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The rising demand for potable water in densely populated coastal regions has recently promoted growing research interest in detecting offshore freshened groundwater (OFG) worldwide. Recent geophysical studies along the continental margins offshore Israel, New Zealand, Malta, and the United States of America provide some examples of integrating geophysical and borehole data to constrain the spatial extent of OFGs and estimate their pore-water salinity. However, occurrences of OFGs and the interaction between terrestrial, carbonate-hosted groundwater systems with seawater are understudied in many coastal regions by complicated seafloor morphology. In this study, we investigate whether OFG can exist offshore a semi-arid carbonate coastline along the Maltese Islands and explore the possibility of sustainably exploiting these reservoirs as an unconventional source of potable water to relieve freshwater scarcity. We present an integration of 2-D resistivity models derived from marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) measurements with 2-D and 3-D seismic data, core samples, borehole data, and geochemical measurements. Electrical resistivity models identify localized resistive anomalies (> 10 ohm-m) offshore the northeastern coast of Gozo (the second-largest island in the Maltese archipelago). Furthermore, a resistive body is observed at ~ 300 m below sea level close to the coast of Gozo which extends northeastwards and disappears at ~ 8 km offshore. If the anomalous resistive body is associated with pore-water salinity variations or, alternatively, caused by lithological changes, will be discussed through an integrative geological model developed along each profile.&nbsp, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Additional file 1: Table S1. LAG3 + immune cells in center and invasive margin of colorectal tumors with different clinicopathological features. Table S2. CD45RO + immune cells in center and invasive margin of colorectal tumors with different clinicopathological features. Table S3. Univariate Cox regression analysis of overall survival (OS) of patients with colorectal cancer based on primary tumor location.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The FT-IR spectrum of 7a. Figure S2. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7a. Figure S3. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7a. Figure S4. The Mass spectrum of 7a. Figure S5. The FT-IR spectrum of 7b. Figure S6. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7b. Figure S7. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7b. Figure S8. The Mass spectrum of 7b. Figure S9. The FT-IR spectrum of 7c. Figure S10. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7c. Figure S11. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7c. Figure S12. The Mass spectrum of 7c. Figure S13. The FT-IR spectrum of 7d. Figure S14. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7d. Figure S15. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7d. Figure S16. The Mass spectrum of 7d. Figure S17. The FT-IR spectrum of 7e. Figure S18. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7e. Figure S19. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7e. Figure S20. The Mass spectrum of 7e. Figure S21. The FT-IR spectrum of 7f. Figure S22. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7f. Figure S23. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7f. Figure S24. The Mass spectrum of 7f. Figure S25. The FT-IR spectrum of 7g. Figure S26. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7g. Figure S27. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7g. Figure S28. The Mass spectrum of 7g. Figure S29. The FT-IR spectrum of 7h. Figure S30. The 1H NMR spectrum of 7h. Figure S31. The 13C-NMR spectrum of 7h. Figure S32. The Mass spectrum of 7h.