomorphic flowers. The duration of an inflorescence is about 2 months, with few new flowers each day. The rewards to visitors are pollen and nectar, the latter being produced in small quantities at the corolla base, near the stylopodium. Three sequential phases of flower development were identified, based on colour changes, pollen and nectar availability, and stigmatic receptivity. Anthesis takes place throughout the day within each plant, and flowers are strongly protandrous. Flowers are short-lived, with individual variations of 7-30 h until corolla abscission. This variation is probably associated to a post-pollinating response, which reduces the length of the female phase and could be advantageous for the economy of nectar production and for increased efficient pollination of the remaining flowers on a plant. The results of the pollination tests (apomixis, spontaneous and manual autogamy, manual cross-pollination, and control) reinforced the role of pollinators for the reproductive success of E. blanchetii , given that the production of fruits from spontaneous pollination is unlikely to be resulting from protandry and given the morphological floral features. Taken together, the morphological and physiological aspects of E. blanchetii floral biology favour cross-pollination, and it is likely that most of the fruits in nature are produced by outcrossing.

The study was carried out in a 8.2 ha area in an environmental protection area of tropical sea coastal sand dune with "restinga" vegetation in Salvador, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. A total of 1760 bees of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke, 1910 were netted during the whole year on flowers of 43 plant species belonging to 26 botanic families. The majority of the individuals (79%) concentrated their foraging activity in five plant species. Individuals foraged all day long being the greatest activity between 8 h and 14 h. Similar proportions of young and old bees were sampled over the year. The density of substrates used for nesting was 4.56/ha. In total, 94% of the nests were found in branches of Agaristha revoluta (Spr.) DC. (Ericaceae). The great occurrence (68.7%) of old perforations indicates that the nests were used twice or more times by bees.

The spatial distribution, density and the types of the substrates used by Xylocopa (Megaxylocopa) frontalis Olivier, X. (Schoenherria) subcyanea Perez and X. (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke, in a sea coastal sand dune, in Bahia, Brazil, were determined. Both the substrate available and those effectively used by the bees for nesting have a clumped spatial distribution. The distribution of the nesting sites could be related to the clumped spatial distribution of the available substrates. The highest occurrence of nests was found of a living individual of Agaristha revoluta (Spr.) DC, which was the substrate predominantly available. The density of available substrates and the density of nesting sites were 12.4/ha and 4.4/ha, respectively.

The architecture and biology of Euplusia mussitans (Fabricius, 1787) nests were investigated, using trap nests made by wood, which were randomly distributed in a fragment of a coastal sand dunes, in Salvador, Bahia. Brazil (12º56'S and 38º21'W). 10 nests were found in cavities with 1.5 cm in diameter. From them emerged 10 females and 16 males (Sex ratio = 0,38). The nest cells were made of small pieces of bark cemented together with resin. The number of cells in the nests varied from 2 to 4, with females cells at the inner end and males cells towards the entrance. No significant difference was observed (t= 0.7274, P > 0.05) between the medium size for males (6.3 mm ± 0.16) and for females (6.4 mm ± 0.29). The development time of females was longer than males.

For many years, trap nests have been used to study hole-nesting bees and wasps (aculeate Hymenoptera) and to monitor their diversity and abundance (Krombein 1967; Danks 1971; Godfrey and Hilton 1983; Frankie et al. 1998). Trap nests are valuable for environmental assessment (Tscharntke et al. 1998) and for agriculture through improved pollination by bees (Bosch 1994; Stubbs et al. 1997; Hallett 2001) and biological control by wasps (Harris 1994). Frankie et al. (1988) indicated that shaded environments might be preferred habitats for some solitary bees that use tree holes for nesting. Shading could offer protection from natural enemies as well as wind, rain, and sunlight, resulting in stabilized humidity and temperature. As far as we are aware, ours is the first experimental study to consider the effect of shading of trap nests.

Apresentamos os primeiros registros sobre a biologia da polinizacao de Jacquemontia montana (Moric.) Meisn. (Convolvulaceae), uma trepadeira com ampla distribuicao na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) caracterizar a morfologia e biologia floral; (2) amostrar os visitantes; e (3) inferir os possiveis polinizadores, baseando-se no comportamento de forrageio. Observacoes e amostragens foram conduzidas em duas manchas das 8:00 as 15:30 horas, nos dias 15 e 16 de maio de 2007. A corola e amarela, tem forma de disco, pentâmera, gamopetala, actinomorfa. A corola exposta tem largura media de 22,43 ± 1,81 mm. A receptividade estigmatica ocorre das 8:00 as 15:30 horas e a viabilidade polinica das 9:00 as 15:30 horas, se sobrepondo fortemente. O polen, porem, apresentou forte declinio em numero, devido a retirada pelos visitantes, mas nao em viabilidade durante a antese. Insetos nectarivoros (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera) e herbivoros (Orthoptera) visitaram as flores. Hymenoptera incluiu representantes das familias Formicidae (formigas) e Halictidae (Dialictus spp.). Machos e femeas de Dialictus spp. foram os visitantes mais frequentes. O comportamento e duracao das visitas dessas abelhas variaram conforme o recurso coletado (i.e., polen ou nectar). As especies de Dialictus foram os polinizadores potenciais de J. montana, considerando sua frequencia, contato com orgaos reprodutivos, e pelo fato de carregar apenas polen de J. montana na superficie ventral do torax, abdome e pernas. Embora nao tenha sido quantificado, o nectar deve estar disponivel ate o final da tarde, considerando o comportamento das abelhas nas flores nesse periodo. A relacao polen:ovulo, no valor de 1.200:4, sugere a ocorrencia de xenogamia facultativa.

As espécies melitófilas de uma área de caatinga foram caracterizadas quanto à morfologia e recursos florais, floração e abelhas visitantes. As coletas foram realizadas, durante quatro dias consecutivos, em fevereiro, abril, junho, agosto, outubro e dezembro/2000 (10º47'37'S e 42º49'25'W). A área foi percorrida das 06:00 às 17:00 h, seguindo dois transectos paralelos (com 450 m × 100 m e 550 m × 100 m) e distando 50 m entre si, abrangendo 10 ha. As 42 espécies melitófilas identificadas (55% da flora local) foram visitadas por 2.924 indivíduos de 41 espécies abelhas. As famílias Caesalpiniaceae e Malpighiaceae foram as mais visitadas. As espécies predominantemente visitadas por 35 espécies de abelhas, correspondendo a 78% do total de indivíduos foram: Byrsonima blanchetiana Miq., Copaifera coriacea Mart., Senna macranthera, Peltogyne pauciflora Benth., Senna gardneri (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Serjania comata, Mouriri pusa (Gardner), Jatropha mutabilis (Pohl.) Baill., Maytenus rigida Mart. e Turnera calyptrocarpa Urb. (24% da flora apícola). A produção de flores dessas espécies representou 95% do total. Em geral, os aspectos básicos da morfologia floral das espécies: pequenas, dispostas em inflorescências, zigomorfas, de cores alva e rosa, monoclinas e com deiscência longitudinal das anteras, não diferiram em relação à flora local, corroborando o seu caráter generalista. O predomínio de interações generalistas deve-se à abundância local de abelhas eussociais nativas (Meliponinae) e Apis mellifera. Embora a produção de flores tenha sido maior na estação chuvosa, as abelhas foram mais abundantes no período seco, indicando que o recurso não limitou a atividade das abelhas. As plantas do estrato arbustivo e herbáceo floresceram mais intensamente no período seco e chuvoso, respectivamente, gerando um grau de compartimentalização no padrão de uso dos recursos pelas abelhas. Esse padrão pode favorecer a manutenção das abelhas solitárias, de pequeno porte, incapazes de competir eficientemente com abelhas eussociais com alta capacidade de comunicação e exploração dos recursos mais abundantes como Apis mellifera. Os resultados indicaram que não apenas a composição florística, mas a estratificação e a forte sazonalidade da floração foram determinantes da composição e do padrão local de uso de recursos pelas abelhas em caatinga. The plant species in an area of caatinga vegetation (10º47'37'S and 42º49'25'W) were surveyed to identify flower morphology, available floral resources, flowering characteristics, and visiting bee species. Collections were made for four consecutive days in February, April, June, August, and December/2000. The area was surveyed between 06:00 and 17:00 h by following two parallel transects (450 m × 100 m and 550 m × 100 m), 50 m apart (total of 10 hectares). The 42 plant identified (55% of the local flora) were visited by a total of 2924 bees belonging to 41 species. The plant families Caesalpiniaceae and Malpighiaceae were the most frequently visited. The plant species most often visited by 35 species of bees (78% of the total number of bees surveyed) were: Byrsonima blanchetiana Miq., Copaifera coriacea Mart., Senna macranthera, Peltogyne pauciflora Benth., Senna gardneri (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Serjania comata, Mouriri pusa (Gardner), Jatropha mutabilis (Pohl.) Baill., Maytenus rigida Mart. and Turnera calyptrocarpa Urb. (24% of the total bee flora). These plant species were responsible for 95% of total flower production during the study period. Generally, the basic floral morphology of these species consisted of small, white to pink, zygomorphic flowers displayed in inflorescences, monoclinous, with longitudinal anthers dehiscence; this morphology was very similar to that of the flora, suited to generalist pollinators. The predominance of generalist interactions reflects the local abundance of stingless bees (Meliponinae) and Apis mellifera. Although flower production was greatest during the rainy season, bees were more abundant during the dry season. This indicates that bee activity was not limited by the availability of floral resources. Plants of the shrub stratatum flowered more intensely during the dry season, while herbaceous plants did so during the rainy season. This created a degree of compartmentalization of floral resources for the bees. This flowering pattern tends to favor small, solitary bees that cannot compete efficiently with eusocial bees (such as Apis mellifera) that have great capacity for communication and for exploiting the most abundant resources. The results indicate that it is not only the composition of the floral resources, but also the stratification and strong seasonal nature of flowering that influences the composition and local use by bees in caatinga vegetation.

Neurosurgical patients may present motor, sensitive and balance impairment and increased risk of falling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fall-related risk factors and the incidence of falls in the pre and post-operative period of neurosurgical patients. A prospective cohort study with a research population of patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. Ninety-seven patients took part in the study. Eight (8.2%) have presented falls with a total of 12 falls (12.4%). In two falls (16.7%), bed side rails were down, whereas in six falls (50%), beds had no rails at all. There was no difference among fall-related risk factors during pre and the post-operative periods. We have concluded that most falls could have been prevented through an improvement in the hospital internal structure and with the introduction of a falls prevention program. Los pacientes en neurocirugía pueden presentar deficiencias motoras, sensitivas y del equilibrio, lo cual aumenta el riesgo de caídas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los factores de riesgo y la incidencia por caídas en pacientes de neurocirugía durante el pre-operatorio y post-operatorio. Estudio de cohorte prospectivo, en donde se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a cirugías intra-craneanas y raquídeo-medulares. Participaron del estudio noventa y siete pacientes, de los cuales ocho (8,2%) tuvieron caídas, totalizando 12 (12,4%) caídas. En 2 (16,7%) de las caídas, ocurridas durante el estudio, las barandas no estaban colocadas en la cama y en 6 (50%) de ellas, la cama no tenía barandas. No se evidenció diferencia entre los factores de riesgo para las caídas en los pacientes durante el pre-operatorio y post-operatorio. Concluimos que la mayoría de las caídas podrían haber sido prevenidas, a través de una mejor estructura hospitalaria, así como con la implementación de programas de prevención para caídas. O paciente neurocirúrgico pode apresentar déficits motores, sensitivos e de equilíbrio, aumentando o risco de queda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco e a incidência de queda em pacientes neurocirúrgicos durante o pré e pós-operatório. Estudo de coorte prospectivo, onde foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a cirurgias intracranianas e raquimedulares eletivas. Noventa e sete pacientes participaram do estudo, sendo que oito (8,2%) apresentaram queda, totalizando 12 (12,4%) quedas. Em 2 (16,7%) quedas ocorridas, neste estudo, as camas apresentavam as grades abaixadas e em 6 (50%) delas a cama não possuía grades. Não houve diferença entre os fatores de risco para queda no paciente no pré e no pós-operatório. Conclui-se que a maioria das quedas poderiam ter sido prevenidas com a melhoria da estrutura hospitalar e com a implementação de programa de prevenção de quedas.

Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith é uma espécie nativa de abelha solitária, multivoltina com ampla distribuição na região Neotropical. Visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre os hábitos de nidificação dessa espécie, aspectos da biologia e da arquitetura de seus ninhos foram investigados em um fragmento de dunas litorâneas, em Salvador, Bahia, (12° 56' S e 38° 21' W), utilizando-se ninhos-armadilha, confeccionados em madeira, distribuídos ao acaso. Nidificações ocorreram em ninhos-armadilha de 0,8 e 1,0 cm de diâmetro, sendo que este último foi o mais utilizado pelas abelhas (68,75%). Cada ninho possuía de seis a oito células construídas com uma mistura de areia e uma substância aglutinante, provavelmente resina ou óleo. Foram obtidos 16 ninhos, dos quais emergiram 55 machos e 49 fêmeas (razão sexual = 1: 0,89). As fêmeas são produzidas nas primeiras células construídas e os machos nas últimas. O tamanho de machos ( x = 3,94 ± 0,13 mm) e fêmeas (x = 4,52 ± 0,11 mm) diferem significativamente (t = 1,679; P < 0,05), sendo os machos menores do que as fêmeas. De modo geral os aspectos estruturais dos ninhos investigados nesse trabalho assemelham-se àqueles obtidos em estudos realizados com essa espécie em outros ecossistemas. Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith is an indigenous solitary bee multivoltine widespread on Neotropical region. The aim of this study was to analyse aspects of its biology and structure of nests were investigated using traps nests made by wood, which were randomly distributed in a coastal sand dune environment, in Bahia, Brazil ( 12° 56' S e 38° 21' W). Nests were found in trap nests of 0.8 and 1.0 cm in diameter, but the latter was mostly used by females (68.7%). The bees constructed their nests with sand mixed with a substance, probably wax or oil. Completed nests had six to eight cells separated by a space filled with those mixture. From the 16 nests obtained, 55 males and 49 females emerged (sex ratio = 1: 0.89). The innermost cells of the nests produced females and the outermost cells males. Females were significantly (t = 1.679; P < 0.05) larger (x = 4.52 ± 0.11 mm) than males ( x = 3.94 ± 0.13 mm), and no dimorphism in males was found. In general the structural aspects of the nests presented in this work agree with the data found to the same species from others ecosystems.

Aspects of nesting biology of Euplusia mussitans Fabricius (Hyme­noptcra, Apidac, Euglossini). The architeeture and biology of Euplusw mussitans (Fabricius, 1787) nests were investi gated, using trap nests made by wood, whieh were randomly distributed in a fragment of a coastal sand dunes, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (12°56'S and 38"2I 'W). 10 nests were found in eavities with 1.5 em in diameter. From them emerged 10 females and 16 males (Sex ratio = 0,38). The nest eells were made of small pieces of bark cemented together with resin . The number of cells in the nests varied from 2 to 4, with females cells at the inner end and males cells towards the entrance. No signifieant differenee was observed (t= 0.7274, P> 0.05) between the medium size for males (6.3 mm ± 0.16) and for females (6.4 mm ± 0.29). The development time of females was longer than males. KEY WORDS. Euglossini, Euplusia l1Iussirans, bees, nests, trap nests, biology De um modo geral, conhece-se pouco acerca da biologia dos Euglossini, havendo informacoes quanto a arquitetura de ninhos, para um numero reduzido de especies (SAKAGAMI & STURM 1965; SAKAGAMI & MICHENER 1965; ZUCCHI etal. 1969; MYERS & LOVELESS 1976; KIMSEY 1982; GARoFALO et aI. 1993; PERUQUE­TIl & CAMPOS 1997). Isso deve-se, principalmente, a dificuldade em localizar ninhos naturais desse grupo no campo. Em um estudo realizado nas dunas litorâneas de Abaete, Salvador, Bahia, sobre a comunidade de Apoidea, foram utilizados diferentes metodos de monitora­mento, dentre os quais iscas odores e ninhos-armadilha. Durante um periodo de 12 meses, a cada 10 dias, em que foram utilizadas as iscas odores, Euplusia mussitans (Fabricius, 1787) nao foi coletada. Entretanto, utilizando-se a tecnica de ninhos-armadilha, amplamente empregada por varios autores (KROMBEIN 1967; CAMILLO et aI. 1995; FRANKIE et ai. 1998; MORA TO & CAMPOS 2000), no levantamento da fauna de vespas e de abelhas solitarias que nidificam em cavidades pre-existentes, foram obtidos 19 ninhos dessa especie (VIANA et ai. 2001). Tendo sido essa, a segunda especie mais abundante durante o periodo amostraI. Desses ni nhos obtidos, 10 foram levados para estudo em labora­torio. 1) Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia. 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. E-mai!: blande@ .ulba.br 2) Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal da Bahia. 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Bolsista da CAPES.

A estrutura da comunidade das espécies de abelhas que nidificam em cavidades pré-existentes foi sistematicamente investigada por um período de dois anos (maio/97 a abril/99), em um fragmento de dunas litorâneas na Área de Proteção Ambiental das Lagoas e Dunas de Abaeté, Salvador, Bahia (12º56'S; 38º21'W). A técnica de amostragem utilizada foi a de ninhos-armadilha, distribuídos no campo ao acaso, em blocos com 16 ninhos, com diâmetros variáveis, à altura de 1,5 m do solo. Os ninhos eram inspecionados quinzenalmente. Foram fundados 62 ninhos pertencentes a sete espécies de abelhas. Duas espécies predominaram na área, Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (58% do total de ninhos fundados), seguida por Euplusia musitans Fabricius (31%). Em geral, houve flutuação sazonal nas abundâncias de abelhas e variação nas freqüências totais de nidificação entre os dois anos de amostragem. As duas espécies predominantes apresentaram diferentes padrões sazonais. Houve sempre ninhos-armadilha disponíveis no campo para as abelhas, que usaram apenas 14% do total oferecido. The community structure of cavities-nesting solitary bees species was systematically investigated over two years, from May/97 to April/99, in a fragment of tropical sand dune, Salvador, Bahia (12º56'S; 38º21'W), Northeast of Brazil. Trap nests were placed randomly in the area, in blocks with 16 nests, with variable diameter at a height of 1.5 m. Traps were inspected each 15 days. Seven bee species established 62 nests. Two species were predominant in the area, Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (58% of the total of established nests) followed by Euplusia musitans Fabricius (31%). In general, bees' abundance showed seasonal fluctuations. The total frequencies of nesting varied between the two years of sampling. The two predominant species presented different seasonal patterns. There were always trap nests available in the field for the bees. Just 14% of the available nests were occupied.

A produção mundial de alimentos possui um trade-off, ou conflito de escolha, de grande relevância. Este conflito se dá porque as grandes áreas agrícolas são altamente produtivas, porém exaurem os recursos naturais que tornam possível essa alta produção. O modo de cultivo característico dos agronegócios prejudica a fertilidade do solo, a qualidade da água, a disponibilidade de polinizadores, e até mesmo a diversidade genética dos vegetais, que ajuda a manter a segurança alimentar. Dessa forma, este tipo de agricultura causa sérias perdas ecossistêmicas a longo prazo, prejudicando a própria produção de alimentos. Busca-se então encontrar meios financeiramente viáveis e ambientalmente amigáveis de produção de alimentos. Sendo assim, com este trabalho objetivamos realizar uma avaliação socioeconômica e estrutural da paisagem para a região do corredor Cantareira-Mantiqueira de forma a identificar maneiras de fomentar cultivos amigáveis ao meio ambiente. Pretendemos ainda ter em foco os efeitos da estrutura da paisagem nos serviços ecossistêmicos. Para tanto, utilizamos a aplicação de questionários realizados com produtores rurais da região de estudo, além de dados sobre a diversidade de visitantes florais e características da paisagem. Além disso, realizamos análises de dinâmica da paisagem para compreender seu processo de uso e ocupação do Solo, além de uma simulação para o ano de 2027. As análises socioambientais mostraram um forte componente cultural nas decisões de plantio dos produtores, sendo um efeito a ser considerado para aplicação de políticas de incentivo à agricultura amigável ao meio ambiente. A região mostra um tipo de dinâmica que propicia a adoção de estratégias de planejamento focadas em land sharing. Pequenos cultivos familiares adjacentes à áreas de floresta parecem representar vantagens para a manutenção da produção agrícola sem perder os serviços ecossistêmicos necessários ao cultivo. No entanto, salientamos a importância da manutenção das áreas de floresta nativa, que são fonte de recursos para polinizadores e mantém os serviços ecossistêmicos regionais. Sendo assim, um planejamento da área em questão deve considerar suas características particulares e seu contexto para que se possa obter cenários positivos tanto para os ambientes cultivados quanto para a biodiversidade local. World food production has a major trade-off. This conflict occurs because the large agricultural areas are highly productive, but cause exhaustion of the natural resources that make this high production possible. The cultivation mode characteristic of agribusiness threatens soil fertility, water quality, pollinators availability, and even plant genetic diversity, which helps to maintain food security. Thus, this type of agriculture causes serious long-term ecosystem losses, damaging the food production itself. So, scientists try to find financially viable and environmentally friendly means of food production. Thus, with this work we aim to carry out a socioeconomic and structural assessment of the landscape for the Cantareira-Mantiqueira corridor region in order to identify ways to foster environmentally friendly crops. We also intended to focus on the effects of landscape structure on ecosystem services. For this, we used the application of questionnaires conducted with farmers in the study region, as well as data on the diversity of floral visitors and landscape characteristics. In addition, we performed landscape dynamics analyses to understand the area\'s land use/cover and occupation process, as well as a simulation for the year 2027. The socio-environmental analysis showed a strong cultural component in the farmers\' planting decisions, being an effect to be considered to apply environmentally friendly agriculture incentive policies. The region shows a kind of dynamic that allows the adoption of planning strategies focused on land sharing. Small family farms adjacent to forested areas seem to be beneficial for maintaining agricultural production without losing the ecosystem services needed for cultivation. However, we reinforce the importance of maintaining native forest areas, that are a source of resources for pollinators and maintain regional ecosystem services. Therefore, planning the studied landscape should consider its particular characteristics and context so that positive scenarios can be obtained for both cultivated environments and local biodiversity.