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1. Case Study of a Mesospheric Temperature Inversion over Maïdo Observatory through a Multi-Instrumental Observation

Author: Fabrice Chane Ming, Alain Hauchecorne, Christophe Bellisario, Pierre Simoneau, Philippe Keckhut, Samuel Trémoulu, Constantino Listowski, Gwenaël Berthet, Fabrice Jégou, Sergey Khaykin, Mariam Tidiga, and Alexis Le Pichon
Subjects: mesospheric inversion layer, gravity wave, wave coupling, Rossby wave, Science
Abstract: The dynamic vertical coupling in the middle and lower thermosphere (MLT) is documented over the Maïdo observatory at La Réunion island (21°S, 55°E). The investigation uses data obtained in the framework of the Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe (ARISE) project. In particular, Rayleigh lidar and nightglow measurements combined with other observations and modeling provide information on a mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) and the related gravity waves (GWs) on 9 and 10 October 2017. A Rossby wave breaking (RWB) produced instabilities in the sheared background wind and a strong tropospheric activity of GWs on 9–11 October above La Réunion. The MIL was observed on the night of 9 October when a large amount of tropospheric GWs propagated upward into the middle atmosphere and disappeared on 11 October when the stratospheric zonal wind filtering became a significant blocking. Among other results, dominant mesospheric GW modes with vertical wavelengths of about 4–6 km and 10–13 km can be traced down to the troposphere and up to the mesopause. Dominant GWs with a wavelength of ~2–3 km and 6 km also propagated upward and eastward from the tropospheric source into the stratosphere on 9–11 October. Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature and OH profiles indicate that GW activity in the middle atmosphere affects the upper atmosphere with waves breaking at heights below the MIL and in the mesopause. Several techniques are illustrated on nightglow images to access GW activity and spectral characteristics at the mesopause for high and low frequency GWs on the nights of 9–10 October. In conclusion, intense tropospheric activity of GWs induced by RWB events can be linked with MILs at the subtropical barrier in the South-West Indian Ocean during austral winter.
Published: 2023
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2. Australian Fires 2019–2020: Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution Throughout the Whole Fire Season

Author: Corinna Kloss, Pasquale Sellitto, Marc von Hobe, Gwenaël Berthet, Dan Smale, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Chaoyang Xue, Chenxi Qiu, Fabrice Jégou, Inès Ouerghemmi, and Bernard Legras
Subjects: australian wildfires, biomass burning tracers, upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, fire plume, long range transport, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: The historically large and severe wildfires in Australia from September 2019 to March 2020 are known to have injected a smoke plume into the stratosphere around New Year, due to pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) activity, that was subsequently distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere (SH). We show with satellite, ground based remote sensing, and in situ observations that the fires before New Year, had already a substantial impact on the SH atmosphere, starting as early as September 2019, with subsequent long-range transport of trace gas plumes in the upper-troposphere. Airborne in situ measurements above Southern Argentina in November 2019 show elevated CO mixing ratios at an altitude of 11 km and can be traced back using FLEXPART trajectories to the Australian fires in mid-November 2019. Ground based solar-FTS (Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) observations of biomass burning tracers CO, HCN and C2H6 at Lauder, South Island, New Zealand show enhanced tropospheric columns already starting in September 2019. In MLS observations averaged over 30°–60°S, enhanced CO mixing ratios compared to previous years become visible in late October 2019 only at and below the 147 hPa pressure level. Peak differences are found with satellite and ground-based observations for all altitude levels in the Southern Hemisphere in January. With still increased aerosol values following the Ulawun eruption in 2019, averaged satellite observations show no clear stratospheric and upper-tropospheric aerosol enhancements from the Australian fires, before the pyro-Cb events at the end of December 2019. However, with the clear enhancement of fire tracers, we suggest the period September to December 2019 (prior to the major pyro-Cb events) should be taken into account in terms of fire pollutant emissions when studying the impact of the Australian fires on the SH atmosphere.
Published: 2021
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3. Variability of the Aerosol Content in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere from 2013 to 2019: Evidence of Volcanic Eruption Impacts

Author: Mariam Tidiga, Gwenaël Berthet, Fabrice Jégou, Corinna Kloss, Nelson Bègue, Jean-Paul Vernier, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Adriana Bossolasco, Lieven Clarisse, Ghassan Taha, Thierry Portafaix, Terry Deshler, Frank G. Wienhold, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Guillaume Payen, Jean-Marc Metzger, Valentin Duflot, and Nicolas Marquestaut
Subjects: stratospheric aerosols, volcanic eruptions, satellite, balloon-borne observations, lidar, modelling, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract: This paper quantifies the tropical stratospheric aerosol content as impacted by volcanic events over the 2013–2019 period. We use global model simulations by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) which is part of the Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM1). WACCM is associated with the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA) sectional aerosol microphysics model which includes full sulphur chemical and microphysical cycles with no a priori assumption on particle size. Five main volcanic events (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have been reported and are shown to have significantly influenced the stratospheric aerosol layer in the tropics, either through direct injection in this region or through transport from extra-tropical latitudes. Space-borne data as well as ground-based lidar and balloon-borne in situ observations are used to evaluate the model calculations in terms of aerosol content, vertical distribution, optical and microphysical properties, transport and residence time of the various volcanic plumes. Overall, zonal mean model results reproduce the occurrence and vertical extents of the plumes derived from satellite observations but shows some discrepancies for absolute values of extinction and of stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD). Features of meridional transport of the plumes emitted from extra-tropical latitudes are captured by the model but simulated absolute values of SAOD differ from 6 to 200% among the various eruptions. Simulations tend to agree well with observed in situ vertical profiles for the Kelud and Calbuco plumes but this is likely to depend on the period for which comparison is done. Some explanations for the model–measurement discrepancies are discussed such as the inaccurate knowledge of the injection parameters and the presence of ash not accounted in the simulations.
Published: 2022
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4. Transport and Variability of Tropospheric Ozone over Oceania and Southern Pacific during the 2019–20 Australian Bushfires

Author: Nelson Bègue, Hassan Bencherif, Fabrice Jégou, Hélène Vérèmes, Sergey Khaykin, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Thierry Portafaix, Valentin Duflot, Alexandre Baron, Gwenaël Berthet, Corinna Kloss, Guillaume Payen, Philippe Keckhut, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Dan Smale, John Robinson, Richard Querel, and Penny Smale
Subjects: tropospheric ozone, Australian fires, carbon monoxide, plume transport, Science
Abstract: The present study contributes to the scientific effort for a better understanding of the potential of the Australian biomass burning events to influence tropospheric trace gas abundances at the regional scale. In order to exclude the influence of the long-range transport of ozone precursors from biomass burning plumes originating from Southern America and Africa, the analysis of the Australian smoke plume has been driven over the period December 2019 to January 2020. This study uses satellite (IASI, MLS, MODIS, CALIOP) and ground-based (sun-photometer, FTIR, ozone radiosondes) observations. The highest values of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and carbon monoxide total columns are observed over Southern and Central Australia. Transport is responsible for the spatial and temporal distributions of aerosols and carbon monoxide over Australia, and also the transport of the smoke plume outside the continent. The dispersion of the tropospheric smoke plume over Oceania and Southern Pacific extends from tropical to extratropical latitudes. Ozone radiosonde measurements performed at Samoa (14.4°S, 170.6°W) and Lauder (45.0°S, 169.4°E) indicate an increase in mid-tropospheric ozone (6–9 km) (from 10% to 43%) linked to the Australian biomass burning plume. This increase in mid-tropospheric ozone induced by the transport of the smoke plume was found to be consistent with MLS observations over the tropical and extratropical latitudes. The smoke plume over the Southern Pacific was organized as a stretchable anticyclonic rolling which impacted the ozone variability in the tropical and subtropical upper-troposphere over Oceania. This is corroborated by the ozone profile measurements at Samoa which exhibit an enhanced ozone layer (29%) in the upper-troposphere. Our results suggest that the transport of Australian biomass burning plumes have significantly impacted the vertical distribution of ozone in the mid-troposphere southern tropical to extratropical latitudes during the 2019–20 extreme Australian bushfires.
Published: 2021
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5. Origins and Spatial Distribution of Non-Pure Sulfate Particles (NSPs) in the Stratosphere Detected by the Balloon-Borne Light Optical Aerosols Counter (LOAC)

Author: Jean-Baptiste Renard, Gwenaël Berthet, Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Sergey Beresnev, Alain Miffre, Patrick Rairoux, Damien Vignelles, and Fabrice Jégou
Subjects: non-sulfate stratospheric aerosols, counting, typology, balloon, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract: While water and sulfuric acid droplets are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, measurements performed for about 30 years have shown that non-sulfate particles (NSPs) are also present. Such particles, released from the Earth mainly through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, or coming from space, present a wide variety of compositions, sizes, and shapes. To better understand the origin of NSPs, we have performed measurements with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) during 151 flights under weather balloons in the 2013–2019 period reaching altitudes up to 35 km. Coupled with previous counting measurements conducted over the 2004–2011 period, the LOAC measurements indicate the presence of stratospheric layers of enhanced concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition ranging between 17 and 30 km altitude. Such enhancements are not correlated with permanent meteor shower events. They may be linked to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles coming from the Earth. Besides, large particles, up to several tens of μm, were detected and present decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. All these particles can originate from Earth but also from meteoroid disintegrations and from the interplanetary dust cloud and comets.
Published: 2020
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6. Elliptical Structures of Gravity Waves Produced by Typhoon Soudelor in 2015 near Taiwan

Author: Fabrice Chane Ming, Samuel Jolivet, Yuei-An Liou, Fabrice Jégou, Dominique Mekies, and Jing-Shan Hong
Subjects: gravity wave, tropical cyclone, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, FormoSat-3/COSMIC, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract: Tropical cyclones (TCs) are complex sources of atmospheric gravity waves (GWs). In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model was used to model TC Soudelor (2015) and the induced elliptical structures of GWs in the upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS) prior to its landfall over Taiwan. Conventional, spectral and wavelet analyses exhibit dominant GWs with horizontal and vertical wavelengths, and periods of 16−700 km, 1.5−5 km, and 1−20 h, respectively. The wave number one (WN1) wind asymmetry generated mesoscale inertia GWs with dominant horizontal wavelengths of 100−300 km, vertical wavelengths of 1.5−2.5 km (3.5 km) and westward (eastward) propagation at the rear of the TC in the UT (LS). It was also revealed to be an active source of GWs. The two warm anomalies of the TC core induced two quasi-diurnal GWs and an intermediate GW mode with a 10-h period. The time evolution of dominant periods could be indicative of changes in TC dynamics. The FormoSat-3/COSMIC (Formosa Satellite Mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) dataset confirmed the presence of GWs with dominant vertical wavelengths of about 3.5 km in the UT and LS.
Published: 2019
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7. Modelling interranual variability of methane emissions from a temperate degraded peatland

Author: Line Jourdain, Elodie Salmon, Christophe Guimbaud, Chunjin Qiu, Sebastien Gogo, Bertrand Guenet, Fabrice Jégou, Fattima Lagoun Défarge, Philippe Ciais, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), SNO-Tourbières, and EGU
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane in the atmosphere. How the methane emissions from wetlands will evolve with global change is a subject of debate. In this study, we investigate the interannual variability of methane emissions from a temperate degraded peatland located in the Sologne region (French Region Centre) and test the ability of the land surface model ORCHIDEE to reproduce this variability. The site is instrumented for long term monitoring of the hydrological parameters, greenhouse gas emissions, dissolved organic content and biodiversity. The peat has undergone several perturbations due to the urbanization of the site that led to drainage and invasion by vascular plants (Molinia Caerula, Erica Tretalix). Our study focuses on the 2014-2020 period after a hydrological restoration was undertaken. The model, driven by meteorological data and constrained by in situ hydrological data, primary productivity and total soil carbon, is able to reproduce the general temporal trend in methane emissions. The model is used to investigate the effect of climatological conditions (droughts) and vegetation changes (invasion by vascular plants) on the observed trend of methane fluxes. The model is also used to study the relative contributions of different methane transport processes (by the plants, from ebullition and diffusion) to the methane flux observed in La Guette peatland.
Published: 2023

8. Quantification of biodegradation rate of hydrocarbons in a contaminated aquifer by CO2 δ13C monitoring at ground surface

Author: Christophe Guimbaud, Stéfan Colombano, Cécile Noel, Elicia Verardo, Agnès Grossel, Line Jourdain, Fabrice Jégou, Zhen Hu, Jérémy Jacob, Ioannis Ignatiadis, Michaela Blessing, Jean Christophe Gourry, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), ENSEGID, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Info&Sols (Info&Sols), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Shandong University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ARD2020 PIVOTS : « Plateformes d'Innovation, de Valorisation et d'Optimisation Technologique environnementaleS » funded by Region Centre, CPER, FEDER, French Research Organisations, within the Platform « PRIME »: pour la « Remédiation et l'Innovation au service de la Métrologie Environnementale » (remediation processes of contaminated soils and aquifers)., ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), and European Project: 690958,H2020,H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015,MARSU(2016)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental Chemistry, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; Ground surface analysis of CO2 emissions with δ13C determination is experimentally demonstrated to be a potential methodology to monitor, on line, the dynamics of petroleum-hydrocarbon biodegradation in soil aquifers, thanks to the improvement of the Isotopic Ratio Infra Red Spectroscopy technique. Biodegradation rate of remaining hydrocarbon substrates in groundwater can be quantified using basic application of the Rayleigh equations, by δ13CCO2 analysis released at ground surface above the pollution plume instead of usual approaches based on groundwater hydrocarbons δ13C analysis, when physical and chemical properties for the contaminated site meet appropriate conditions.The validation approach for that gasoline contaminated specific site is discussed and verified by comparison of first order attenuation rate constant determined from δ13CCO2 analysis emitted at ground surface and from δ13CTOLUENE analysis in ground water. A kinetic fractionation factor α of 0.9979 (or ε value of −2.1 ± 0.5‰) is estimated for the biodegradation of the most reactive hydrocarbon substrates (TEX). The treatment of this Rayleigh equations by linear regression of δ13CCO2 values along the predominant direction of groundwater flow leads to the following results and conclusions for that site: (i) first order biodegradation rate constants (and annual variation) are maximum after the activation of a Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) in May 2014: 0.92(+0.29–0.17) year−1, and during July and October: 0.46(+0.14–0.09) year−1 and minimum in mid-winter in February 2015: 0.17(+0.05–0.03) year−1, given by the estimation range for ε. These results are in the lower range with reported in literature for similar contaminated sites (1.6–18 year−1) considering natural attenuation under sulfate reducing conditions and (ii) the seasonal variation of the first order biodegradation rate constant is mainly correlated with the seasonal variation of the CO2 flux, where maximum values are in summers and minimum values in winters. Both seasonal variations are mainly due to the annual cycle of the natural biodegradation activity at the scale of the pollution plume, rather than the activation of the PRB.This work demonstrates that δ13CCO2 analysis released at ground surface from biodegradation of groundwater hydrocarbons could provide, under characterized and appropriate conditions, a non-intrusive (without soil samplings), fast, and low-cost online method to monitor and therefore to optimize soil remediation processes in real time. (Monitored Natural Attenuation or Enhanced Bioremediation).
Published: 2023

9. Stratospheric Aerosols, Polar Stratospheric Clouds, and Polar Ozone Depletion After the Mount Calbuco Eruption in 2015

Author: Yunqian Zhu, Owen Brian Toon, Douglas Kinnison, V. Lynn Harvey, Michael J. Mills, Charles G. Bardeen, Michael Pitts, Nelson Bègue, Jean‐Baptiste Renard, Gwenaël Berthet, and Fabrice Jégou
Published: 2018
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10. Aerosol Characterization of the Stratospheric Plume From the Volcanic Eruption at Hunga Tonga 15 January 2022

Author: Corinna Kloss, Pasquale Sellitto, Jean‐Baptiste Renard, Alexandre Baron, Nelson Bègue, Bernard Legras, Gwenaël Berthet, Emmanuel Briaud, Elisa Carboni, Clair Duchamp, Valentin Duflot, Patrick Jacquet, Nicolas Marquestaut, Jean‐Marc Metzger, Guillaume Payen, Marion Ranaivombola, Tjarda Roberts, Richard Siddans, Fabrice Jégou, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de physique de l'atmosphère (LPA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), OPAR is presently funded by CNRS (INSU), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), and ANR-21-CE01-0007,ASTuS,Tourbillons de fumées s'élevant dans la stratosphère(2021)
Subjects: in situ observations, aerosol size distribution, Geophysics, aerosol plume, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], stratosphere, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hunga Tonga, aerosol typology
Abstract: International audience; Following the Hunga Tonga eruption (20.6°S, 175.4°W, mid-January 2022), we present a balloon-borne characterization of the stratospheric aerosol plume one week after its injection (on 23 and 26 January 2022, La Réunion island at 21.1°S, 55.3°E). Satellite observations show that flight (a) took place during the overpass of a denser plume of sulfate aerosols (SA) compared to a more diluted plume during flight. (b) Observations show that the sampled plumes (at around 22, 25 and 19 km altitude, respectively) consist exclusively of very small particles (with radius
Published: 2022

11. Variability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the 6 largest Arctic rivers estimated using high resolution Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 imageries over the 2013-2021 period

Author: Fabrice Jégou, Gaëtane Jallais, Elodie Salmon, Bertrand Guenet, Pierre-Alexis Herrault, Sébastien Gogo, Laure Gandois, Christophe Guimbaud, Fatima Laggoun-Defarge, Nathalie Moulard, Roman Teisserenc, Jean-Sébastien Moquet, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: Climate warming with permafrost thaw will modify lateral carbon export, from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems with a potential huge impact on the Arctic rivers, draining organic-rich soils and in fine into the Arctic Ocean. The majority of annual DOC fluxes by Arctic rivers are transported during the snowmelt break-up period, which makes field measurements of DOC difficult. Passive spatial remote sensing is a very relevant tool to increase the spatial and temporal coverage of these observed values.In the framework of the French CNES DOC-Rivers project we proposed to apply the approach consisting in analyzing satellite imageries to evaluate DOC concentrations in the 6 great Arctic Rivers: Lena, Ob’, Yenisey, Yukon, MacKenzie, Kolyma. The algorithm, first, establishes a multi-linear relationship between ground-based chromatic dissolved organic matter (CDOM) observations and specific satellite color bands to construct a complete satellite CDOM database. Another linear regression is used afterward with in-situ data from the Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (ArcticGRO) initiative to correlate CDOM and DOC observations. Using this second linear regression, we can predict the DOC content from the previous construct satellite CDOM database. River discharge measurements from the ArcticGRO database also enable to estimate the evolution of DOC export to the Arctic Ocean from satellite data.We applied this approach to high-resolution satellite data issued from Sentinel 2 (A 2015-2022, B 2017-2022) and Landsat 8 (2013-2022) to create a multi-instrumental synergy. This new database provides an unprecedented source of information for understanding DOC dynamics of in Arctic rivers and assessing its transfer from large catchments to the Arctic Ocean. This database provides information on the variability of DOC during the whole ice-free season and serve to locate areas with higher concentrations and fluxes during the 2013-2021 period. We plan to complement our database on future period with data from new satellite missions (Landsat 9, Sentinel 2C), on the present time with data from on-going missions (Sentinel 3, MODIS) and on past period with data from low resolution observations as Landsat 5 and Landsat 7. This extension of the database over a longer period of time will furnish insight in response to climate warming.
Published: 2022

12. Case study of a mesospheric inversion over Maïdo observatory through a multi-instrumental observation

Author: Alain Hauchecorne, Christophe Bellisario, Fabrice Chane-Ming, Philippe Keckhut, Pierre Simoneau, Samuel Trémoulou, Constantino Litowski, Gwenaël Berthet, Fabrice Jégou, and Sergey Khaykin
Abstract: Mesospheric temperature inversions are subject to investigations due to the links with multiscale dynamics such as planetary wave and gravity waves. Knowing the impact on climatological inversions also requires understanding the phenomena occurring before, through, and after a mesospheric inversion. We use data obtained during a measurement campaign over Maïdo observatory in La Réunion Island and focus on a specific event occurring in the night between the 9th and the 10th of October 2017. Among the several observations available, LIDAR measurements provided vertical profiles of temperature and gravity waves potential energy completed by high vertical resolution radiosoundings. The airglow layer observed by an InGaAs camera shows the evolution of gravity wave structures at about 87 km between 0.9 and 1.7 µm. Gravity wave parameters such as horizontal wavelengths or intensity emission variations are extracted, along with potential energy compared with LIDAR data. We use atmospheric models (ERA5, WACCM, WRF) and specific tools (NEMO, GROGRAT) to add supplementary information about the night selected. We present here the first results related to the gravity waves and energy exchanges in the frame of the temperature inversion.
Published: 2022

13. Supplementary material to 'Assessing methane emissions for northern peatlands in ORCHIDEE-PEAT revision 7020'

Author: Elodie Salmon, Fabrice Jégou, Bertrand Guenet, Line Jourdain, Chunjing Qiu, Vladislav Bastrikov, Christophe Guimbaud, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Peylin, Sébastien Gogo, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Mika Aurela, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Jiquan Chen, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Housen Chu, Colin W. Edgar, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, David Holl, Janina Klatt, Olaf Kolle, Natalia Kowalska, Lars Kutzbach, Annalea Lohila, Lutz Merbold, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Torsten Sachs, and Klaudia Ziemblińska
Published: 2021

14. Assessing methane emissions for northern peatlands in ORCHIDEE-PEAT revision 7020

Author: Annalea Lohila, Klaudia Ziemblińska, David Holl, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Torsten Sachs, C. Edgar, Sébastien Gogo, Christophe Guimbaud, Line Jourdain, Jiquan Chen, Elodie Salmon, Chunjing Qiu, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Philippe Ciais, Fabrice Jégou, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Natalia Kowalska, Vladislav Bastrikov, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Mika Aurela, Olaf Kolle, Bertrand Guenet, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Janina Klatt, Lars Kutzbach, Lutz Merbold, Philippe Peylin, Dan Zhu, Housen Chu, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PIVOTS project of the Région Centre –Val de Loire (ARD 2020 program and CPER 2015–2020), SNO Tourbières, endorsed by CNRS-INSU, ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), European Project: 641816,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,CRESCENDO(2015), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), and This research has been supported by Horizon 2020 (CRESCENDO (grant no. 641816)) and Labex VOLTAIRE (grant no. ANR-10-LABX-100-01).
Subjects: geography, Peat, geography.geographical_feature_category, Methanogenesis, Wetland, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric sciences, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Boreal, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Temperate climate, Environmental science, Ecosystem, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: In the global methane budget, the largest natural source is attributed to wetlands, which encompass all ecosystems composed of waterlogged or inundated ground, capable of methane production. Among them, northern peatlands that store large amounts of soil organic carbon have been functioning, since the end of the last glaciation period, as long-term sources of methane (CH4) and are one of the most significant methane sources among wetlands. To reduce uncertainty of quantifying methane flux in the global methane budget, it is of significance to understand the underlying processes for methane production and fluxes in northern peatlands. A methane model that features methane production and transport by plants, ebullition process and diffusion in soil, oxidation to CO2, and CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere has been embedded in the ORCHIDEE-PEAT land surface model that includes an explicit representation of northern peatlands. ORCHIDEE-PCH4 was calibrated and evaluated on 14 peatland sites distributed on both the Eurasian and American continents in the northern boreal and temperate regions. Data assimilation approaches were employed to optimized parameters at each site and at all sites simultaneously. Results show that methanogenesis is sensitive to temperature and substrate availability over the top 75 cm of soil depth. Methane emissions estimated using single site optimization (SSO) of model parameters are underestimated by 9 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 on average (i.e., 50 % higher than the site average of yearly methane emissions). While using the multi-site optimization (MSO), methane emissions are overestimated by 5 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 on average across all investigated sites (i.e., 37 % lower than the site average of yearly methane emissions).
Published: 2021

15. Australian Fires 2019–2020: Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution Throughout the Whole Fire Season

Author: Chenxi Qiu, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Dan Smale, Pasquale Sellitto, Inès Ouerghemmi, Bernard Legras, Gwenaël Berthet, Chaoyang Xue, Marc von Hobe, Corinna Kloss, Fabrice Jégou, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), ANR-17-CE01-0015,TTL-Xing,La Couche de la Tropopause Tropicale pendant la mousson d'Asie: transport et composition(2017), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: Pollution, biomass burning tracers, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Atmosphere, Altitude, fire plume, GE1-350, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, long range transport, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Trace gas, Aerosol, Environmental sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, Environmental science, ddc:333.7, australian wildfires
Abstract: The historically large and severe wildfires in Australia from September 2019 to March 2020 are known to have injected a smoke plume into the stratosphere around New Year, due to pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) activity, that was subsequently distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere (SH). We show with satellite, ground based remote sensing, and in situ observations that the fires before New Year, had already a substantial impact on the SH atmosphere, starting as early as September 2019, with subsequent long-range transport of trace gas plumes in the upper-troposphere. Airborne in situ measurements above Southern Argentina in November 2019 show elevated CO mixing ratios at an altitude of 11 km and can be traced back using FLEXPART trajectories to the Australian fires in mid-November 2019. Ground based solar-FTS (Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) observations of biomass burning tracers CO, HCN and C2H6 at Lauder, South Island, New Zealand show enhanced tropospheric columns already starting in September 2019. In MLS observations averaged over 30°–60°S, enhanced CO mixing ratios compared to previous years become visible in late October 2019 only at and below the 147 hPa pressure level. Peak differences are found with satellite and ground-based observations for all altitude levels in the Southern Hemisphere in January. With still increased aerosol values following the Ulawun eruption in 2019, averaged satellite observations show no clear stratospheric and upper-tropospheric aerosol enhancements from the Australian fires, before the pyro-Cb events at the end of December 2019. However, with the clear enhancement of fire tracers, we suggest the period September to December 2019 (prior to the major pyro-Cb events) should be taken into account in terms of fire pollutant emissions when studying the impact of the Australian fires on the SH atmosphere.
Published: 2021

16. Variability of the aerosol content in the tropical lower stratosphere from 2013 to 2019 as influenced by moderate volcanic eruptions

Author: Guillaume Payen, Ghassan Taha, Thierry Portafaix, Lieven Clarisse, Adriana Bossolasco, Mariam Tidiga, Fabrice Jégou, Gwenaël Berthet, Jean-Marc Metzger, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Nelson Bègue, Jean-Paul Vernier, and Corinna Kloss
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Volcano, Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, Stratosphere, Aerosol
Abstract: The cumulative impacts of frequent moderate-magnitude eruptions on stratospheric aerosols were identified among the factors in recent decadal climate trends. Moderate volcanic eruptions are a recurrent source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region and the resulting formation of sulfuric acid aerosol particles from the SO2 emitted provides sites for chemical reactions leading to enhancement of stratospheric optical depth (SAOD) and ozone depletion. Modelling properly the volcanic aerosol content and its evolution in this region is important for radiative impact issues. In this work, we explore the variability of the tropical UTLS aerosol content between 2013 and 2019, a period which was particularly impacted by moderate tropical and mid-latitude volcanic eruptions. For that purpose, space-borne observations from OMPS (version 2, datasets from GES DISC), and IASI, together with simulations by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) coupled with the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA), are used. Different model sensitive experiments, particularly for the injection altitude and timing, have been conducted to evaluate how the model captures the aerosol plume in terms of content, optical and microphysical properties, transport and residence time. We find that the decay of the Calbuco and Kelud plumes observed by OMPS version 2 is well reproduced by the model. Comparisons with unique datasets in the tropical southern hemisphere from the NDACC Maïdo observatory (Reunion Island, France, 20.5°S, 55.5°E) show good agreement between the lidar SAOD observations and WACCM-CARMA SAOD simulations although we observe a difference in the altitude of the maximum aerosol concentration between the model and the in situ profile after Calbuco eruption in April 2015. A particular focus is also made on recent eruptions like Raikoke, Ambae and Ulawun. The plume of the Ambae volcano (15°S, 167°E) which erupted in July 2018 is shown to propagate to the northern hemisphere with some influence until summer 2019 in the Asian monsoon region. For the year 2019, we investigate how the Ulawun (5°S, 151°E; ~0.14 Tg of SO2) tropical eruption and the Raikoke mid-latitude eruption (48°N, 153°E; ~1.5Tg of SO2), have influenced the aerosol burden in the tropics.
Published: 2021

17. Global modeling studies of composition and decadal trends of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer

Author: Adriana Bossolasco, Gwenaël Berthet, Bernard Legras, Fabrice Jégou, Corinna Kloss, Pasquale Sellitto, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), ANR-17-CE01-0015,TTL-Xing,La Couche de la Tropopause Tropicale pendant la mousson d'Asie: transport et composition(2017), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric model, Mineral dust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, East Asian Monsoon, Sulfate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], respiratory system, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Boundary layer, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Anticyclone, Environmental science, Tropopause, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) traps convectively lifted boundary layer pollutants inside its upper-tropospheric lower-stratospheric Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA). It is associated with a seasonal and spatially confined enhanced aerosol layer, called the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Due to the dynamical variability of the AMA, the dearth of in situ observations in this region, the complexity of the emission sources and of transport pathways, knowledge of the ATAL properties in terms of aerosol budget, chemical composition, as well as its variability and temporal trend is still largely uncertain. In this work, we use the Community Earth System Model (CESM 1.2 version) based on the coupling of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) and the MAM7 (Modal Aerosol Model) aerosol module to simulate the composition of the ATAL and its decadal trends. Our simulations cover a long-term period of 16 years from 2000 to 2015. We identify a typical “double-peak” vertical profile of aerosols for the ATAL. We attribute the upper peak (around 100 hPa, predominant during early ATAL, e.g., in June) to dry aerosols, possibly from nucleation processes, and the lower peak (around 250 hPa, predominant for a well-developed and late ATAL, e.g., in July and August) to cloud-borne aerosols associated with convective clouds. We find that mineral dust (present in both peaks) is the dominant aerosol by mass in the ATAL, showing a large interannual variability but no long-term trend, due to its natural variability. The results between 120 and 80 hPa (dry aerosol peak) suggest that for aerosols other than dust the ATAL is composed of around 40 % of sulfate, 30 % of secondary and 15 % of primary organic aerosols, 14 % of ammonium aerosols and less than 3 % of black carbon. Nitrate aerosols are not considered in MAM7. The analysis of the anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols shows a positive trend for all aerosols simulated by CESM-MAM7.
Published: 2021

18. Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing

Author: Felix Ploeger, Maxim Eremenko, Ghassan Taha, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Bernard Legras, Fabrice Jégou, Pasquale Sellitto, Gwenaël Berthet, Mariam Tidiga, Corinna Kloss, Adriana Bossolasco, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), ANR-17-CE01-0015,TTL-Xing,La Couche de la Tropopause Tropicale pendant la mousson d'Asie: transport et composition(2017), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Northern Hemisphere, 02 engineering and technology, Radiative forcing, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Plume, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Radiative transfer, ddc:550, Environmental science, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In June 2019 a stratospheric eruption occurred at Raikoke (48∘ N, 153∘ E). Satellite observations show the injection of ash and SO2 into the lower stratosphere and an early entrainment of the plume into a cyclone. Following the Raikoke eruption, stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) values increased in the whole Northern Hemisphere and tropics and remained enhanced for more than 1 year, with peak values at 0.040 (short-wavelength, high northern latitudes) to 0.025 (short-wavelength, Northern Hemisphere average). Discrepancies between observations and global model simulations indicate that ash may have influenced the extent and evolution of the sAOD. Top of the atmosphere radiative forcings are estimated at values between −0.3 and -0.4Wm-2 (clear-sky) and of −0.1 to -0.2Wm-2 (all-sky), comparable to what was estimated for the Sarychev eruption in 2009. Almost simultaneously two significantly smaller stratospheric eruptions occurred at Ulawun (5∘ S, 151∘ E) in June and August. Aerosol enhancements from the Ulawun eruptions mainly had an impact on the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. The Ulawun plume circled the Earth within 1 month in the tropics. Peak shorter-wavelength sAOD values at 0.01 are found in the tropics following the Ulawun eruptions and a radiative forcing not exceeding −0.15 (clear-sky) and −0.05 (all-sky). Compared to the Canadian fires (2017), Ambae eruption (2018), Ulawun (2019) and the Australian fires (2019/2020), the highest sAOD and radiative forcing values are found for the Raikoke eruption.
Published: 2021

19. Origins and Spatial Distribution of Non-Pure Sulfate Particles (NSPs) in the Stratosphere Detected by the Balloon-Borne Light Optical Aerosols Counter (LOAC)

Author: Fabrice Jégou, S. A. Beresnev, Anny Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Gwenaël Berthet, Patrick Rairoux, Damien Vignelles, Alain Miffre, Jean Baptiste Renard, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), UrFU Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University [Ekaterinburg] (UrFU), Optique, environnement et télédétection (OET), Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] (ILM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MeteoModem Company, French Labex 'Étude des géofluides et des VOLatils–Terre, Atmosphère et Interfaces–Ressources et Environnement' (VOLTAIRE), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), UMR 7328 CNRS/Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans (UO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, VOLCANOES, Atmospheric sciences, non-sulfate stratospheric aerosols, 01 natural sciences, BALLOON, NON-SULFATE STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS, chemistry.chemical_compound, Interplanetary dust cloud, PARTICULATE MATTER, POINT SOURCE, COUNTING, SULFUR COMPOUNDS, balloon, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, INTERPLANETARY DUST, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography.geographical_feature_category, LARGE PARTICLES, AEROSOL, BIOMASS-BURNING, MEASUREMENT METHOD, STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS, SULFATE PARTICLES, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), lcsh:QC851-999, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, METEOROLOGICAL BALLOONS, Altitude, AEROSOLS, 0103 physical sciences, STRATOSPHERE, Sulfate, Stratosphere, TYPOLOGY, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, Meteoroid, EARTH (PLANET), BALLOON OBSERVATION, Aerosol, chemistry, Volcano, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, counting, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, typology, Meteor shower, SULFATE
Abstract: While water and sulfuric acid droplets are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, measurements performed for about 30 years have shown that non-sulfate particles (NSPs) are also present. Such particles, released from the Earth mainly through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, or coming from space, present a wide variety of compositions, sizes, and shapes. To better understand the origin of NSPs, we have performed measurements with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) during 151 flights under weather balloons in the 2013&ndash, 2019 period reaching altitudes up to 35 km. Coupled with previous counting measurements conducted over the 2004&ndash, 2011 period, the LOAC measurements indicate the presence of stratospheric layers of enhanced concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition ranging between 17 and 30 km altitude. Such enhancements are not correlated with permanent meteor shower events. They may be linked to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles coming from the Earth. Besides, large particles, up to several tens of &mu, m, were detected and present decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. All these particles can originate from Earth but also from meteoroid disintegrations and from the interplanetary dust cloud and comets.
Published: 2020
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20. Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and climate impact

Author: Bernard Legras, Fabrice Jégou, Ghassan Taha, Felix Ploeger, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Mariam Tidiga, Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Adriana Bossolasco, Pasquale Sellitto, and Maxim Eremenko
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Northern Hemisphere, Tropics, Radiative forcing, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Aerosol, Plume, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Stratosphere, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In June 2019 a stratospheric moderate eruption occurred at Raikoke (48° N, 153° E). Satellite observations show the injection of ash and SO2 into the lower stratosphere and an early entrainment of the plume into a cyclone. Following the Raikoke eruption stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth (sAOD) values increased in the whole northern hemisphere and tropics and remained enhanced for more than one year, with peak values at 0.040 (shorter-wavelength visible, higher northern latitudes) to 0.025 (shorter-wavelength visible, average northern hemisphere). Discrepancies between observations and models indicate that ash has played a role on evolution and sAOD values. Top of the atmosphere radiative forcings are estimated at values between −0.3 and −0.4 W/m2 (clear-sky), and of −0.1 to −0.2 W/m2 (all-sky), comparable to what was estimated for the Sarychev eruption in 2009. Almost simultaneously two significantly smaller stratospheric eruptions occurred at Ulawun (5° S, 151° E) in June and August. Aerosol enhancements from the Ulawun eruptions had mainly an impact on the tropics and southern hemisphere. The Ulawun plume circled the Earth within one month in the tropics. Peak shorter-wavelength sAOD values at 0.01 are found in the tropics following the Ulawun eruptions, and a radiative forcing not exceeding −0.15 (clear-sky) and −0.05 (all-sky). Compared to the Canadian Fires (2017), Ambae eruption (2018), Ulawun (2019) and the Australian fires (2019/2020) highest sAOD values and RF are found for the Raikoke eruption.
Published: 2020

21. Impact of the 2018 Ambae Eruption on the Global Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Climate

Author: Corinna Kloss, B. Suneel Kumar, Fabrice Jégou, Gwenaël Berthet, B. Lakshmi Madhavan, Bernard Legras, Jean-Paul Vernier, Pasquale Sellitto, M. Venkat Ratnam, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), ANR-17-CE01-0015,TTL-Xing,La Couche de la Tropopause Tropicale pendant la mousson d'Asie: transport et composition(2017), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), UMR 7328 CNRS/Université d'Orléans, Université d'Orléans (UO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radiative forcing, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Plume, Atmosphere, Geophysics, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Satellite, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: POPS measurements have to be re-425quested from the PI (gwenael.berthet@cnrs-orleans.fr); International audience; During an extended volcanic unrest starting in 2017, two main moderate stratospheric eruptions occurred at the Ambae volcano (15°S and 167°E), Vanuatu, in April and July 2018. Observations from a geostationary orbit show that the April and July eruptions injected a volcanic plume into the lower stratosphere. While aerosol enhancements from the April eruption have only had an impact on the Southern Hemisphere, the plume from the July eruption was distributed within the lower branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation to both hemispheres. Satellite, ground‐based and in situ observations show that the background aerosol is enhanced throughout the year after the July eruption on a global scale. A volcanic‐induced perturbation of the global stratospheric aerosol optical depth up to 0.011 is found, in the ultraviolet/visible spectral range. This perturbation is comparable to that of recent moderate stratospheric eruptions like from Kasatochi, Sarychev, and Nabro. Top of the atmosphere radiative forcing values are estimated between −0.45 and −0.6 W/m2 for this event, showing that the Ambae eruption had the strongest climatic impact of the year 2018. Thus, the Ambae eruption in 2018 has to be taken into account when studying the decadal lower stratospheric aerosol budget and in climate studies.
Published: 2020

22. Impact of the Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions in 2018-2019 on the global stratospheric aerosol layer and climate

Author: Jean-Paul Vernier, Pasquale Sellitto, B. Suneel Kumar, Gwenaël Berthet, Maxim Eremenko, Fabrice Jégou, M. Venkat Ratnam, B. Lakshmi Madhavan, Corinna Kloss, Bernard Legras, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, Layer (electronics), Aerosol
Abstract: Using a combination of satellite, ground-based and in-situ observations, and radiative transfer modelling, we quantify the impact of the most recent moderate volcanic eruptions (Ambae, Vanuatu in July 2018; Raikoke, Russia and Ulawun, New Guinea in June 2019) on the global stratospheric aerosol layer and climate.For the Ambae volcano (15°S and 167°E), we use the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III), the Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS), the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and Himawari geostationary satellite observations of the aerosol plume evolution following the Ambae eruption of July 2018. It is shown that the aerosol plume of the main eruption at Ambae in July 2018 was distributed throughout the global stratosphere within the global large-scale circulation (Brewer-Dobson circulation, BDC), to both hemispheres. Ground-based LiDAR observations in Gadanki, India, as well as in-situ Printed Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) measurements acquired during the BATAL campaign confirm a widespread perturbation of the stratospheric aerosol layer due to this eruption. Using the UVSPEC radiative transfer model, we also estimate the radiative forcing of this global stratospheric aerosol perturbation. The climate impact is shown to be comparable to that of the well-known and studied recent moderate stratospheric eruptions from Kasatochi (USA, 2008), Sarychev (Russia, 2009) and Nabro (Eritrea, 2011). Top of the atmosphere radiative forcing values between -0.45 and -0.60 W/m2, for the Ambae eruption of July 2018, are found.In a similar manner the dispersion of the aerosol plume of the Raikoke (48°N and 153°E) and Ulawun (5°S and 151°E) eruptions of June 2019 is analyzed. As both of those eruptions had a stratospheric impact and happened almost simultaneously, it is challenging to completely distinguish both events. Even though the eruptions occurred very recently, first results show that the aerosol plume of the Raikoke eruption resulted in an increase in aerosol extinction values, double as high as compared to that of the Ambae eruption. However, as the eruption occurred on higher latitudes, the main bulk of Raikoke aerosols was transported towards the northern higher latitude’s in the stratosphere within the BDC, as revealed by OMPS, SAGE III and a new detection algorithm for SO2 and sulfate aerosol using IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer). Even though the Raikoke eruption had a larger impact on the stratospheric aerosol layer, both events (the eruptions at Raikoke and Ambae) have to be considered in stratospheric aerosol budget and climate studies.
Published: 2020

23. Transport of the 2017 Canadian wildfire plume to the tropics and global stratosphere via the Asian monsoon circulation

Author: Sergey Khaykin, Larry W. Thomason, Felix Ploeger, Brice Barret, Corinna Kloss, Pasquale Sellitto, Nelson Bègue, Adriana Bossolasco, Eric Le Flochmoën, Fabrice Jégou, Marc von Hobe, Bernard Legras, G. Berhet, Silvia Bucci, Ghassan Taha, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR: 10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tropics, Radiative forcing, 01 natural sciences, Plume, Troposphere, 13. Climate action, Anticyclone, Climatology, ddc:550, Environmental science, East Asian Monsoon, Tropopause, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We show that a fire plume originating at high northern latitudes during the Canadian wildfire event in July/August 2017 reached the tropics, and subsequently the tropical stratosphere via the ascending branch of the Brewer-Dobson Circulation (BDC). The transport from high to low latitudes in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere was mediated by the anticyclonic flow of the Asian monsoon circulation. The fire plume reached the Asian monsoon area in late August/early September, when the Asian Monsoon Anticyclone (AMA) was still in place. While there is no evidence of mixing into the center of the AMA, we show that a substantial part of the fire plume is entrained into the anticyclonic flow at the AMA edge, and is transported into the tropical Upper-Troposphere–Lower-Stratosphere (UTLS), and possibly the Southern Hemisphere particularly following the north-south flow on the eastern side. In the tropics the fire plume is lifted by ~1.5 km per month. Inside the AMA we find evidence of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in August, doubling background aerosol conditions with a calculated top of the atmosphere shortwave radiative forcing (RF) of −0.05 W/m2. The regional climate impact of the fire signal in the wider Asian monsoon area in September exceeds the impact of the ATAL by a factor of 2–4 and compares to that of a plume coming from an advected moderate volcanic eruption. The stratospheric, trans-continental transport of this plume to the tropics and the related regional climate impact point at the importance of long-range dynamical interconnections of pollution sources.
Published: 2019

24. LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 2: First results from balloon and unmanned aerial vehicle flights

Author: Rony Akiki, Nicolas Verdier, Jean-Charles Dupont, C. Camy-Peyret, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Jean Sciare, Haraldur Ólafsson, Eric Hamonou, Tjarda Roberts, Gwenaël Berthet, François Gensdarmes, Damien Vignelles, Vincent Duverger, Matthew Salter, Matthieu Gobbi, Thierry Tonnelier, Martin Piringer, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Matthieu Jeannot, Paul Zieger, Daniel Daugeron, Thierry Elias, Patrick Charpentier, Thibaut Lurton, Thierry Décamps, Jérôme Giacomoni, Benoit Couté, Jérémy Surcin, Samuel Mesmin, Marc Mallet, Vincent Crenn, François Dulac, Christophe Mazel, Fabrice Jégou, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement SA, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), MeteoModem, Ury, MeteoModem, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), HYGEOS (SARL), Stockholm University, Groupe Aerophile, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fly-n-Sense, Mérignac, Fly-n-Sense, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, IRSN, PSN-RES, SCA, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université d’Auvergne/LPC2E, ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Mineral dust, Balloon, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Aerosol, Troposphere, Ground level, Depth sounding, 13. Climate action, ChArMEx, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, Particle, lcsh:TA170-171, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Particle counter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; In the companion (Part I) paper, we have described and evaluated a new versatile optical particle counter/sizer named LOAC (Light Optical Aerosol Counter), based on scattering measurements at angles of 12 and 60 •. That allows for some typology identification of particles (droplets, carbonaceous, salts, and mineral dust) in addition to size-segregated counting in a large diameter range from 0.2 µm up to possibly more than 100 µm depending on sampling conditions (Renard et al., 2016). Its capabilities overpass those of preceding optical particle counters (OPCs) allowing the characterization of all kind of aerosols from submicronic-sized absorbing carbonaceous particles in polluted air to very coarse particles (> 10–20 µm in diameter) in desert dust plumes or fog and clouds. LOAC's light and compact design allows measurements under all kinds of balloons , on-board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and at Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 3674 J.-B. Renard et al.: LOAC: a counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements – Part 2 ground level. We illustrate here the first LOAC airborne results obtained from a UAV and a variety of scientific balloons. The UAV was deployed in a peri-urban environment near Bordeaux in France. Balloon operations include (i) tethered balloons deployed in urban environments in Vi-enna (Austria) and Paris (France), (ii) pressurized balloons drifting in the lower troposphere over the western Mediter-ranean (during the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment – ChArMEx campaigns), (iii) meteorological sounding balloons launched in the western Mediterranean region (ChArMEx) and from Aire-sur-l'Adour in southwestern France (VOLTAIRE-LOAC campaign). More focus is put on measurements performed in the Mediterranean during (ChArMEx) and especially during African dust transport events to illustrate the original capability of balloon-borne LOAC to monitor in situ coarse mineral dust particles. In particular, LOAC has detected unexpected large particles in desert sand plumes.
Published: 2016

25. BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer

Author: M. Durga Rao, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Neeraj Rastogi, T. D. Fairlie, Gwenaël Berthet, Illia Shevchenko, A. K. Singh, Achuthan Jayaraman, P. R. Sinha, Fabrice Jégou, Hongyu Liu, Luke D. Ziemba, Frank G. Wienhold, Amit P. Kesarkar, M. Venkat Ratnam, Terry Deshler, Jessica K. Smith, Kristopher M. Bedka, S.T. Akhil Raj, Shani Tiwari, B. Kumar, A. Hemanth Kumar, Larry W. Thomason, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Murali Natarajan, Martin S. Williamson, Sarvan Kumar, James H. Crawford, Damien Vignelles, A. K. Pandit, Jyoti Bhate, Jean-Paul Vernier, Tobias Wegner, J. Moore, Hazel Vernier, V. Ravikiran, Anil Patel, S. RavindraBabu, Harish Gadhavi, Noel C. Baker, Vikas Singh, T. N. Knepp, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), Department of Atmospheric Science [Laramie], University of Wyoming (UW), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory [Tirupathi] (NARL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), National Institute of Aerospace [Hampton] (NIA), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Smith and Williamson Inc, ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), and National Atmospheric Research Laboratory [Tirupati] (NARL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 010501 environmental sciences, Effects of high altitude on humans, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Lidar, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Tropopause, Stratosphere, Water vapor, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We describe and show results from a series of field campaigns that used balloonborne instruments launched from India and Saudi Arabia during the summers 2014–17 to study the nature, formation, and impacts of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). The campaign goals were to i) characterize the optical, physical, and chemical properties of the ATAL; ii) assess its impacts on water vapor and ozone; and iii) understand the role of convection in its formation. To address these objectives, we launched 68 balloons from four locations, one in Saudi Arabia and three in India, with payload weights ranging from 1.5 to 50 kg. We measured meteorological parameters; ozone; water vapor; and aerosol backscatter, concentration, volatility, and composition in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. We found peaks in aerosol concentrations of up to 25 cm–3 for radii > 94 nm, associated with a scattering ratio at 940 nm of ∼1.9 near the cold-point tropopause. During medium-duration balloon flights near the tropopause, we collected aerosols and found, after offline ion chromatography analysis, the dominant presence of nitrate ions with a concentration of about 100 ng m–3. Deep convection was found to influence aerosol loadings 1 km above the cold-point tropopause. The Balloon Measurements of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (BATAL) project will continue for the next 3–4 years, and the results gathered will be used to formulate a future National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Indian Space Research Organisation (NASA–ISRO) airborne campaign with NASA high-altitude aircraft.
Published: 2018

26. Stratospheric Aerosols, Polar Stratospheric Clouds, and Polar Ozone Depletion After the Mount Calbuco Eruption in 2015

Author: V. Lynn Harvey, Charles G. Bardeen, Michael C. Pitts, Gwenaël Berthet, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Yunqian Zhu, Michael J. Mills, Nelson Bègue, Owen B. Toon, Fabrice Jégou, Douglas E. Kinnison, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ozone depletion, Aerosol, Microwave Limb Sounder, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, Volcano, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Polar vortex, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Ozone layer, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Sulfate aerosol, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; We investigate the impact of the 2015 Mount Calbuco eruption and previous eruptions on stratospheric aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds, and ozone depletion using the Community Earth System Model coupled with the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres compared with several satellite and balloon observations. The modeled volcanic sulfate aerosol size distribution agrees with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter observation at the Reunion Island site (21°S, 55°E) on 19 August at 20 km within estimated 0.1-to 1-μm radius error bars. Both the observed and simulated backscatter and extinction show that volcanic sulfate aerosol from the Mount Calbuco eruption was transported from midlatitude toward the Antarctic and slowly descended during transport. They also indicate that the SO 2 emission into the stratosphere from Mount Calbuco is 0.2-0.4 Tg. The modeled number density indicates that the volcanic sulfate aerosol from the Mount Calbuco eruption penetrated into the Antarctic polar vortex in May and thereafter and reduced the polar stratospheric clouds effective radius. In the simulations, the Antarctic stratosphere denitrified too early and by too much compared with Microwave Limb Sounder observations. Heterogeneous nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate or sophisticated gravity wave representations may be required to simulate nitric acid trihydrate particles with smaller falling velocity. The volcanic sulfate aerosol increases the ozone depletion in September especially around 100 hPa and 70°S, relative to a case without any volcanic eruptions. The simulated surface area density, earlier ozone loss, and larger area of the ozone hole are consistent with the presence of volcanic sulfate layers observed at 16 km as well as previous studies.
Published: 2018

27. Long-range isentropic transport of stratospheric aerosols over Southern Hemisphere following the Calbuco eruption in April 2015

Author: Fabrice Jégou, Thierry Portafaix, Lieven Clarisse, Guillaume Payen, Julien Jumelet, Damien Vignelles, Vincent Duverger, Jean-Marc Metzger, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Nelson Bègue, Françoise Posny, Gwenaël Berthet, Thibault Lurton, Jean-Paul Vernier, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, and Hassan Bencherif
Subjects: Effective radius, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Advection, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Plume, Lidar, Volcano, Polar vortex, Climatology, Environmental science, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: After 43 years of inactivity, the Calbuco volcano which is located in the southern part of Chile erupted on 22 April 2015. The space-time evolutions (distribution and transport) of its aerosol plume are investigated by combining satellite (CALIOP, IASI, OMPS), in situ aerosol counting (LOAC OPC) and lidar observations, and the MIMOSA advection model. The Calbuco aerosol plume reached the Indian Ocean 1 week after the eruption. Over the Reunion Island site (21° S; 55.5° E), the aerosol signal was unambiguously enhanced in comparison with "background" conditions with a volcanic aerosol layer extending from 18 km to 21 km during the May–July period. All the data reveal an increase by a factor of ~ 2 in the SAOD (Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth) with respect to values observed before the eruption. The aerosol e-folding time is approximately 90 days. Microphysical measurements obtained before, during and after the eruption reflecting the impact of the Calbuco eruption on the lower stratospheric aerosol content have been analyzed over Reunion site. During the passage of the plume, the volcanic aerosol was characterized by an effective radius of 0.16 ± 0.02 µm with an unimodal lognormal size distribution and the aerosol number concentration appears 20 times higher than before and one year after the eruption. A tendency toward "background" conditions has been observed about one year after the eruption, by April 2016. The volcanic aerosol plume is advected eastward in the Southern Hemisphere and its latitudinal extent is clearly bounded by the subtropical barrier and the polar vortex. The transient behavior of the aerosol layers observed above Reunion Island between May and July 2015 reflects an inhomogeneous geographical distribution of the plume which is controlled by the latitudinal motion of these dynamical barriers.
Published: 2017

28. Impact of a moderate volcanic eruption on chemistry in the lower stratosphere: balloon-borne observations and model calculations

Author: Gwenaël Berthet, Fabrice Jégou, Valéry Catoire, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Adam E. Bourassa, Doug A. Degenstein, Colette Brogniez, Marcel Dorf, Sebastian Kreycy, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Bodo Werner, Franck Lefèvre, Tjarda J. Roberts, Thibaut Lurton, Damien Vignelles, Nelson Bègue, Quentin Bourgeois, Daniel Daugeron, Michel Chartier, Claude Robert, Bertrand Gaubicher, Christophe Guimbaud, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), European Union, ANR-08-BLAN-0300,StraPolEté,Dynamique, aérosols et brome dans la stratosphère polaire en été(2008), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), European Project: 226365,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2008-1,RECONCILE(2009), European Project: 226224,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2008-1,SHIVA(2009), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The major volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 has been shown to have significant effects on stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion even at midlatitudes. Since then, only moderate but recurrent volcanic eruptions have modulated the stratospheric aerosol loading and are assumed to be one cause for the reported increase in the global aerosol content over the past 15 years. This particularly enhanced aerosol context raises questions about the effects on stratospheric chemistry which depend on the latitude, altitude and season of injection. In this study, we focus on the midlatitude Sarychev volcano eruption in June 2009, which injected 0.9 Tg of sulfur dioxide (about 20 times less than Pinatubo) into a lower stratosphere mainly governed by high-stratospheric temperatures. Together with in situ measurements of aerosol amounts, we analyse high-resolution in situ and/or remote-sensing observations of NO2, HNO3 and BrO from balloon-borne infrared and UV–visible spectrometers launched in Sweden in August–September 2009. It is shown that differences between observations and three-dimensional (3-D) chemistry-transport model (CTM) outputs are not due to transport calculation issues but rather reflect the chemical impact of the volcanic plume below 19 km altitude. Good measurement–model agreement is obtained when the CTM is driven by volcanic aerosol loadings derived from in situ or space-borne data. As a result of enhanced N2O5 hydrolysis in the Sarychev volcanic aerosol conditions, the model calculates reductions of ∼ 45 % and increases of ∼ 11 % in NO2 and HNO3 amounts respectively over the August–September 2009 period. The decrease in NOx abundances is limited due to the expected saturation effect for high aerosol loadings. The links between the various chemical catalytic cycles involving chlorine, bromine, nitrogen and HOx compounds in the lower stratosphere are discussed. The increased BrO amounts (∼ 22 %) compare rather well with the balloon-borne observations when volcanic aerosol levels are accounted for in the CTM and appear to be mainly controlled by the coupling with nitrogen chemistry rather than by enhanced BrONO2 hydrolysis. We show that the chlorine partitioning is significantly controlled by enhanced BrONO2 hydrolysis. However, simulated effects of the Sarychev eruption on chlorine activation are very limited in the high-temperature conditions in the stratosphere in the period considered, inhibiting the effect of ClONO2 hydrolysis. As a consequence, the simulated chemical ozone loss due to the Sarychev aerosols is low with a reduction of −22 ppbv (−1.5 %) of the ozone budget around 16 km. This is at least 10 times lower than the maximum ozone depletion from chemical processes (up to −20 %) reported in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere over the first year following the Pinatubo eruption. This study suggests that moderate volcanic eruptions have limited chemical effects when occurring at midlatitudes (restricted residence times) and outside winter periods (high-temperature conditions). However, it would be of interest to investigate longer-lasting tropical volcanic plumes or sulfur injections in the wintertime low-temperature conditions.
Published: 2017

29. Projected changes in clear-sky erythemal and vitamin D effective UV doses for Europe over the period 2006 to 2100

Author: Marcelo de Paula Corrêa, Slimane Bekki, Fabrice Jégou, E. Mahé, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Philippe Saiag, Jordi Badosa, Martial Haeffelin, Andrea Pazmino, Instituto de Recursos Naturais [Itajubá], Universidade Federal de Itajubá, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Dermatologie - Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Fédération Hospitalière de France, Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Ultraviolet Rays, Climate Change, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Radiation Dosage, Atmospheric sciences, Models, Biological, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Ozone, Ozone layer, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Computer Simulation, Vitamin D, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Optical depth, Skin, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, integumentary system, Single-scattering albedo, Tropics, Aerosol, Europe, Erythema, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; The benefits and the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure have been well discussed. Most studies show concern for the solar overexposure in the tropics and low latitude sites and its scarcity at higher latitudes. Both cases are of concern, the first for diseases such as skin cancer and the second for the lack of vitamin D production in the skin. In this study, we evaluate the influence of climate change scenarios on the total ozone content (TOC) and typical aerosol properties, such as the optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA), over Europe. From these parameters, we estimate the erythemal and the vitamin D effective UVR doses from 2006 to 2100. Our results indicate a small reduction of the UVR daily doses caused by the ozone layer recovery and partially compensated by an AOD diminution through this century. The attenuation will be larger at high latitudes, during the springtime and for more polluted scenarios during this century. However, this diminution should not be sufficient to provide a protection condition for erythema. On the other hand, at higher latitudes, it possibly contributes to a relevant increase in the exposure time necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D, mainly during autumn and spring seasons.
Published: 2013

30. Detection in the summer polar stratosphere of pollution plume from East Asia and North America by balloon-borne in situ CO measurements

Author: Claude Camy-Peyret, Chantal Robert, Marc Antoine Drouin, Yao Té, Pierre-François Coheur, Nathalie Huret, Valéry Catoire, Fabrice Jégou, Rémi Thiéblemont, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Pascal Jeseck, Sébastien Payan, Jean-Luc Attié, Cathy Clerbaux, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-08-BLAN-0300,StraPolEté,Dynamique, aérosols et brome dans la stratosphère polaire en été(2008), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pollution, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Advection, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Plume, Trace gas, Latitude, 010309 optics, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Potential vorticity, Climatology, 0103 physical sciences, Stratosphere, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: The SPIRALE and SWIR balloon-borne instruments were launched in the Arctic polar region (near Kiruna, Sweden, 67.9° N–21.1° E) during summer on 7 and 24 August 2009 and on 14 August 2009, respectively. The SPIRALE instrument performed in situ measurements of several trace gases including CO and O3 at altitudes between 9 and 34 km, with very high vertical resolution (∼ 5 m). The SWIR-balloon instrument measured total and partial column of several species including CO. The CO stratospheric profile from SPIRALE for 7 August 2009 shows some specific structures with large concentrations in the low levels (potential temperatures between 320 and 380 K, i.e. 10–14 km height). These structures are not present in the CO vertical profile of SPIRALE for 24 August 2009, for which the volume mixing ratios are typical from polar latitudes (∼ 30 ppb). CO total columns retrieved from the IASI-MetOp satellite sounder for the three dates of flights are used to understand this CO variability. SPIRALE and SWIR CO partial columns between 9 and 34 km are compared, allowing us to confirm that the enhancement of CO is localised in the stratosphere. The measurements are also investigated in terms of CO:O3 correlations and using several modelling approaches (trajectory calculations, potential vorticity fields, results of chemistry transport model) in order to characterize the origin of the air masses sampled. The emission sources are qualified in terms of source type (fires, urban pollution) using NH3 and CO measurements from IASI-MetOp and fires detection from MODIS on board the TERRA/AQUA satellite. The results give strong evidence that the unusual abundance of CO on 7 August is due to surface pollution plumes from East Asia and North America transporting to the upper troposphere and then entering the lower stratosphere by isentropic advection. This study strengthens evidence that the composition of low polar stratosphere in summer may be affected by anthropogenic surface emissions through long-range transport.
Published: 2012

31. Soil temperature synchronisation improves representation of diel variability of ecosystem respiration in Sphagnum peatlands

Author: Sébastien Gogo, Franck Le Moing, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Fabrice Jégou, Benoît D’angelo, Christophe Guimbaud, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Peatland National Obser-vatory Service (Service national d’observation Tourbières, certifiedby the CNRS/INSU), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010)
Subjects: Chamber, Atmospheric Science, Daytime, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Temperature measurement, Sphagnum, Temperature depth, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Diel vertical migration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, biology, Q10, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil horizon, CO2, Time-delay, Ecosystem respiration, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: The temperature dependence of Ecosystem Respiration (ER) is often assessed based on the temperature of one specific layer. Air temperature or temperatures in the first ten centimetres of the soil profile are the most frequently used temperatures in models. However, previous studies showed that the relationship between ER and temperature is depth dependent, making depth selection for temperature measurements an important issue, especially at short time-scales. The present study explores one possible way to assess this relationship by synchronising the ER and temperature signals and to test if the relationship between ER and temperature differs between daytime and nighttime. To do so, ER measurements were undertaken in 2013 in four Sphagnum -peatlands across France using the closed chamber method. The ER fluxes were measured hourly during 72 h in each of four replicates in each site. Synchronisations between ER and T signal were determined for each depth (from surface to 30 cm depth) by selecting the time-delay leading to the best correlation between ER and soil temperatures and ER was then modelled. Our results showed that: (i) the delay between ER and soil temperature is greater in peat than in mineral soils; (ii) at a daily time-scale synchronisation can improve the model representation using soil temperatures.
Published: 2016

32. LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 1: Principle of measurements and instrument evaluation

Author: Tjarda Roberts, Fabrice Jégou, Matthew Salter, Eric Hamonou, Jérémy Surcin, Matthieu Gobbi, Matthieu Jeannot, Samuel Mesmin, Marc Mallet, Daniel Daugeron, François Gensdarmes, Thierry Décamps, Gwenaël Berthet, Thierry Tonnelier, Jérôme Giacomoni, Vincent Crenn, Benoit Couté, Nicolas Verdier, Paul Zieger, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Damien Vignelles, Vincent Duverger, François Dulac, Thierry Elias, Rony Akiki, Jean-Charles Dupont, Claude Camy-Peyret, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Christophe Mazel, Haraldur Ólafsson, Jean Sciare, Martin Piringer, Patrick Charpentier, Thibaut Lurton, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement SA, Groupe Aerophile, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), MeteoModem, Ury, MeteoModem, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), HYGEOS (SARL), Stockholm University, University of Bergen (UiB), University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Fly-n-Sense, Mérignac, Fly-n-Sense, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, IRSN, PSN-RES, SCA, Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), University of Bergen (UIB), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), UMR 7328 CNRS/Université d'Orléans, and Université d'Orléans (UO)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Troposphere, Optics, 11. Sustainability, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], lcsh:TA170-171, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Range (particle radiation), Scattering, business.industry, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Sea spray, Aerosol, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, ChArMEx, Particle, business
Abstract: The study of aerosols in the troposphere and in the stratosphere is of major importance both for climate and air quality studies. Among the numerous instruments available, optical aerosol particles counters (OPCs) provide the size distribution in diameter range from about 100 nm to a few tens of µm. Most of them are very sensitive to the nature of aerosols, and this can result in significant biases in the retrieved size distribution. We describe here a new versatile optical particle/sizer counter named LOAC (Light Optical Aerosol Counter), which is light and compact enough to perform measurements not only at the surface but under all kinds of balloons in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. LOAC is an original OPC performing observations at two scattering angles. The first one is around 12°, and is almost insensitive to the refractive index of the particles; the second one is around 60° and is strongly sensitive to the refractive index of the particles. By combining measurement at the two angles, it is possible to retrieve the size distribution between 0.2 and 100 µm and to estimate the nature of the dominant particles (droplets, carbonaceous, salts and mineral particles) when the aerosol is relatively homogeneous. This typology is based on calibration charts obtained in the laboratory. The uncertainty for total concentrations measurements is ±20 % when concentrations are higher than 1 particle cm−3 (for a 10 min integration time). For lower concentrations, the uncertainty is up to about ±60 % for concentrations smaller than 10−2 particle cm−3. Also, the uncertainties in size calibration are ±0.025 µm for particles smaller than 0.6 µm, 5 % for particles in the 0.7–2 µm range, and 10 % for particles greater than 2 µm. The measurement accuracy of submicronic particles could be reduced in a strongly turbid case when concentration of particles > 3 µm exceeds a few particles cm−3. Several campaigns of cross-comparison of LOAC with other particle counting instruments and remote sensing photometers have been conducted to validate both the size distribution derived by LOAC and the retrieved particle number density. The typology of the aerosols has been validated in well-defined conditions including urban pollution, desert dust episodes, sea spray, fog, and cloud. Comparison with reference aerosol mass monitoring instruments also shows that the LOAC measurements can be successfully converted to mass concentrations.
Published: 2016

33. Balloon-borne measurement of the aerosol size distribution from an Icelandic flood basalt eruption

Author: Gwenaël Berthet, Haraldur Ólafsson, Damien Vignelles, Vincent Duverger, Elisa Carboni, Benoit Couté, Jean-Baptiste Renard, N. Fannar Reynisson, Fabrice Jégou, P. Dagsson Waldhauserova, Evgenia Ilyinskaya, Bo Galle, Richard Yeo, Baldur Bergsson, Anja Schmidt, Thibaut Lurton, Melissa Anne Pfeffer, Vladimir Conde, Santiago Arellano, Roy G. Grainger, Tjarda Roberts, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Departments of Physical and Earth Sciences, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), Department of Earth and Space Sciences, ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment ( 2010 ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, Iceland, [ SDU.STU.VO ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, balloon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, aerosol counter, geography.geographical_feature_category, in-situ measurement, Plume, Aerosol, Geophysics, Volcano, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Particle-size distribution, Particle, Particle counter, volcano plume, Geology
Abstract: International audience; We present in situ balloon-borne measurements of aerosols in a volcanic plume made during the Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) in January 2015. The balloon flight intercepted a young plume at 8 km distance downwind from the crater, where the plume is ∼15 min of age. The balloon carried a novel miniature optical particle counter LOAC (Light Optical Aerosol Counter) which measures particle number concentration and size distribution in the plume, alongside a meteorological payload. We discuss the possibility of calculating particle flux by combining LOAC data with measurements of sulfur dioxide flux by ground-based UV spectrometer (DOAS).The balloon passed through the plume at altitude range of 2.0–3.1 km above sea level (a.s.l.). The plume top height was determined as 2.7–3.1 km a.s.l., which is in good agreement with data from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite. Two distinct plume layers were detected, a non-condensed lower layer (300 m thickness) and a condensed upper layer (800 m thickness). The lower layer was characterized by a lognormal size distribution of fine particles (0.2 μm diameter) and a secondary, coarser mode (2.3 μm diameter), with a total particle number concentration of around 100 cm−3 in the 0.2–100 μm detection range. The upper layer was dominated by particle centered on 20 μm in diameter as well as containing a finer mode (2 μm diameter). The total particle number concentration in the upper plume layer was an order of magnitude higher than in the lower layer.We demonstrate that intercepting a volcanic plume with a meteorological balloon carrying LOAC is an efficient method to characterize volcanic aerosol properties. During future volcanic eruptions, balloon-borne measurements could be carried out easily and rapidly over a large spatial area in order to better characterize the evolution of the particle size distribution and particle number concentrations in a volcanic plume.
Published: 2016

34. Significant Contributions of Volcanic Aerosols to Decadal Changes in the Stratospheric Circulation

Author: Felix Ploeger, Fabrice Jégou, Martin Riese, P. Konopka, Gwenaël Berthet, Hella Garny, Thomas Birner, Eric A. Ray, Rolf Müller, Mohamadou Diallo, and Bernard Legras
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Geophysics, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Climatology, Extratropical cyclone, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Climate model, Volcanic winter, Tropopause, Water vapor, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The stratospheric circulation is an important element of climate as it determines the concentration of radiatively active species like water vapor and aerosol above the tropopause. Climate models predict that increasing greenhouse gas levels speed up the stratospheric circulation. However, these results have been challenged by observational estimates of the circulation strength, constituting an uncertainty in current climate simulations. Here, we quantify the effect of volcanic aerosol on the stratospheric circulation focusing on the Mount Pinatubo eruption and discussing further the minor extratropical volcanic eruptions after 2008. We show that the observed pattern of decadal circulation change over the past decades is substantially driven by volcanic aerosol injections. Thus, climate model simulations need to realistically take into account the effect of volcanic eruptions, including the minor eruptions after 2008, for a reliable reproduction of observed stratospheric circulation changes.
Published: 2017

35. Internal consistency in the Odin stratospheric ozone products

Author: Fabrice Jégou, Ashley Jones, and Samuel Brohede
Subjects: Physics, Sunlight, Ozone, Radiometer, biology, General Physics and Astronomy, Atmospheric sciences, biology.organism_classification, Latitude, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Ozone layer, Satellite, Osiris, Stratosphere
Abstract: The two independent instruments on the Odin satellite, the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS) and the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) produce atmospheric profiles of various atmospheric species including stratospheric ozone. Comparisons are made between OSIRIS version 3.0 and SMR version 2.1 ozone data to evaluate the consistency of the Odin ozone data sets. Results show good agreement between OSIRIS and SMR in the range 25–40 km, where systematic differences are less than 15% for all latitudes and seasons. Larger systematic differences are seen below 25 km, which can be explained by the increase of various error sources and lower signals. The random differences are between 20–30% in the middle stratosphere. Differences between Odin up-scans and down-scans or AM and PM are insignificant in the middle stratosphere. Furthermore, there is little variation from year to year, but a slight positive trend in the differences (OSIRIS minus SMR) of 0.045 ppmv/year at 30 km over validation period (2002–2006). The fact that the two fundamentally different measurement techniques, (absorption spectroscopy of scattering sunlight and emission measurements in the sub-millimetre region) agree so well, provides confidence in the robustness of both techniques.PACS Nos.: 92.60.Hd, 92.75.Rs, 95.55.Fw, 95.55.Jz
Published: 2007

36. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) variability with latitude in the atmosphere

Author: Yao Veng Té, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Geoffrey C. Toon, Claude Robert, Pascal Jeseck, Fabrice Jégou, Valéry Catoire, Gwenaël Berthet, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), and European Project: 28966,SCOUT-O3
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Seasonality, Oceanography, medicine.disease, Atmospheric sciences, Ozone depletion, Latitude, Atmosphere, Altitude, Arctic, 13. Climate action, medicine, Environmental science, Polar, Stratosphere
Abstract: International audience; Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is an important precursor of sulfate aerosols and consequently a key species in stratospheric ozone depletion. SPIRALE and SWIR balloon-borne instruments have flown in the tropical region and in the Arctic polar region, and ground-based measurements have been performed by QualAir FTS instrument in Paris. Partial and total columns and vertical profiles have been obtained to study the OCS variability with altitude, latitude and season. The annual total column variation in Paris reveals a seasonal variation with a maximum in April-June and a minimum in November-January. Total column measurements above Paris and from SWIR balloon-borne instrument are compared with several MkIV measurements, several NDACC stations, aircraft, ship and balloon measurements to highlight the OCS total column decrease from tropical to polar latitudes. OCS high resolution in situ vertical profiles have been measured for the first time in the altitude range between 14 and 30 km at tropical and polar latitudes. OCS profiles are compared with ACE satellite measurements and show good agreement. Using OCS:N2O correlation from SPIRALE, OCS stratospheric lifetime has been accurately determined. We find a stratospheric lifetime of 70±20 years at polar latitude and 58±14 years at tropical latitude leading to a global stratospheric sink of 54±14 Gg S yr-1.
Published: 2015

37. Stratospheric aerosols from the Sarychev volcano eruption in the 2009 Arctic summer

Author: P. Francois, Bertrand Gaubicher, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Jim Haywood, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Cathy Clerbaux, A. Jones, Thibaut Lurton, Lieven Clarisse, Michel Chartier, J. Y. Balois, Q. Bourgeois, Fabrice Jégou, Gwenaël Berthet, Christian Verwaerde, Christophe Guimbaud, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Daniel Daugeron, Frédérique Auriol, Colette Brogniez, Atmosphere, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), and TROPO - LATMOS
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Plume, Lidar, Volcano, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Tropopause, lcsh:Physics, Sciences exactes et naturelles
Abstract: Aerosols from the Sarychev volcano eruption (Kuril Islands, northeast of Japan) were observed in the Arctic lower stratosphere a few days after the strongest SO2 injection which occurred on 15 and 16 June 2009. From the observations provided by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) an estimated 0.9 Tg of sulphur dioxide was injected into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The resultant stratospheric sulphate aerosols were detected from satellites by the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS) limb sounder and by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and from the surface by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes (NDACC) lidar deployed at OHP (Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France). By the first week of July the aerosol plume had spread out over the entire Arctic region. The Sarychev-induced stratospheric aerosol over the Kiruna region (north of Sweden) was measured by the Stratospheric and Tropospheric Aerosol Counter (STAC) during eight balloon flights planned in August and September 2009. During this balloon campaign the Micro Radiomètre Ballon (MicroRADIBAL) and the Spectroscopie d'Absorption Lunaire pour l'Observation des Minoritaires Ozone et NOx (SALOMON) remote-sensing instruments also observed these aerosols. Aerosol concentrations returned to near-background levels by spring 2010. The effective radius, the surface area density (SAD), the aerosol extinction, and the total sulphur mass from STAC in situ measurements are enhanced with mean values in the range 0.15-0.21 μm, 5.5-14.7 μm2 cm-3, 5.5-29.5 × 10-4 km-1, and 4.9-12.6 × 10-10 kg[S] kg-1[air], respectively, between 14 km and 18 km. The observed and modelled e-folding time of sulphate aerosols from the Sarychev eruption is around 70-80 days, a value much shorter than the 12-14 months calculated for aerosols from the 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo. The OSIRIS stratospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 750 nm is enhanced by a factor of 6, with a value of 0.02 in late July compared to 0.0035 before the eruption. The HadGEM2 and MIMOSA model outputs indicate that aerosol layers in polar region up to 14-15 km are largely modulated by stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes. The spatial extent of the Sarychev plume is well represented in the HadGEM2 model with lower altitudes of the plume being controlled by upper tropospheric troughs which displace the plume downward and upper altitudes around 18-20 km, in agreement with lidar observations. Good consistency is found between the HadGEM2 sulphur mass density and the value inferred from the STAC observations, with a maximum located about 1 km above the tropopause ranging from 1 to 2 × 10 -9 kg[S] kg-1[air], which is one order of magnitude higher than the background level. © Author(s) 2013., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2013

38. Validity of satellite measurements used for the monitoring of UV radiation risk on health

Author: Florence Goutail, Colette Brogniez, Andrea Pazmino, Vincent-Henri Peuch, P. Saiag, Frédérique Auriol, Fabrice Jégou, E. Mahé, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Marcelo de Paula Corrêa, Martial Haeffelin, Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Recursos Naturais [Itajubá], Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Service de Dermatologie Générale et Oncologique, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Cloud cover, Cloud computing, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, lcsh:Chemistry, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, Remote sensing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, business.industry, lcsh:QC1-999, SCIAMACHY, Radiation risk, Overcast, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Satellite, Ultraviolet index, business, Predictive modelling, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: In order to test the validity of ultraviolet index (UVI) satellite products and UVI model simulations for general public information, intercomparison involving three satellite instruments (SCIAMACHY, OMI and GOME-2), the Chemistry and Transport Model, Modélisation de la Chimie Atmosphérique Grande Echelle (MOCAGE), and ground-based instruments was performed in 2008 and 2009. The intercomparison highlighted a systematic high bias of ~1 UVI in the OMI clear-sky products compared to the SCIAMACHY and TUV model clear-sky products. The OMI and GOME-2 all-sky products are close to the ground-based observations with a low 6 % positive bias, comparable to the results found during the satellite validation campaigns. This result shows that OMI and GOME-2 all-sky products are well appropriate to evaluate the UV-risk on health. The study has pointed out the difficulty to take into account either in the retrieval algorithms or in the models, the large spatial and temporal cloud modification effect on UV radiation. This factor is crucial to provide good quality UV information. OMI and GOME-2 show a realistic UV variability as a function of the cloud cover. Nevertheless these satellite products do not sufficiently take into account the radiation reflected by clouds. MOCAGE numerical forecasts show good results during periods with low cloud covers, but are actually not adequate for overcast conditions; this is why Météo-France currently uses human-expertised cloudiness (rather than direct outputs from Numerical Prediction Models) together with MOCAGE clear-sky UV indices for its operational forecasts. From now on, the UV monitoring could be done using free satellite products (OMI, GOME-2) and operational forecast for general public by using modelling, as long as cloud forecasts and the parametrisation of the impact of cloudiness on UV radiation are adequate.
Published: 2011

39. Technical Note: Validation of Odin/SMR limb observations of ozone, comparisons with OSIRIS, POAM III, ground-based and balloon-borne instruments

Author: Ashley Jones, E. J. Llewellyn, Jonathan Davies, Donal P. Murtagh, Philippe Ricaud, Jerry Lumpe, Jean-Pierre Pommereau, Kimberly Strong, Nicholas D. Lloyd, Gwenaël Berthet, C.T. Mc Elroy, Valéry Catoire, Craig S. Haley, Jakub Urban, Patrick Eriksson, S. V. Petelina, Fabrice Jégou, Florence Goutail, Nathalie Huret, Cora E. Randall, Jean-Baptiste Renard, E. Le Flochmoën, Richard M. Bevilacqua, J. de La Noë, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), La Trobe University, La Trobe University [Melbourne], York University [Toronto], Computational Physics, Inc., Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), University of York [York, UK], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, lcsh:Chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, Mixing ratio, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Spectrograph, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Radiometer, biology, biology.organism_classification, lcsh:QC1-999, Depth sounding, Lidar, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Satellite, Osiris, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The Odin satellite carries two instruments capable of determining stratospheric ozone profiles by limb sounding: the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) and the UV-visible spectrograph of the OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System) instrument. A large number of ozone profiles measurements were performed during six years from November 2001 to present. This ozone dataset is here used to make quantitative comparisons with satellite measurements in order to assess the quality of the Odin/SMR ozone measurements. In a first step, we compare Swedish SMR retrievals version 2.1, French SMR ozone retrievals version 222 (both from the 501.8 GHz band), and the OSIRIS retrievals version 3.0, with the operational version 4.0 ozone product from POAM III (Polar Ozone Atmospheric Measurement). In a second step, we refine the Odin/SMR validation by comparisons with ground-based instruments and balloon-borne observations. We use observations carried out within the framework of the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and balloon flight missions conducted by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l'{}Environnement (LPCE, Orléans, France), and the Service d'Aéronomie (SA, Paris, France). Coincidence criteria were 5° in latitude×10° in longitude, and 5 h in time in Odin/POAM III comparisons, 12 h in Odin/NDACC comparisons, and 72 h in Odin/balloons comparisons. An agreement is found with the POAM III experiment (10–60 km) within −0.3±0.2 ppmv (bias±standard deviation) for SMR (v222, v2.1) and within −0.5±0.2 ppmv for OSIRIS (v3.0). Odin ozone mixing ratio products are systematically slightly lower than the POAM III data and show an ozone maximum lower by 1–5 km in altitude. The comparisons with the NDACC data (10–34 km for ozonesonde, 10–50 km for lidar, 10–60 for microwave instruments) yield a good agreement within −0.15±0.3 ppmv for the SMR data and −0.3±0.3 ppmv for the OSIRIS data. Finally the comparisons with instruments on large balloons (10–31 km) show a good agreement, within −0.7±1 ppmv. The official SMR v2.1 dataset is consistent in all altitude ranges with POAM III, NDACC and large balloon-borne instruments measurements. In the SMR v2.1 data, no different systematic error has been found in the 0–35km range in comparison with the 35–60 km range. The same feature has been highlighted in both hemispheres in SMR v2.1/POAM III intercomparisons, and no latitudinal dependence has been revealed in SMR v2.1/NDACC intercomparisons.
Published: 2008

40. N2O Temporal Variability from the Middle Troposphere to the Middle Stratosphere Based on Airborne and Balloon-Borne Observations during the Period 1987–2018

Author: Gisèle Krysztofiak, Valéry Catoire, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Douglas E. Kinnison, A. R. Ravishankara, Vanessa Brocchi, Elliot Atlas, Heiko Bozem, Róisín Commane, Francesco D’Amato, Bruce Daube, Glenn S. Diskin, Andreas Engel, Felix Friedl-Vallon, Eric Hintsa, Dale F. Hurst, Peter Hoor, Fabrice Jegou, Kenneth W. Jucks, Armin Kleinböhl, Harry Küllmann, Eric A. Kort, Kathryn McKain, Fred L. Moore, Florian Obersteiner, Yenny Gonzalez Ramos, Tanja Schuck, Geoffrey C. Toon, Silvia Viciani, Gerald Wetzel, Jonathan Williams, and Steven C. Wofsy
Subjects: N2O variability, upper troposphere, stratosphere, in situ measurements, balloon data, aircraft data, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the fourth most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and is considered the most important current source gas emission for global stratospheric ozone depletion (O3). It has natural and anthropogenic sources, mainly as an unintended by-product of food production activities. This work examines the identification and quantification of trends in the N2O concentration from the middle troposphere to the middle stratosphere (MTMS) by in situ and remote sensing observations. The temporal variability of N2O is addressed using a comprehensive dataset of in situ and remote sensing N2O concentrations based on aircraft and balloon measurements in the MTMS from 1987 to 2018. We determine N2O trends in the MTMS, based on observations. This consistent dataset was also used to study the N2O seasonal cycle to investigate the relationship between abundances and its emission sources through zonal means. The results show a long-term increase in global N2O concentration in the MTMS with an average of 0.89 ± 0.07 ppb/yr in the troposphere and 0.96 ± 0.15 ppb/yr in the stratosphere, consistent with 0.80 ppb/yr derived from ground-based measurements and 0.799 ± 0.024 ppb/yr ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) satellite measurements.
Published: 2023
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41. Odin/SMR limb observations of stratospheric trace gases: Validation of N2O

Author: E. Le Flochmoën, Fabrice Jégou, Patrick Eriksson, Claude Camy-Peyret, Piera Raspollini, Hideaki Nakajima, Marco Ridolfi, N. Lautie, L. El Amraoui, Michel Pirre, Yasuhiro Sasano, Michael Olberg, M. K. Ejiri, C. Piccolo, Armin Kleinböhl, Andrew Robinson, Carlos Jimenez, Takafumi Sugita, Gaëlle Dufour, Urban Frisk, Klaus F. Künzi, Nathalie Huret, Sébastien Payan, E. Dupuy, Donal P. Murtagh, Philippe Ricaud, Neil R. P. Harris, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, Tatsuya Yokota, K. Küllmann, J. de La Noë, H. Bremer, Joachim Urban, Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Science [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica [Bologna], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford [Oxford], Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Onsala Space Observatory, Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), J. Urban, N. Lautie, E. Le Flochmoen, C. Jimenez, P. Eriksson, J. de La Noe, E. Dupuy, L. El Amraoui, U. Frisk, F. Jegou, D. Murtagh, M. Olberg, P. Ricaud, C. Camy-Peyret, G. Dufour, S. Payan, N. Huret, M. Pirre, A.D. Robinson, N.R.P. Harri, H. Bremer, A. Kleinbohl, K. Kullmann, K. Kunzi, J. Kuttippurath, M. Ejiri, H. Nakajima, Y. Sasano, T. Sugita, T. Yokota, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, and M. Ridolfi
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Instrumentation, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Root mean square, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Mixing ratio, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Atmospheric sounding, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Radiometer, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Trace gas, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Satellite
Abstract: The Sub‐Millimetre Radiometer (Odin/SMR) on board the Odin satellite, launched on 20 February 2001, performs regular measurements of the global distribution of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) using spectral observations of the J = 20 → 19 rotational transition centered at 502.296 GHz. We present a quality assessment for the retrieved N2O profiles (level 2 product) by comparison with independent balloonborne and aircraftborne validation measurements as well as by cross‐comparing with preliminary results from other satellite instruments. An agreement with the airborne validation experiments within 28 ppbv in terms of the root mean square (RMS) deviation is found for all SMR data versions (v222, v223, and v1.2) under investigation. More precisely, the agreement is within 19 ppbv for N2O volume mixing ratios (VMR) lower than 200 ppbv and within 10% for mixing ratios larger than 150 ppbv. Given the uncertainties due to atmospheric variability inherent to such comparisons, these values should be interpreted as upper limits for the systematic error of the Odin/SMR N2O measurements. Odin/SMR N2O mixing ratios are systematically slightly higher than nonvalidated data obtained from the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer‐II (ILAS‐II) on board the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite‐II (ADEOS‐II). Root mean square deviations are generally within 23 ppbv (or 20% for VMR‐N2O > 100 ppbv) for versions 222 and 223. The comparison with data obtained from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on the Envisat satellite yields a good agreement within 9–17 ppbv (or 10% for VMR‐N2O > 100 ppbv) for the same data versions. Odin/SMR version 1.2 data show somewhat larger RMS deviations and a higher positive bias.
Published: 2005

42. Strato-mesospheric measurements of carbon monoxide with the Odin Sub-millimetre radiometer : retrieval and first results

Author: Carlos Jimenez, Michael Olberg, E. Dupuy, J. de La Noë, Patrick Eriksson, N. Lautie, Donal P. Murtagh, Urban Frisk, L. El Amraoui, E. Le Flochmoën, Joachim Urban, P. Ricaud, Fabrice Jégou, Peter Forkman, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Radiometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric research, Trace gas, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Climate model, Millimeter, Natural variability, Single scan, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Carbon monoxide, Remote sensing
Abstract: The Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) aboard the Odin satellite has been measuring vertical profiles of atmospheric trace gases since August 2001. We present the inversion methodology developed for CO measurements and the first retrieval results. CO can be retrieved from a single scan measurement throughout the middle atmosphere, with a typical resolution of similar to3 km and a relative error of similar to10% to similar to25%. Retrieval results are evaluated through comparison with data from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) and observations of the Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS) on board the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS). Considering the large natural variability of CO, the SMR retrievals give good confirmation of the WACCM results, with an overall agreement within a factor of 2. ISAMS abundances are higher than SMR mixing ratios by a factor of 5-10 above 0.5 hPa from similar to80degreesS to similar to50degreesN.
Published: 2004

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