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Objectives Little is known about the evolution of epilepsy in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in adulthood. This study aims at describing the characteristics of epilepsy in adult TSC patients attending a single multidisciplinary clinic. Materials and Methods We collected data about epilepsy (age at onset, seizure types, history of infantile spasms (IS), epilepsy diagnosis and outcome), genetic and neuroradiological findings, cognitive outcome and psychiatric comorbidities. Results Out of 257 adults with TSC, 183 (71.2%) had epilepsy: 121 (67.2%) were drug‐resistant; 59 (32.8%) seizure‐free, at a median age of 18 years. 22% of the seizure‐free patients (13/59) discontinued medication. Median age at seizure onset was 9 months. Seventy‐six patients (41.5%) had a history of IS. TSC2 pathogenic variants (p = 0.018), cortical tubers (p

Individuals with comorbidities are at higher risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and worse outcome, but little information has been available about patients with genetic diseases and COVID-19. This study aims at evaluating the presence and outcome of COVID-19 in a cohort of Italian patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and/or lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), and at reviewing the possible effects of mTOR inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection. We included 102 unselected individuals with a diagnosis of TSC and/or LAM assessed between January 1, 2020 and April 24, 2020 (29% children, 71% adults). Twenty-six patients were on mTOR inhibitors. Demographic data, TSC manifestations, presence, and outcomes in individuals with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection were evaluated. Health status and outcomes of all patients on mTOR inhibitors were assessed. One patient with severe TSC had polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, was admitted to ICU, and died. Nine additional patients either met the definition of suspect case or presented with at least two of the most common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. All recovered fully. None of the patients treated with mTOR inhibitors for their underlying comorbidities was diagnosed with COVID-19, and those who showed suspicious respiratory symptoms recovered fully. This cohort study provides preliminary information on COVID-19 in people with TSC in Italy and suggests feasibility to systematically evaluate the role of mTOR inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The aim of the present study is to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 of patients affected by COVID-19 in olfactory mucosa (OM), sampled with nasal brushing (NB) and biopsy, and to assess whether a non-invasive procedure, such as NB, might be used as a large-scale procedure for demonstrating SARS-CoV-2 presence in olfactory neuroepithelium. Nasal brushings obtained from all the COVID-19 patients resulted positive to SARS-CoV-2 immunocytochemistry while controls were negative. Double immunofluorescence showed that SARS-CoV-2 positive cells included supporting cells as well as olfactory neurons and basal cells. OM biopsies showed an uneven distribution of SARS-CoV-2 positivity along the olfactory neuroepithelium, while OM from controls were negative. SARS-CoV-2 was distinctively found in sustentacular cells, olfactory neurons, and basal cells, supporting what was observed in NB. Ultrastructural analysis of OM biopsies showed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in the cytoplasm of sustentacular cells. This study shows the presence of SARS-CoV-2 at the level of the olfactory neuroepithelium in patients affected by COVID-19. For the first time, we used NB as a rapid non-invasive tool for assessing a potential neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Nós propomos aqui reconstruir o debate que, no final dos anos 70, opôs Althusser a Poulantzas em torno da questão da relação entre política revolucionária, poder político e Estado. Estudaremos como este debate trouxe de volta a questão de saber se o definhamento do Estado deveria ser o foco de uma estratégia comunista e, se esse for o caso, como essa estratégia deveria influenciar, a partir de então, a política comunista. Mostraremos, em particular, que o coração deste debate consiste em uma avaliação da atual dimensão estratégica da concepção leninista de dualidade do poder.

Althusser’s Machiavelli and Us has often been considered as the French Marxist’s first step on the path beyond Marxism. This article opposes this interpretation by showing that, while Machiavelli helps Althusser to renounce any attempt to deduce a communist political practice from the necessity portrayed by a theory of history, Althusser was mindful not to identify the relationship between the communist party and the masses with the relationship between the Prince and the people. From a Marxist perspective, a communist political practice must further the autonomous political initiatives of the masses that delineate a tendency towards the withering-away of the state and cannot merge with a practice of governing the people. This is why Marxism must not forsake its theory of history but employ it in the process of the subtraction of the party to its becoming-state by detecting the conditions of impossibility of the duration of a communist political practice.

This article highlights the impasses of anti-racist struggles that understand racism as an opinion or a prejudice and use education as their only means for addressing it. Racism should rather be understood as a socio-historical subjective structure rooted in the process of constitution of the division of labour on a global scale through colonialism, a process that was crucial to the institution of capitalism. This is why we will put forth the importance of rejecting the narrations that camouflage colonization with the idea of civilization, and the necessity to produce decolonial counter-histories. We will thus claim that such an endeavor should start from the struggles of racialized peoples against the different forms of coloniality—that is, from the refusal by racialized peoples of the representations that are imposed on them, and from their repositioning on the basis of their alterity. Only the position of a powerful alterity can in fact make possible a real equality.Cet article met en évidence les impasses des luttes antiracistes qui conçoivent le racisme comme une opinion ou un préjugé et utilisent l’éducation comme le seul moyen d’y remédier. Le racisme devrait plutôt être compris comme une structure socio-historique subjective qui s’enracine dans le procès de constitution de la division mondiale du travail par le colonialisme, un procès qui a été décisif pour l’institution du capitalisme. C’est pourquoi nous mettrons en avant le caractère problématique des récits qui recouvrent la colonisation de l’idée de civilisation et la nécessité de produire des contre-histoires décoloniales. Il s’agira alors de montrer que, pour ce faire, il faut partir des luttes des racisés contre les différentes formes de colonialité—c’est-à-dire du refus par les racisés des représentations qui leur sont adressées et de leur repositionnement à partir de leur altérité. Seule la position d’une altérité puissante peut, en effet, rendre possible une égalité réelle.

In his 1978 preface to Gerard Dumenil’s Le concept de loi economique dans “Le Capital,” Louis Althusser rectified the conception of Capital’s revolutionary form of scientificity that he had put forth in For Marx and Reading “Capital.” According to these works, Capital’s form of scientificity rests on the systematicity of its order of exposition. This systematicity allows Marx to transform ideological notions in order to understand how they foreclose the contingent and conflictual structuring of the capitalist mode of production. In 1978, Althusser found the condition of possibility of this theoretical operation not in Capital’s systematicity but in the coexistence of other orders of exposition along with Capital’s “major” order of exposition. These other orders of exposition, by interrupting the systematicity of the major order of exposition and forcing its constitution to take place through a series of discontinuities, continuously detach it from the ideology that constitutes its starting point.

Cet article revient sur des travaux produits entre 1968 et la moitie des annees dans le cadre du renouvellement du materialisme historique promu par Louis Althusser, dont l’objet etait d’elucider le rapport entre, d’un cote, les « appareils scolaires », et de l’autre cote, la reproduction des rapports capitalistes de production et d’exploitation. Il y sera question en particulier de L’ecole capitaliste en France de Roger Baudelot et Christian Establet. A l’encontre de la critique de fonctionnalisme qui lui est souvent adressee, cet article montre comment ce materialisme historique parvient a comprendre l’ecole comme la forme dominante de la lutte des classes dans le champ de l’apprentissage, de maniere a relever les limites des resistances et des reformes qui demeurent a son interieur, ainsi que l’importance de questionner la forme scolaire elle-meme comme seule forme d’apprentissage.

Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare rapidly progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by falls and ocular movement disturbances. The use of health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) measures allows assessing changes in health status induced by therapeutic interventions or disease progress in neurodegenerative diseases. The PSP-QoL is a 45-item, self-administered questionnaire designed to evaluate HR-QoL in PSP. Methods and Results: Here, the PSP-QoL was translated into Italian and validated in 190 PSP (96 women and 94 men; mean age ± standard deviation, 72 ± 6.5; mean disease duration, 4.2 ± 2.3) patients diagnosed according to the Movement Disorder Society criteria and recruited in 16 third level movement disorders centers participating in the Neurecanet project. The mean PSP-QoL total score was 77.8 ± 37 (physical subscore, 46.5 ± 18.7; mental subscore, 33.6 ± 19.2). The internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.954); corrected item-total correlation was > 0.40 for the majority of items. The significant and moderate correlation of the PSP-QoL with other HR-QoL measures as well as with motor and disability assessments indicated adequate convergent validity of the scale. Gender and geographic location presented a significant impact on the PSP-QoL in our sample with women and patients from the South of Italy scoring higher than their counterparts. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Italian version of the PSP-QoL is an easy, reliable and valid tool for assessment of HR-QoL in PSP.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare, rapidly progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by falls and ocular movement disturbances. Caring for a partner or relative who suffers from PSP entails a strenuous and demanding task, usually lasting for years that affects carers’ everyday life routines and emotional and social well-being. The 26-item Parkinsonism Carers QoL (PQoL Carer) is a self-administered, concise instrument evaluating the quality of life of caregivers of patients with atypical parkinsonism (both PSP and multiple system atrophy). Here, the PQoL Carer was translated into Italian and validated in 162 carers of PSP patients (54.3% women; mean age (standard deviation), 62.4 (15.4)) diagnosed according to the Movement Disorder Society criteria and recruited in 16 third-level movement disorders centers participating in the Neurecanet project. The mean PQoL total score was 40.66 ± 19.46. The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.941); corrected item-total correlation was > 0.40 for all the items. A correlation with other health-related quality of life measures as well as with behavioral assessments was shown suggesting adequate convergent validity of the scale. PQoL also correlated with patients’ severity of disease. The discriminant validity of the scale was evidenced by its capacity to differentiate between carers with varying levels of self-reported health (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the Italian version of the PQoL Carer is an easy, consistent, and valid tool for the assessment of the quality of life in carers of PSP patients.

Dans cette conversation Étienne Balibar et Yves Duroux interrogent certaines des dimensions les plus actuelles et problématiques de l’œuvre de Louis Althusser. Dans un premier temps, ils reviennent sur la composition de Lire « Le Capital » en abordant la question du rapport entre structure et conjoncture. A partir de là, ils explorent les aspects de la relation d’Althusser avec le communisme, à la fois du point de vue « subjectif » et de celui du rapport avec le PCF. Dans un second moment, ils questionnent le rapport entre science et idéologie ainsi que l’intervention intellectuelle d’Althusser en se penchant tout particulièrement sur son spinozisme et sur son rapport à la psychanalyse.

A l’occasion du vingtieme anniversaire de l’Associazione « Louis Althusser », Maria Turchetto et Vittorio Morfino reviennent dans cet entretien sur les origines de l’association, expliquent les raisons et les visees de sa constitution, et retracent les principales etapes de son developpement.

A l’occasion du vingtieme anniversaire de l’Associazione « Louis Althusser », Maria Turchetto et Vittorio Morfino reviennent dans cet entretien sur les origines de l’association, expliquent les raisons et les visees de sa constitution, et retracent les principales etapes de son developpement.

Dans cet article j’étudierai conjointement les écrits d’Althusser sur la théorie marxienne de l’accumulation primitive en tant qu’exemple paradigmatique de matérialisme aléatoire et les débats auxquels il participa lors de l’abandon par le PCF de la notion de dictature du prolétariat. L’analyse du concept de transition tel qu’il ressort de ces écrits permet de revenir sur le concept de mode production tel qu’Althusser le théorisa depuis les années 60, en le comprenant comme axé sur une pensée qui saisit l’action politique dans la conjoncture, c’est-à-dire en tant qu’elle est prise dans une lutte de tendances actuelles et incompatibles.

This article aims to interpret the Althusserian critique of ideology in order to put forth the mechanisms at work within the relation of belief that constitutes every ideology and to insist on its practical consequences on the relation between the intellectual and the masses. To do so, we will draw upon Althusser’s review of humanism, upon his commentaries of the work of Montesquieu and Rousseau, and upon his conception of ideology in the article from 1970 on ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ and in other texts of the same period. By focusing on an analysis of the functioning of belief within the three cardinal forms of ideology (moral, legal and political), we will highlight the importance of putting into place a social critique attentive to the repetition of the relations of belief with regard to enabling truly transformative actions.

Cet article propose une nouvelle interpretation de la theorie althusserienne de l’ideologie en analysant, a partir de l’article « Ideologie et Appareils ideologiques d’Etat » et de l’ouvrage « Sur la reproduction des rapports de production », le rapport entre la materialite de l’ideologie et la constitution des croyances des sujets. A l’encontre de l’idee d’apres laquelle le processus de surgissement du sujet ne peut etre compris sans presupposer comme son propre moteur une forme de subjectivite, soit-elle individuelle ou collective, nous montrerons que la perspective d’Althusser permet de comprendre ce processus comme un processus sans sujet. A partir de cette idee, nous insisterons sur le caractere contingent et conflictuel des pratiques dans lesquels les sujets sont pris et des croyances qu’elles suscitent, afin de mieux cerner le role specifique de l’interpellation ideologique. Cette approche nous conduira a relire les theses centrales sur l’ideologie proposees par Althusser en 1970, ainsi que les exemples qu’il introduit pour les illustrer, afin d’ouvrir une voie pour contrer certaines critiques qui lui sont souvent adressees, comme celle de ne pas avoir su sortir d’une conception de la societe exclusivement axee sur la reproduction des rapports sociaux et empechant de penser leur transformation, ou encore celle de ne pas avoir pris en compte les differences entre l’ideologie dominante et les ideologies dominees.

Partendo dal presupposto che esiste un'analogia visiva e di funzionamento tra le passerelle della moda e il dispositivo filmico del cinema, il saggio considera la sfilata come luogo centrale dell'elaborazione del modernismo nei primi decenni del XX secolo. Il saggio utilizza come punto di partenza per la riflessione la documentazione del "Raduno delle stelle" pubblicata dalla rivista "Film" in occasione della prima edizione del Premio Riccione per un soggetto cinematografico, nell'estate del 1939.