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The major needs for cosmetic facial bone surgery come from anatomic differences in facial shape and in personal preference. Especially when consulting patients with different national or ethnic backgrounds, careful attention should be paid during consultation for the ideal or desirable facial shape that they have in mind. Patients generally seek a slim and smooth-contoured face. Surgery of the cosmetic facial bone has developed from surgical experiences in facial bone trauma and congenital anomalies. A limited approach is recommended for satisfactory aesthetic outcome. Surgeons should understand the basic procedures of L-shaped osteotomy of the zygoma and intraoral mandible reduction.

To review and represent three different mandibular reconstruction modalities following surgical treatment of massive mandibular fibrous Dysplasia (MMFD). The present retrospective case series study was conducted on 24 patients who had MMFD and treated via resection and immediate reconstruction at Al-Azhar University Hospitals, Egypt. Patients were divided into three groups according to the grafting procedure. Group I patients were grafted with iliac bone graft (IBG), group II patients were grafted with IBG and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), while group III patients were grafted with free vascularized fibula graft (FVFG). Postoperative clinical and radiographic assessments were performed immediately, at 6 months, 12 months and 2 years to evaluate lesion recurrence and bone graft resorption. Other study variables included assessment of postoperative wound dehiscence, infection rate, amount of edema, and facial bone contour. The parameters of the clinical analysis showed non-statistically significant differences among all groups. Postoperative wound healing was clinically uneventful in all groups, except for two cases of wound dehiscence in group I (8.3%) and one case in group III (4.2%). Most patients had appropriate postoperative facial contour, and adequate facial symmetry. The radiographic measurements revealed a highly statistically significant difference between group I and II at 12 months, and two years, without any statistically significant difference between group II and III. MMFD surgical defect should be repaired for function and cosmetics aims especially in young adult patients. The findings of the present study have shown that when compared to traditional IBG alone or FVFG, the use of autogenous IBG with BMAC injection produces a favorable outcome with few difficulties.

Background Alveolar bone plays a vital role in mastication and supporting the teeth. The alveolar process is one of the most challenging regions of facial bone to reconstruct due to the deformity involves both hard and soft tissues. However, the etiology, gender, and age distribution vary between different regions, cultures, and countries. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of alveolar trauma in Shahid Rajaee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, for three years. Methods In a retrospective cross-sectional study, patients with alveolar fractures referred to Shahid Rajaei Hospital in Shiraz were included in the study. Age, sex, site of alveolar fractures, and etiology factors of trauma explored. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software. Mean $$\pm$$ ± SD calculated for the inferential statistics, and the data compared using Chi-square and Exact Fisher. A p-value of Results A total of 165 patients had alveolar fractures in this study. We found that the most common cause of alveolar fracture was road accidents (32.3%) and the lowest reason was violence (9%). Most people with alveolar trauma were male and in the 21–30 years. The prevalence of mandibular and maxillary alveolar fractures was 17.61 and 17.01%, respectively, with the most anterior area of injury. Conclusion Alveolar trauma is one of the most common injuries among trauma patients. Early diagnosis and treatment plans are necessary to reduce the complications of facial trauma. Early training for a young adult is essential to prevent the severity of trauma.

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate (nsCL/P) ranks among the most common human birth defects and has a multifactorial etiology. Human neural crest cells (hNCC) make a substantial contribution to the formation of facial bone and cartilage and are a key cell type in terms of nsCL/P etiology. Based on increasing evidence for the role of noncoding regulatory mechanisms in nsCL/P, we investigated the role of hNCC-expressed microRNAs (miRNA) in cleft development. First, we conducted a systematic analysis of miRNAs expressed in human-induced pluripotent stem cell–derived hNCC using Affymetrix microarrays on cell lines established from 4 unaffected donors. These analyses identified 152 candidate miRNAs. Based on the hypothesis that candidate miRNA loci harbor genetic variation associated with nsCL/P risk, the genomic locations of these candidates were cross-referenced with data from a previous genome-wide association study of nsCL/P. Associated variants were reanalyzed in independent nsCL/P study populations. Jointly, the results suggest that miR-149 is implicated in nsCL/P etiology. Second, functional follow-up included in vitro overexpression and inhibition of miR-149 in hNCC and subsequent analyses at the molecular and phenotypic level. Using 3′RNA-Seq, we identified 604 differentially expressed (DE) genes in hNCC overexpressing miR-149 compared with untreated cells. These included TLR4 and JUNB, which are established targets of miR-149, and NOG, BMP4, and PAX6, which are reported nsCL/P candidate genes. Pathway analyses revealed that DE genes were enriched in pathways including regulation of cartilage development and NCC differentiation. At the cellular level, distinct hNCC migration patterns were observed in response to miR-149 overexpression. Our data suggest that miR-149 is involved in the etiology of nsCL/P via its role in hNCC migration.

Orthognathic surgical outcomes rely heavily on the quality of surgical planning. Automatic estimation of a reference facial bone shape significantly reduces experience-dependent variability and improves planning accuracy and efficiency. We propose an end-to-end deep learning framework to estimate patient-specific reference bony shape models for patients with orthognathic deformities. Specifically, we apply a point-cloud network to learn a vertex-wise deformation field from a patient’s deformed bony shape, represented as a point cloud. The estimated deformation field is then used to correct the deformed bony shape to output a patient-specific reference bony surface model. To train our network effectively, we introduce a simulation strategy to synthesize deformed bones from any given normal bone, producing a relatively large and diverse dataset of shapes for training. Our method was evaluated using both synthetic and real patient data. Experimental results show that our framework estimates realistic reference bony shape models for patients with varying deformities. The performance of our method is consistently better than an existing method and several deep point-cloud networks. Our end-to-end estimation framework based on geometric deep learning shows great potential for improving clinical workflows.

Objectives When performing cosmetic rhinoplasty with alloplastic materials, complications such as implant visualization, inflammation, dislocation, and extrusion should be thoroughly evaluated. Although computed tomography (CT) can give us useful information about the implant status and its interaction with the skin soft tissue envelop (SSTE), radiologic findings of these interactions have rarely been reported. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of eighty patients who underwent facial bone CT or ostiomeatal unit (OMU) CT at the Asan Medical Center between July 2008 and January 2020 for the evaluation of complicated dorsal implants. We reviewed the implantation period, implant dislocation, implant curling or deformation, Hounsfield unit (HU), and nasal bone changes including bone erosion or hyperostosis. Results Of the 80 patients, 67 (83.8%) patients had silicone implants and 13 (16.2%) patients had Gore-Tex implants. The radiologic findings of the silicone implants were as follows: maintained implant shape (80.6%), radiolucent (similar density to that of fat tissue) halo (83.6%), homogenous attenuation (82.1%). Peri-implant calcification was often found in silicone implants with >20-year implantation periods. Those of Gore-Tex were as follows; curling or deformation (84.6%), heterogeneous attenuation (84.6%), and in terms of peri-implant calcification, there was no tendency of change over time. Conclusion The silicone and Gore-Tex implants have distinctive radiologic features. These findings of alloplastic materials help us to know how the implant behaves in the nasal dorsum and how it affects the SSTE.

This study aimed to elucidate whether the stability of an unsintered hydroxyapatite particles/poly- l -lactide (uHA/PLLA) system is comparable with that of titanium, according to different load-bearing areas of the mandible. The study included patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the mandibular body, angle, or subcondylar fracture. The stability of uHA/PLLA systems was compared between the immediate and 6-month postoperative time points using three-dimensional cone-beam CT image analysis. The positional changes of each landmark were measured in three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems using simulation software. Among 36 patients, there were more displacements of the landmarks between the immediate and 6-month postoperative time points after subcondylar fracture reduction than after body or angle fracture reductions. Strong upward displacements of the landmarks after subcondylar fracture reduction were found in the lateral pole [mean (SD) = 1.75 (3.16), p-value = 0.003] and medial pole [mean (SD) = 1.64 (2.50), p-value = 0.024], but not in the center. Subgroup analyses revealed similar unstable results in males on the condylar landmarks after subcondylar fracture reduction. There were tendencies for lateral displacement of the coronoid process in the body fracture group [mean (SD) = 0.8 (0.83)] and angle fracture group [mean (SD) = 0.75 (0.58)] postoperatively (p-value = 0.01). This study concluded that bioresorbable osteosynthesis can be recommended for body or angle fractures, while the indication for subcondylar fractures is less clear.

The maxillary bones are a part of the midfacial skeleton and together with the overlying soft tissues are responsible to a large extent for facial contour. For large maxillectomy defects, reconstruction with distant tissues becomes essential for obtaining good and long-lasting results. The aim of this report is to highlight the long-term result on iliac crest free-flap containing anterior–superior iliac spine growth center for maxillectomy defect reconstruction in a pediatric patient. We present a case report of a patient that was first referred to our department at the age of 8, with a recurrent maxillary juvenile ossifying fibroma diagnosis and two previous resection surgeries. A wide maxillary resection was conducted and the myosseous free iliac crest flap was the selected technique to achieve three-dimensional maxillary reconstruction, providing enough bone for palate and maxillary arch reconstruction and consequently an implant-retained prosthesis. Overall good facial symmetry was obtained at early and long-term follow-up. Normal craniofacial development is dependent on the relationships between the mandible and maxilla, and so pediatric facial bone reconstruction that maintains bone structure balance may prevent facial growth–related asymmetries. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study

Otorhinolaryngology emergencies are a common complaint in the emergency department. These emergencies can occur in all the age groups and can present as a result of infection, trauma, foreign bodies, etc. The most common Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) emergencies are epistaxis, foreign bodies in ear, nose and throat, stridor, trauma, facial bone fractures etc. Prompt assessment and immediate intervention can save lives and reduce the suffering arising out of these emergencies.The present study focusses on determining the magnitude and pattern, demographic characteristics and outcome of patients with ENT emergencies. A cross sectional study was carried out in the casualty and ENT department of Gandhi Hospital, which is a tertiary care center in Secunderabad, Telangana. The data was collected from June 2014 to May 2018. 2901 patients reported to casualty with ENT emergencies. Around 46.12% of emergencies were of Ear, 34.33% were related to nose and 19.54% were related to throat, neck and others. The most common ENT emergency among pediatric age group was foreign body in ear, nose, throat and aero digestive tract, while the most common ENT emergency in geriatric age group was Stridor. ENT emergencies are increasing in incidence due to increasing burden of road traffic accidents and early detection and institution of appropriate and adequate treatment may be important in preventing the progression of disease and minimizing complications.

Aim:This study aimed to investigate the ability of routine cranial computed tomography (CT) to detect facial bone fractures, taking the maxillofacial, orbital, and temporal bones CT as reference.Materials and Methods:Patients who presented to the emergency department with head trauma and undergoing cranial CT were included in the study. Cases in the study group were also assessed using at least one of maxillofacial, orbital, or temporal CT.Results:Fracture was present in 155 patients who were examined by maxillofacial, orbital, or temporal CT. Moreover, 59 patients had a single fracture and 96 had more than one fracture. Fractures were determined completely and accurately in 71 patients using cranial CT. Cranial CT successfully provided the fracture diagnosis in 48 of 96 patients with multiple fractures, but all fracture lines in these patients were not shown. Eleven patients were reported as having false-positive results. The effectiveness of cranial CT was presented as a sensitivity of 45.8%, specificity of 93.1%, positive predictive value of 86.6%, negative predictive value of 63.8%, and kappa value of 0.39. Cranial CT identified 11 of 21 temporal, 33 of 50 nasal, 27 of 35 zygomatic, 3 of 4 occipital, 8 of 17 ethmoid, and 19 of 23 frontal bone fractures.Conclusion:CT assists in the detection of small, non-displaced fractures at the temporal, maxillofacial, and orbital bones owing to its advantages such as having thin slice thickness, use of a bone algorithm, and ability to reformat images.

Isolated orbital roof fractures are rare fractures that usually occur in conjunction with other facial bone fractures during high velocity trauma. This report concerns a patient with an isolated orbital roof fracture with encephalocele, including its diagnosis, surgical management, and clinical follow-up. This case required a multidisciplinary approach to safely repair the fracture, reduce the encephalocele, restore the orbital volume, and restore the patient’s form and function.

Here we report the results of long-term monitoring of children with malignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP) before and after a successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We present patient health data collected 3-6 years after the completion of treatment, including information on the children's physical and mental health and social adaptation. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientifi Council of the N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. HSCT is the only currently available radical treatment for MIOP. At the time of the treatment, all the patients exhibited severe visual impairment (descending optic atrophy), transfusiondependent bone marrow dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, signifiant skeletal abnormalities and growth retardation. In this study, we included 5 MIOP patients with successful transplantation who had been treated from 2014 to 2018. Four patients underwent HSCT from unrelated 10/10 HLA-identical donors and 1 patient received HSCT from a related 10/10 HLA-identical donor. The ratio of boys to girls was 2:3, the median age at the time of the transplantation was 7 (2–11) years. All the patients demonstrated full donor chimerism after HSCT. Hematopoietic recovery was achieved within the fist 150 days after HSCT. Radiological investigations showed gradual partial reduction of skeletal changes typical of MIOP. All the subjects demonstrated growth of the axial skeleton, facial bone remodeling and abatement of phenotypic features of the disease. The patients' vision remained the same as before HSCT. All the patients reported that their health and quality of life had improved after HSCT. The degree of visual impairment had a substantial impact on the quality of life and social rehabilitation of the patients. The second major factor affcting the quality of life was the development of chronic conditions after HSCT, namely, epilepsy and chronic “graft-versus-host” disease of the lung that require constant medical monitoring and limit rehabilitation potential. The patients' parents gave their consent to the use of their children's data, including photographs, for research purposes and in publications.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility of ultrasonography (US) for clinical imaging of peri-implant tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients with ≥1 implant, a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan, an US scan, and clinical photographs taken during the surgery were included. The crestal bone thickness (CBT) and facial bone level (FBL) were measured on both US and CBCT modalities, and direct FBL measurements were also made on clinical images. US measurements were compared with CBCT and direct readings. RESULTS A total of eight implants from four patients were included. For FBL measurements, US and direct (r2 = 0.95) as well as US and CBCT (r2 = 0.85) were highly correlated, whereas CBCT correlated satisfactorily with the direct reading (r2 = 0.75). In one implant without facial bone, CBCT was not able to measure CBT and FBL accurately. The estimated bias for CBT readings was 0.17 ± 0.23 mm (p = .10) between US and CBCT. US blood flow imaging was successfully recorded and showed a wide dynamic range among patients with different degrees of clinical inflammation. CONCLUSION US is a feasible method to evaluate peri-implant facial crestal bone dimensions. Additional US features, for example, functional blood flow imaging, may be useful to estimate the extent and severity of inflammation.

Facial fractures comprise a substantial part of traumatology. Due to aging of the population, over the last 20 years, there has been a pattern of redistribution of these fractures with a higher incidence at an older age. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the epidemiology, pattern, and surgical management of facial fractures in geriatric patients presenting at a single tertiary trauma center.This study included patients aged ≥70 years who presented with facial bone fractures between 2008 and 2017 and were treated with surgical interventions. Parameters such as age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Glasgow Coma Scale score, fracture type, fracture mechanism, concomitant injuries, duration of hospitalization, and postoperative complications were evaluated.A total of 300 patients were included: 118 men (39.3%) and 182 women (60.7%). The mean age was 78.8 years. An orbital floor fracture was the most common injury (35.1%). The most common cause of fracture was a fall at home (67%). A total of 113 patients (37.7%) had 162 concomitant injuries, 35 patients (11.7%) suffered from polytrauma, and 7 patients developed postoperative complications. The average length of stay was 1.67 days in the intensive care unit and 5.50 days in the standard ward. Polytrauma, pre-existing medical conditions, and oral anticoagulation had a significant impact on the duration of hospitalization.Facial fractures are common in combination with other injuries. Women are more often affected than men, and falling at home is the most common cause of facial injuries. Postoperative complications are rare.

Background The authors aimed to examine the differences in CT facial bone interpretation by the faciomaxillary surgeon and the radiologist, in order to improve communication gaps and subsequently, the quality and consistency of patient care. Methods This study was conducted at a level I tertiary trauma centre. Patients with facial trauma who were referred to the faciomaxillary unit following a facial CT examination from August 2017 to September 2018 were eligible for inclusion. The inclusion period was extended to 5 years for panfacial trauma patients. All consecutive patients that fulfilled the study inclusion criteria for each type of injury were included in the study (a total of 120 patients assigned to the following six categories: orbits, skull and skull base, zygomaticomaxillary complex, Le Fort pattern, mandible and pan-facial fractures). Faciomaxillary surgeons, blinded to the radiology report, were asked to provide a verbal description of the fractures. The surgical interpretation was compared to the radiology report and further analysed. Results Of the 120 cases, the same fractures were reported in 43 cases (35.8%). Both types of specialists noted the predominant and clinically relevant fractures in 106 cases (88.3%). The reports did not match in 14 cases (11.7%) and different terminology was used in 76 cases (63.3%), with agreement in 25% (95% CI: 18-34%), partial agreement in 11.7% (95% CI: 5.9-17.4%) and no agreement in 63.3% (95% CI: 54.7-72.0%) cases. Conclusion Radiologists and faciomaxillary surgeons frequently differ in their assessment of facial fractures.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of non-contrast head computed tomography (CT) in poisoned patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients referred to a toxicology unit between August 2010 and December 2017. Our database yielded patients who underwent head CT at presentation to the ED. Pre-specified information was compiled from the medical records. RESULTS There were 6261 presentations of which 1142 underwent head CT (17%). Median age was 41 years, and 437 (38%) were female. There were 492 (43%) recreational ingestions and 466 (41%) deliberate self-poisonings. The commonest agents were sedatives 376 (33%) and opioids 282 (24%); 334 (29%) cases were intubated. Signs of head injury were found in 153 cases (13%) and focal neurological signs in 68 (6%). No acute pathology was reported in 884 head CTs (77%), chronic changes in 193 (17%) and incidental findings in 26 (2%). Acute pathology was found in 39 (4%) patients: 15 with hypoxic-ischaemic injury, three infarctions, nine with intra-cranial haemorrhage, 11 facial bone fractures and one retro-bulbar haematoma. No patient required an immediate surgical intervention, and only one patient had a change to clinical treatment. Acute head CT pathology was associated with at least one of the following clinical features: need for intubation, signs of head injury, seizure, headache, and unexpected neurological signs. CONCLUSION Non-contrast head CT is a low-yield investigation in patients presenting with poisoning. Consideration should be given as to whether the clinical presentation is consistent with the expected toxidrome and whether the patient would benefit from head CT.

Objectives : Many conditions of the oral and maxillofacial region require hospitalization and in-patient care. The average length of stay (LOS) of these patients varies and is usually affected by multiple confounding variables. However, even with an increasing number of hospital admissions, published evidence on the factors that affect the LOS of oral and maxillofacial patients is lacking. Therefore, this study assessed the LOS of in-patients at the oral and maxillofacial surgery department of a government-funded, multi-specialty hospital in Malaysia, based on their reasons for admission and other factors. Materials and Methods Our samples were collected retrospectively over a 5-year period and included patients with maxillofacial infections, post-trauma stabilization, facial bone fracture surgery, benign and malignant lesion surgery, dentoalveolar surgery, and other maxillofacial surgeries as reasons for admission. Factors potentially affecting LOS were also recorded, and their significance was determined using multiple logistic regression analyses. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results A total of 1,380 patients were included in this study. Most (84.5%) of our in-patients were of Malay ethnicity, and males outnumbered females in our sample by 502 subjects. The median LOS of our in-patients was 3 days. Sex, ethnicity, age, reason for admission, and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification were factors that significantly affected LOS. Conclusion The median LOS reported in this study was 3 days. LOS was significantly affected by sex, ethnicity, age, reason of admission and ASA classification.

Objective: To estimate a patient-specific reference bone shape model for a patient with craniomaxillofacial (CMF) defects due to facial trauma. Methods: We proposed an automatic facial bone shape estimation framework using pre-traumatic conventional portrait photos and post-traumatic head computed tomography (CT) scans via a 3D face reconstruction and a deformable shape model. Specifically, a three-dimensional (3D) face was first reconstructed from the patient's pre-traumatic portrait photos. Second, a correlation model between the skin and bone surfaces was constructed using a sparse representation based on the CT images of training normal subjects. Third, by feeding the reconstructed 3D face into the correlation model, an initial reference shape model was generated. In addition, we refined the initial estimation by applying non-rigid surface matching between the initially estimated shape and the patient's post-traumatic bone based on the adaptive-focus deformable shape model (AFDSM). Furthermore, a statistical shape model, built from the training normal subjects, was utilized to constrain the deformation process to avoid overfitting. Results and Conclusion: The proposed method was evaluated using both synthetic and real patient data. Experimental results show that the patient's abnormal facial bony structure can be recovered using our method, and the estimated reference shape model is considered clinically acceptable by an experienced CMF surgeon. Significance: The proposed method is more suitable to the complex CMF defects for CMF reconstructive surgical planning.

OBJECTIVE The aim: To study the effectiveness of correction of psycho-emotional stress in children with traumatic injuries of the tissues of the maxillofacial area. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: A comprehensive examination and treatment of 58 children aged 3 to 15 years with traumatic injuries of the maxillofacial area were conducted during the period of 5 years. This applied to soft tissue injuries in 51.7% of cases and in 48.3% - to facial bone injuries. To test the severity of the psycho-emotional state, two homogeneous groups were formed in a total of 41 persons of primary and secondary school age. RESULTS Results: A comparison of the results of our previous studies, which concerned only the fact of psychological testing and changes in vegetative balance in children with traumatic injuries with a group of patients who underwent comprehensive treatment with additional involvement of targeted psychoneuropharmacological correction allowed to establish, that this approach made it possible to eliminate vegetative disorders and reduce the degree of stress in them for 9-10 days from the time of hospitalization. CONCLUSION Conclusions: In children with traumatic injuries of soft tissues and bones of the face, dysregulation of vegetative function and intensity of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms of the body with the predominance of the central mechanism of regulation. With the additional involvement of the drug "Noofen®" in the complex of therapeutic measures, it allows to stabilize their psychological state, which indicates its effectiveness.

The size, shape, and physical characteristics of the human skull are distinct when considering individual humans. In physical anthropology, the accurate management of skull collections is crucial for storing and maintaining collections in a cost-effective manner. For example, labeling skulls inaccurately or attaching printed labels to skulls can affect the authenticity of collections. Given the multiple issues associated with the manual identification of skulls, we propose an automatic human skull classification approach that uses a support vector machine and different feature extraction methods such as gray-level co-occurrence matrix features, Gabor features, fractal features, discrete wavelet transforms, and combinations of features. Each underlying facial bone exhibits unique characteristics essential to the face's physical structure that could be exploited for identification. Therefore, we developed an automatic recognition method to classify human skulls for consistent identification compared with traditional classification approaches. Using our proposed approach, we were able to achieve an accuracy of 92.3–99.5% in the classification of human skulls with mandibles and an accuracy of 91.4–99.9% in the classification of human skills without mandibles. Our study represents a step forward in the construction of an effective automatic human skull identification system with a classification process that achieves satisfactory performance for a limited dataset of skull images.

Background: Hypoesthesia occurs as a result of injuries resulting in injury to the nerve fibres. The causes of injury include direct harm from the needle injections, around the nerve fibres, mechanical injuries resulting in an indirect pressure into the mandibular canal, during the dental surgical procures, as well as the toxicity of the local anaesthetic agents. Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted by recruiting N=79 adult individuals (>18 years), who had visited the district hospital for acquiring clinical assistance and treatment of facial muscles or nerve-related complications in August 2020. Data collection for this research was carried out by using a specially designed questionnaire, which facilitated in acquiring data related to aetiology of trauma, identification of the hypoesthesia area, as well as the clinical complications experienced by the respondents. The clinical reports of the patients were also collected for analysing the hypoesthesia area. SPSS was utilised for data analysis, and statistical tests were conducted for assessing the risk factors for hypoesthesia after repair of facial fractures. Results: The statistical tests revealed that only a small percentage of the sample population, i.e., (N=9) or 11.8% experienced the facial bone fracture, male respondents had more exposure to the facial bone fractures, as compared to the females (Mean=1.81, SD= 0.397), and the individuals below 25 years of age had high exposure of facial bone fracture (Mean=1.78, SD= 0.428). A significant majority of hypoesthesia cases were at mandible, and orbit region. Conclusion: The dental treatment resulting in nerve manipulation results in nerve elongation, nerve compression, contributing to transient hypoesthesia. Hypoesthesia might also lead to other clinical complications.

Maxillofacial trauma is any physical injury to the facial bones. Facial bones are frequently fractured bones in RTA, Assault, Domestic violence etc. Facial trauma includes Maxillary fractures, Mandibular fractures, Orbital Fractures, Nasal Bone Fractures, soft tissue injury such as lacerations, bruises etc. Over the years, there are many refinements in the management of maxillofacial trauma. The incidence of maxillofacial trauma is more in males because they are involved in more physical activities and assault compared to women. In Older times for facial bone fractures, surgeons performed maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis for minimum three weeks to 6 weeks, and mouth opening was difficult, poor oral hygiene leading to periodontal problems, difficulty in speech and masticatory functions. The management of maxillofacial trauma includes the use of Maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis, conventional mini plates and 3-D plates. For the management of facial bone fractures, Maxillofacial surgeons perform open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF) whenever needed. In the case of ORIF, Surgeons use mini plates either 3D or Conventional Plates for stabilising the fractured segments. This technique requires skill and experience and is also expensive. The advantages of this method are improved quality of life. The objective of this review is to compare 3-Dimensional plates and Conventional Plates in Maxillofacial trauma.