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Cet article théorique pense les conditions propices à l’émancipation dans le coaching à partir de la perspective complexe de la psychosociologique et de la sociologie clinique. Ce cadre permet de présenter le système organisationnel contraint dans lequel le coaching s’insère comme un enchevêtrement de tensions contradictoires qui forment des nœuds, avec lesquels il s’agit de composer pour s’en dégager. Cet article contribue à consolider les bases conceptuelles de la discipline du coaching encore sous-théorisée, et propose aux praticiens une grille analytique, ainsi que quatre capacités clés susceptibles de soutenir le travail émancipatoire du coaché par le coaching.

The incorporation of empathic systems in everyday life draws a lot of attention from society. Specifically, the use of wearables to perform stress regulation is a growing field of research. Among techniques explored, the haptic emulation of lowered physiological signals has been suggested to be promising. However, some discrepancies remain in empirical research focusing on such biofeedback (BF) regarding their efficacy, and the mechanisms underlying the effects of these wearables remains unclear. Moreover, the influence of individual traits on the efficiency of BF has been marginally studied, while it has been shown that personality could impact both stress and its regulation. The aim of this study is to investigate the outcome of interactions with these technologies from a psycho-physiological standpoint, but also to explore whether personality may influence its efficiency when other interaction devices are present. Participants had to play a challenging game while a lowered haptic BF of their heart rate was induced on their wrist. Results showed variable efficiency of the wearable among the participants: a subjective relaxation was evident for the participants exhibiting the highest neurotic and extraverted traits score. Our results highlight the plurality of the modes of action of these techniques, depending on the individual and on the level of stress to regulate. This study also suggests that tailoring these regulation methods to individual characteristics, such as personality traits, is important to consider, and proposes perspectives regarding the investigation of stress and regulation systems embedded in wearables.

Base sur l’etude de quatre organisations autogerees, cet article donne a voir les pratiques atypiques et audacieuses de ces structures de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire qui restent tres peu etudiees et documentees, tout en soulignant les diverses limites qu’elles rencontrent. Les principes ahierarchiques, egalitaristes et solidaires qu’elles promeuvent donnent ainsi lieu a des pratiques organisationnelles et de GRH innovantes tant en termes de gouvernance, de culture d’entreprise, d’organisation du travail, de recrutement, de formation ou de remuneration. Nous proposons ici d’en souligner l’originalite a l’aide des configurations organisationnelles de Mintzberg (1986) et des conventions de GRH qui s’y rattachent (Pichault et Nizet, 2013). Nous montrerons ainsi que leur puissante culture organisationnelle axee sur une decentralisation radicale les place a la croisee des configurations missionnaire, adhocratique et professionnelle. L’articulation de ces trois conventions/configurations est ainsi au fondement de la specificite de ces structures et de pratiques de GRH originales, qui soulevent neanmoins de nombreux points de vigilance.

L’experience de la transition de carriere de cadres vers le coaching constitue une bifurcation. Dans une perspective foucaldienne, nous en analysons le processus de subjectivation sous-jacent sur la base de 25 recits de vie. Cette etude exploratoire montre que des effets de la carriere comme dispositif de pouvoir relevent d’un fort investissement, des difficultes et des dissonances au travail. Ceux-ci nourrissent une saturation (voire une fatigue) et une prise de conscience. Le vecu de cette bifurcation comme crise les conduit au coaching. L’analyse de ce processus complexe justifie la perspective sociologique de la bifurcation par-dela la normativite des modeles gestionnaires de carriere. Notre theorisation emergente constitue un support reflexif indispensable aux aspirants a devenir coach ainsi qu’un outil de gestion des transitions de carriere et une aide au recrutement des coachs pour les DRH.

We introduce LightOn's Optical Processing Unit (OPU), the first photonic AI accelerator chip available on the market for at-scale Non von Neumann computations, reaching 1500 TeraOPS. It relies on a combination of free-space optics with off-the-shelf components, together with a software API allowing a seamless integration within Python-based processing pipelines. We discuss a variety of use cases and hybrid network architectures, with the OPU used in combination of CPU/GPU, and draw a pathway towards "optical advantage"., Proceedings IEEE Hot Chips 33, 2021

Mind-wandering (MW) has a negative impact on tasks requiring sustained and divided attention like driving. During MW, drivers experience perceptual decoupling. As driving is mainly a visual activity, it would seem to be appropriate to evaluate stages of visual information processing impaired during MW, using event-related potential techniques. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the level of attention devoted to driving impacted visual information processing and reaction time. The findings showed reductions in visual N1 and P3 amplitudes while driving and longer reaction times during periods of self-reported MW. This suggests that drivers can become detached from their environment by redirecting their attention to their personal thoughts and some of their cognitive resources may be consumed to feed internal trains of thought. In the future, investigating off-task characteristics might be useful in better understanding the impact of MW in car crashes.

Driver internal state, including emotion, can have negative impacts on road safety. Studies have shown that an anger state can provoke aggressive behavior and impair driving performance. Apart from driving, anger can also influence attentional processing and increase the benefits taken from auditory alerts. However, to our knowledge, no prior event-related potentials study assesses this impact on attention during simulated driving. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of anger on attentional processing and its consequences on driving performance. For this purpose, 33 participants completed a simulated driving scenario once in an anger state and once during a control session. Results indicated that anger impacted driving performance and attention, provoking an increase in lateral variations while reducing the amplitude of the visual N1 peak. The observed effects were discussed as a result of high arousal and mind-wandering associated with anger. This kind of physiological data may be used to monitor a driver's internal state and provide specific assistance corresponding to their current needs.; Impact de la colère sur les potentiels évoqués durant une tâche de conduite

Background Although walking without vision seems to carry a high cognitive cost, few studies have measured the cognitive load involved in this activity in blind people. The aim of this study was to assess the cognitive load of walking in blind people, using gait analysis, a dual task paradigm and a subjective assessment of cognitive load. Methods In a quantitative quasi-experimental design, 25 blind adults walked 40 meters. In one trial, participants walked normally (control condition). In another, they walked while performing an auditory simple reaction time task, and in the third trial they walked, performed the simple reaction time task and avoided obstacles. In addition to the simple reaction time task performance, walking speed was recorded, and participants provided a subjective assessment of cognitive load after each trial. Performance of participants aged less than 60 years were compared with those aged over than 60 years. Results Walking significantly reduced performance of the simple reaction time task; carrying out the simple reaction time task while walking significantly reduced walking performance and increased the subjective assessment of cognitive load; and simple reaction time task performance decreased and subjective assessment increased when obstacles were present. Few significant age effects were found. Significance Walking without vision involves a cognitive load that increases when the environment becomes complex. Each of the three methods used is relevant when assessing the cognitive load involved in walking in blind people, and could be useful in rehabilitation intervention. The results obtained allowed recommendations to be suggested for the design of technological mobility devices.

Emerging automation technologies could have a strong impact on the allocation of drivers' attentional resources. The first objective of this pilot study is to investigate the hemodynamic responses evoked to relevant visual stimuli in manual and autonomous driving. The second aim is to examine how the inclusion of a secondary task (attentive listening to a broadcast) modulates these hemodynamic responses in both driving situations. Frontal, temporo-parietal and occipital activations were recorded using a functional Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system. Event-related analysis was used to determine whether visual cue processing (specifically, the lighting of a lead vehicle's brake-lights) could induce different brain responses depending on the driving mode and on the presence or absence of a competing task. Mind-wandering as reported by the participants was more pronounced during autonomous compared to manual driving. Our results showed an increase in the OxyHb concentration in the right temporo-parietal and occipital areas during manual compared to autonomous driving, suggesting greater allocation of attentional resources for processing visual cues in the first condition. Finally, an event-related decrease in right frontal activity during autonomous driving when listening was observed, suggesting that attentional resources were more focused on the secondary task than on monitoring the driving scene.

The Spectral Separation Assembly (SSA) is a key component of the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI), an instrument that will be onboard Meteosat Third Generation (MTG). It splits the input beam coming from the telescope into five spectral groups, for a total of 16 channels, from 0.4 to 13.3 μm. It comprises a set of four dichroics separators followed by four collimating optics for the infrared spectral groups, which feed the cold imaging optics. To assess the optical performances, a specific multi-wavelength infrared test bench has been designed. The wavefront error can be measured for each channel of each spectral group. Other parameters can also be measured, namely pupil centering, line of sight, pupil diameter and pupil aberrations. This paper will present this test bench and the solutions developed to enable these measurements on a very large spectral range.

In 2014 in France, there are still over 3,300 killed on our roads. Distraction and inattention are considered as contributing factors for these accidents. These two different states seem to have different negative impacts on drivers' behaviors but would be responsible for an equivalent part of accidents (Galera et al, 2012). Distraction can be defined as a diversion of attention away from critical driving activities due to external elements (Regan et al, 2011), while inattention can be defined as an internal state resulting from an endogenous shift of attention (Lemercier and Cellier, 2008). The emergence of inattention state can be promoted by cognitive under vs overload or Mind-Wandering (MW). To improve road safety, it is essential to identify solutions to avoid the emergence of these two states. MW is defined as a shift in the contents of thought away from an ongoing task to self-generated thoughts and feelings leading to a perceptual decoupling corresponding to the disengagement of attention from perception (Smallwood and Schooler, 2015). It is a recurring phenomenon in daily living activities, since half of our thoughts are dedicated to MW (Killingsworth and Gilbert, 2010) and it also happen while driving (Berthie et al, 2015). MW is associated with a visual attention focused narrowly on the road ahead leading to a potential excess risk (He et al, 2011). MW could also decrease speed micro-regulations, led to less micro-regulation of vehicle lateral position (Lemercier et al, 2014) and could change different cardiac markers (Ottaviani et al, 2015). So, studying this phenomenon so as to limit its impacts on driving is therefore essential and seems to be promising using oculometric (Uzzaman and Joordens, 2011) and cardiac measurements (Gabaude et al, 2012). In this study, the objective was twofold: 1) To identify physiological changes associated with MW; 2) to explore the influence of MW on drivers' driving performances and visual strategies. For that, ECG and eye tracking were recorded during simulated driving sessions. Participants were asked to (a) think prospectively about innovation in specific areas and (b) self-report their MW episodes. A previous indicator showing that it is possible to detect cognitive effort using evoked cardiac response (Pepin et al, in press) will be tested to detect MW. Some first results have shown that gaze fixity rate was higher one second before the declaration of MW episodes. It is expected that complementary results could foster new MW objective indicators. This work was supported by IFSTTAR and the Valeo Innovation Challenge funds.

En 2013, on estime que 40 à 50% des accidents corporels seraient dus à des défauts d'attention de la part du conducteur. Des études récentes ont mis en évidence la possibilité de détecter des états attentionnels dégradés afin de pouvoir mieux assister le conducteur ; ce thème de recherche représente donc un nouveau gisement de sécurité routière. Cette étude se concentre sur la détection de l'effort cognitif fournit par les conducteurs et cherche, par l'étude de la variation du rythme cardiaque, à identifier un indicateur d'effort sensible sur de courtes fenêtres temporelles.Chacun des 18 participants a passé 8 conditions expérimentales sur simulateur de conduite : la moitié où seule une tâche de comptage était demandée et l'autre moitié en réalisant une tâche supplémentaire de conduite sur simulateur. Il a été demandé aux participants soit d'effectuer la tâche cognitive soit de se relaxer et de ne pas prêter attention aux stimuli présentés (Effort Vs. Relaxation). Afin de réaliser la tâche de comptage, deux types de stimuli auditifs ont été présentés aux participants. Les participants ont effectué les conditions expérimentales dans des ordres partiellement contrebalancés. Le rythme cardiaque et la respiration ont été collectés.Les résultats de différents auteurs ont été répliqués y compris en conduite automobile. Dans les secondes qui suivent un effort cognitif, une légère décélération du rythme cardiaque puis une forte accélération ont été mises en évidence. A l'inverse, en condition de relaxation, une simple décélération cardiaque a été observée. Au terme de notre étude, il s'avère qu'il est possible de distinguer des patterns cardiaques d'effort et de relaxation sur de courtes fenêtre temporelle en observant la variation du rythme cardiaque moyenné sur un nombre conséquent d'épisodes. Toutefois, dans l'objectif de développer des systèmes capables de détecter en temps réel un effort cognitif important, ces dispositifs devront être capables de visualiser l'effort sur un unique évènement. Une piste intéressante consisterait à explorer la faisabilité de la suppression de l'influence de la respiration sur la variation du rythme cardiaque. Si cela s'avère efficace, des assistances pourraient ainsi permettre d'alerter le conducteur ou de pallier ses erreurs lorsque celui-ci ne peut plus assurer la tâche de conduite en raison d'un effort cognitif important.

1st International Neuroergonomics Conference, The Brain at work and in everyday life, PARIS, FRANCE, 06-/10/2016 - 07/10/2016; In 2014 in France, there are still over 3,300 killed on our roads. Distraction and inattention are considered as contributing factors for these accidents. These two different states seem to have different negative impacts on drivers' behaviors but would be responsible for an equivalent part of accidents (Galéra et al, 2012). Distraction can be defined as a diversion of attention away from critical driving activities due to external elements (Regan et al, 2011), while inattention can be defined as an internal state resulting from an endogenous shift of attention (Lemercier and Cellier, 2008). The emergence of inattention state can be promoted by cognitive under vs overload or Mind-Wandering (MW). To improve road safety, it is essential to identify solutions to avoid the emergence of these two states. MW is defined as a shift in the contents of thought away from an ongoing task to self-generated thoughts and feelings leading to a perceptual decoupling corresponding to the disengagement of attention from perception (Smallwood and Schooler, 2015). It is a recurring phenomenon in daily living activities, since half of our thoughts are dedicated to MW (Killingsworth and Gilbert, 2010) and it also happen while driving (Berthié et al, 2015). MW is associated with a visual attention focused narrowly on the road ahead leading to a potential excess risk (He et al, 2011). MW could also decrease speed micro-regulations, led to less micro-regulation of vehicle lateral position (Lemercier et al, 2014) and could change different cardiac markers (Ottaviani et al, 2015). So, studying this phenomenon so as to limit its impacts on driving is therefore essential and seems to be promising using oculometric (Uzzaman and Joordens, 2011) and cardiac measurements (Gabaude et al, 2012). In this study, the objective was twofold: 1) To identify physiological changes associated with MW; 2) to explore the influence of MW on drivers' driving performances and visual strategies. For that, ECG and eye tracking were recorded during simulated driving sessions. Participants were asked to (a) think prospectively about innovation in specific areas and (b) self-report their MW episodes. A previous indicator showing that it is possible to detect cognitive effort using evoked cardiac response (Pepin et al, in press) will be tested to detect MW. Some first results have shown that gaze fixity rate was higher one second before the declaration of MW episodes. It is expected that complementary results could foster new MW objective indicators. This work was supported by IFSTTAR and the Valeo Innovation Challenge funds.

Devenir coach represente-t-il un processus emancipatoire ? Correspondant a une bifurcation professionnelle de milieu de vie, les cadres optant pour ce metier quittent un dispositif de carriere pour un autre, celui du coaching. Dans cet article, nous nous appuyons sur les travaux de Foucault et une revue de litterature sur le coaching pour eclairer et approfondir notre question de recherche. Le coaching presente une possibilite subversive et de detournement des techniques de soi a leurs propres fins. Ainsi, le travail reflexif du coaching pourrait favoriser une subjectivation correspondant a une microemancipation, c’est-a-dire a une demarche de liberation progressive et partielle vers un rapport a soi plus authentique. Nous situant dans une approche exploratoire, nous avons collecte les recits de vie de 8 managers devenus coachs externes. Nos resultats mettent en evidence une tension entre la promesse emancipatoire du coaching et le dispositif de pouvoir qu’il represente potentiellement. Une ambivalence vis-a-vis du management ressort des entretiens entre une critique des pratiques en entreprise, a l’origine du changement de carriere des coachs de l’etude, et leur approche humaniste de la performance. En discussion, apres avoir analyse les limites et les apports de la perspective foucaldienne du pouvoir a l’etude des changements de carriere professionnelle, nous questionnons le caractere partiel et risque de la promesse emancipatoire du coaching.

A short synthesis of some fused indole-heterocycles has been achieved via Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between azido-2-bromobenzene and arylboronic acids and subsequent thermally induced nitrene insertion. Additionally, 4-amino-α-carboline, a versatile intermediate toward grossularine analogs has also been prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of 4-pivaloylaminopyridine-3-boronic acid with 2-bromoaniline, followed by simple functional group transformations.

International audience; Autonomy and individual mobility of elders becomes a societal issue for many countries. Thus, driving is a complex and demanding task, liable to generate specific driving errors and difficulties for a safe driving, even more for elders. In order to both maintain older drivers mobility and to avoid such road safety risks, a solution concerns driving assistances development, providing a technological support for this group of drivers. In this frame, it is needed to observe and to analyse actual driving behaviours and specific difficulties of older drivers in ecological driving conditions, using an instrumented vehicle on open roads. The aim is then to ergonomically specify and design future Senior-Adapted Driving Assistance Systems (S-ADAS) based on monitoring functions embedding driver's activity model within the technology for adaptive Human Machine Cooperation. This paper introduces the Human Centered Design approach we implemented and presents preliminary results in terms of in depth analysis of older drivers' activity which constitutes the first step towards S-ADAS.

A short synthesis of some fused indole-heterocycles has been achieved via Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between azido-2-bromobenzene and arylboronic acids and subsequent thermally induced nitrene insertion. Additionally, 4-amino-α-carboline, a versatile intermediate toward grossularine analogs has also been prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of 4-pivaloylaminopyridine-3-boronic acid with 2-bromoaniline, followed by simple functional group transformations.

Le desapprentissage est le plus souvent analyse comme un phenomene managerial delibere. Nous interessant au processus qui conduit certains managers a abandonner leur carriere pour devenir coach nous avons recueilli le recit de seize d’entre eux a propos de leur rupture d’avec le modele managerial dominant. Cette rupture constitue une forme de desapprentissage. Nous nous appuyons sur le concept lacanien du plus de jouir pour interpreter nos donnees ce qui nous conduit a analyser la formation au coaching comme un espace transitionnel favorisant le desapprentissage individuel.

29èmes Entretiens du Centre Jacques-Cartier. Facteurs humains, technologies embarquées et numériques : quel rôle pour les politiques de sécurité routière ?, LYON, FRANCE, 22-/11/2016 - 23/11/2016; En France en 2014, plus de 3.300 décès restent à dénombrer sur nos routes (Observatoire National Interministériel de Sécurité Routière [ONISR], 2015). La distraction et l'inattention sont considérées comme des facteurs contributifs de ces accidents. Elles semblent avoir des impacts négatifs différents sur les conducteurs mais seraient responsables d'une part équivalente des accidents (Mosedale et al, 2005). Sous le terme inattention se rassemblent différents états tels que la surcharge cognitive ou le vagabondage de la pensée (VP). Le VP peut être défini comme une réorientation endogène de l'attention, loin de la tâche en cours vers des pensées et sentiments auto-générés (Smallwood et Schooler, 2015). Le VP est un état récurrent en conduite puisque quatre conducteurs sur cinq déclarent avoir eu des pensées vagabondes durant leur dernier trajet et estiment passer plus d'un tiers de leur temps dans cet état (Berthié et al, 2015). Il est donc nécessaire d'étudier ce phénomène pour en limiter l'impact négatif. Le VP a été associé à un découplage perceptif se traduisant par une difficulté à traiter les stimuli externes (Smallwood et Schooler, 2015). Le coût cognitif engendré par ce découplage peut fortement gêner la mise à jour de la représentation de la situation du conducteur. Par ailleurs, le coût cognitif supplémentaire généré par le besoin de réorienter son attention sur la conduite pourrait être trop important surtout lors de fortes contraintes temporelles. De plus, le VP augmenterait le risque d'être considéré comme responsable d'un accident (Galera et al, 2012). Ce sur-risque serait imputable à un changement dans le comportement oculaire des conducteurs pendant le VP (He et al, 2011). De plus, cet état entrainerait une diminution des micro-régulations et une déviation de la position latérale du Îhicule plus importante (Lemercier et al, 2015). C'est pourquoi plusieurs études ont essayé d'identifier les épisodes de VP en collectant le comportement oculaire (Uzzaman et Joordens, 2011) et la variabilité de la position sur la voie (Gabaude et al, 2012). Dans la présente étude, les données cardiaques ont été collectées en plus des données oculométriques lors de sessions de conduite sur simulateur. Au cours de ses sessions, les participants devaient (a) réfléchir à des innovations dans différents domaines et (b) rapporter leurs pensées vagabondes. L'objectif était double : 1) identifier les modifications physiologiques associées à la présence de VP ; 2) mieux comprendre l'influence du VP sur le comportement oculaire des conducteurs. A terme, cette étude pourrait permettre d'apporter une aide au conducteur lorsque ce dernier est plongé dans des pensées vagabondes et se trouve dans une situation critique.