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Background A high mega jugular Bulb is an enlarged and swollen upper portion of the internal jugular vein with a variation of its anatomical position among the population, mostly situated below the hypotympanum. Although most cases of jugular bulb diverticulum are asymptomatic, excessive pressure on the surrounding structures might cause various symptoms, most prominently vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, or tinnitus. Case Report A middle-aged male who was referred to the Department of Neurology with a recurrent complaint of left-sided facial weakness associated with headache and vertigo for a period of 24 months. His symptoms were episodic, furthermore exacerbated by visiting high altitude sites. Non-resolving with conventional medical treatment. After thorough investigation, including preoperative and postoperative audiograms, neuroimaging, including computed tomography as well as magnetic resonance angiography, he was diagnosed to have right-sided superior mega jugular bulb as a causative factor. After surgical management, the patient improved significantly. At his regular follow-up in our clinic there were no exacerbations of his symptoms. Conclusion Among patients who present with recurrent non-resolving facial palsy in which no apparent causative factor is identified, high jugular bulb should be suspected and investigated. Comprehensive and detailed medical history is essential for raising the suspicion for the diagnosis. Such as the case presented eliciting high altitudes as the main precipitating factor. The diagnosis is clinically elusive, commonly obscured by other common diagnoses. Surgery is recommended if antihypertensive drugs do not show improvement.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease with a highly significant burden among the Saudi population. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding either magnetic or laser therapy to medications in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods: Seventy-one medically controlled diabetic patients were randomly assigned to 1) Magnetic group: 26 patients were exposed to magnetic therapy for 20 minutes/session, 2 sessions/week, for 3 months 2) Laser group: 25 patients were exposed to laser therapy with intensity 5.7 J/cm2 for 30 minutes/session, 2 times/week, for 3 months. 3) Drug group: 20 patients received only the regular medications for diabetic control and pain analgesia. Pain and neuropathy were assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Toronto Clinical Neuropath Scoring System (TRCNSS). Conduction velocities and amplitudes of peroneal and sural nerves were measured by electromyography. Results: The results showed significant increases in conduction velocities and amplitudes in both magnetic and laser groups in parallel with significant reductions in TRCNSS. Non-significant changes were obtained only after using only medications (P>0.05). The mean values of VAS reduced significantly in the three groups. The least significant differences showed significant changes among the three groups, whereas non-significant differences were obtained between both magnetic and laser groups. Conclusion: There were non-significant differences between both magnetic and laser therapy groups. Addition of either magnetic or laser therapy to medications could bring extra positive benefits to patients with DPN. Both magnetic and laser therapy can be applied with medications for the treatment of patients with DPN.

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of conventional anticoagulants with new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Methods: This was a retrospective, prospective cohort study of patients who presented with CVST to a tertiary stroke center in the Middle East from January 2012 to October 2019. Patients with a diagnosis of CVST were identified, and data were analyzed for demographic characteristics. Specific consideration was given to compare the efficacy and safety of different anticoagulation treatments. Results: A total of 36 patients were included in the final analysis, with 15 (41%) men and 21 (59%) women and a male to female ratio of 1:1.4. Most of the patients (n = 22, 61%) were Saudi. Their ages ranged between 15 and 82 years (mean ± SD age of 34.22 ± 13.16 years). Headache was the most common feature, present in 22 (61%) of the patients, followed by unilateral weakness in 15 (41%) and cranial nerve palsies in 11 (30%). The most common etiology was prothrombotic state (both hereditary and acquired thrombophilia: n = 16, 45%). Other etiologies were postpartum state/oral contraceptive pill usage in 7 (19%), infections in 7 (19%), and trauma in 3 (8%). Most of the patients (n = 24, 67%) still received conventional anticoagulation (warfarin/low molecular weight heparin), but 9 (25%) of the patients consented to start NOACs. Efficacy (as measured by clinical improvement plus rate of recanalization of previously thrombosed venous sinuses) showed no statistically significant difference, although it proved to be better tolerated, as none of the patients stopped the treatment due to adverse events and risk of major bleeding was significantly low in the NOAC group. Nine patients in the warfarin group stopped medication, while none in the NOAC group did so (P = .034). Conclusion: NOACs were found to be at least as good as conventional anticoagulation for the management of CVST. However, efficacy was almost similar, a finding that is consistent with most of the published case series and the few recently published prospective studies. Larger prospective and population-based studies are needed to clarify our preliminary results.

Background: Post-stroke fatigue is a common symptom which needs to be assessed by a psychometrically sound tool.Objectives: To investigate the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the fa...

Background There is a need to validate one of the specific stroke quality of life (QOL) scales into Arabic. Objective To translate and validate the stroke specific quality of life (SSQOL) into Arabic. Methods The SSQOL was translated into Arabic (SSQOL-A) according to a forward/backward translation protocol. 147 first time stroke survivors and 60 healthy subjects were recruited. Cronbach's α was used to measure internal consistency, test-retest reliability was measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Acceptability was established by studying floor and ceiling effects. A linear correlation between SSQOL-A and the Short Form 36, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Barthel Index and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was done to assess construct validity. Discriminant and convergent validity were evaluated by correlating item to scale of each of the domains using Pearson correlation (rp). Results The SSQOL-A has shown good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.78-0.94) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.77-0.94). It has also shown acceptable construct validity (r2 = 0.06-0.55). Item to scale correlation showed acceptable convergent (0.76-0.98) and discriminant (0.12-0.53) validity. Mann-Whitney U test showed the ability of the SSQOL-A to differentiate between stroke survivors and healthy participants QOL. Conclusions SSQOL-A has good validity and reliability for patients with mild to moderate stroke.

Objectives: To determine if there is a relationship between acute stress and either the onset or relapse of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to discover how different types of acute stressors may be involved. Methods : This study was carried out in Saudi Arabia between September 2017 and June 2018 and involved King Fahad University Hospital in Eastern province, Arfa Multiple Sclerosis Society in the Central and Western province of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed using an Arabic self-constructed questionnaire consisted of 4 sections: 1) demographic data and time of diagnosis; 2) emotional/psychological stressors; 3) environmental/physical stressors; and 4) 4 specific stressors measuring their effect on the severity and recurrence of attacks. Results : A total of 370 patients participated in the study. Almost half of patients reported no effect of family problems on their disease, whereas the other reported that family problems have an impact on the onset or relapse of the disease. Majority of patients reported that work and social life stressors affect the recurrence of attacks. Cold weather showed no effect on MS; however, hot weather and physical activity increased the number of attacks. Continuous thinking about social stress and problems, mood swings, and sleep deprivation showed an impact on the severity and recurrence of attacks. Financial problems showed no effect. Conclusion : Study indicates that an association exists between acute stress and relapse in MS but not the disease onset. Saudi Med J 2019; Vol. 40 (4): 372-378 doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.4.24010 How to cite this article: AlZahrani AS, Alshamrani FJ, Al-Khamis FA, Al-Sulaiman AA, Al Ghamdi WS, Al Ghamdi OA, et al. Association of acute stress with multiple sclerosis onset and relapse in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J . 2019 Apr;40(4):372-378. doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.4.24010.

Objective: Our study aims to evaluate the etiologic and clinical features of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in Saudi Arabia, and secondarily whether gender plays a role in CVST. Materials and Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from the stroke registry during the period from January 2008 to April 2018, and the patients with the diagnosis of CVST were identified, and data were analyzed for any gender-specific differences in clinical presentation and etiology of cerebral venous thrombosis. Results: There were 15 females while 11 males with a female:male ratio of 1.4:1. The mean age was 29.4± standard deviation 8.9 with the age range of 15–49. Headache was the most common and usually the first presenting symptoms present in 65% followed by hemiparesis and cranial nerve palsies. The first neurological examination was normal in 9/26 (34.6%) of the patients, while the common abnormality was cranial nerve palsies. Infections and trauma played an important part in risk factor analysis of our patient after the pregnancy- and hormone-related conditions. Some significant differences between the clinical presentation and risk factors among males and females were noted as age at presentation was higher in females while trauma and infections were common in male patients, although the involvement of the sinuses and response to treatment did not prove to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of this study were similar to the available literature with few differences. The relatively higher proportion of males in our study can be explained partly with more cases of traumatic CVST. Some important differences were noted between the risk factors and clinical presentation among genders. Large-scale prospective studies are needed to further clarify these differences.

Context: Medication nonadherence is a significant barrier in achieving seizure freedom in patients with epilepsy. There is a deficiency of data about the reasons for nonadherence in Saudi population. Aims: The aim of this study is to prove the existence of nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with epilepsy and identify the responsible factors. Setting and Design: This is a prospective, cross-sectional study carried in the Department of Neurology at King Fahd Hospital of the University affiliated with Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. Subjects and Methods: Patients of all ages diagnosed to have epilepsy as mentioned in their medical record and taking antiepileptic medications were interviewed using a questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was defined as two-tailed with a P ≤ 0.05. Results: Among 152 participants, 52.6% were male and 47.4% were female. Mean age of the patients was 28 ± 14.3 (mean ± standard deviation) years. Of 152 patients, 48.7% were found to be nonadherent to their AED therapy. The most commonly identified factor was forgetfulness. Nonadherence was significantly associated with poor seizure control (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Nonadherence to the AED is common among patients with epilepsy and affects seizure control adversely.

Purpose To study the factors which may contribute to quality of life (QOL) in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) in Saudi Arabia. Methods 175 pwMS and 71 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched healthy subjects participated in this cross-sectional study. QOL was studied by the multiple sclerosis quality of life-54 (MSQOL-54) while depression, disability, and fatigue were measured by the beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), and the modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS), respectively. The effects of demographic and clinical characteristics on MSQOL-54 were studied. Results QOL was worse in pwMS. A better QOL in pwMS was linked to being male, having relapsing-remitting MS, having lower BMI, being employed, having a low disability, having no or minimal depression, and not fatigued. Age, disease duration, marital status, living status, and level of education did not affect the QOL. QOL showed a moderate to strong correlation with depression and fatigue and a weak correlation with EDSS. Depression and fatigue were the strongest predictors of QOL. Other predictors included gender and BMI but not EDSS. Conclusions Many of the factors which seem to influence QOL in pwMS are modifiable. Evaluation and management of such factors may improve QOL in pwMS.Implications for rehabilitationAssessment of QOL (using a proper tool) should be part of every pwMS evaluation.Depression and fatigue are the main predictors of QOL in pwMs, therefore, attention should be paid for their evaluation and management.Sexual dysfunction and pain should be assessed and managed early in the course of the disease.

Objectives: To determine relationship between fatigue, depression with the registration in multiple sclerosis (MS) society activity, and stress with the risk developing a new attack in patients with Relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: This was a cohort retrospective study conducted in the KSA between July 2018 and July 2019 which included a total of 465 RRMS patients. Data were collected during interviews using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Modified Fatigue Impacts Scale (MFIS). Demographic and clinical data were also collected. Results: Of 465 participants, 317 expressed psychological stress before the last attack, 67 of whom developed an attack within 4 weeks, and 250 of whom developed an attack after 4 weeks. Significantly lower BDI scores were associated with registration in MS associations (p=0.003, df = 5). Significantly lower MFIS scores were associated with registration in MS associations (p=0.001, df = 5). Conclusion: The majority of RRMS patients have a significant fatigue and depression, and there are significant relationships between registration in the MS society and MFIS and BDI scores where patients who officially registered in MS society have lower score in MFIS and BDI. we recommend regular follow-ups with a psychologist and/or registration with MS societies.

Background and purpose Stroke is a medical emergency that demands early recognition for time sensitive acute management. Knowledge about stroke in public has not been found satisfactory in most of the studies worldwide. Studies describing the awareness of public about recognition of stroke and its treatment from Saudi Arabia (SA) are deficient. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of general population living in the Eastern Province of SA about stroke in relation to recognition of warning signs, risk factors and available acute treatment. Methods A prospective, cross sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire distributed through an electronic web site over a period of six months. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 22.0. Results Among a total of 1,213 respondents, 62.4% were women. Three fourth identified the affected organ correctly. Psychological stress was the most commonly identified risk factor (73.5%) followed by hypertension (63.8%). More than half of the respondents (58.5%) were not aware of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for stroke. Speech difficulty was the most commonly identified stroke warning sign (64.4%) followed by focal weakness (62.4%). More than half (59.9%) did not recognize facial asymmetry as stroke warning sign. Nearly three fourth of the participants were unaware of t-PA (73.7%) and nearest available health care center for acute stroke management (74.9%). Conclusion Our survey found the stroke literacy in the population of the Eastern Province of SA as non- satisfactory and highlights the importance of taking immediate measure such as mass media campaign and hospital based activities to improve it.

Objectives: To assess the burden and describe the pattern of neurological disorders requiring admissions in a teaching hospital of Al Khobar. Methods: This is a retrospective, cross sectional study, carried out in the Neurology Department of King Fahd Hospital of the University from January 2009 to December 2016. Neurological disorders were grouped as ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, seizure disorders, central nervous system infection, multiple sclerosis, neuropathies, myopathies, headache, dementia and miscellaneous group. Data was entered and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The records of 1,317 patients admitted under Neurology Service were analyzed. Out of that, 740 (56.2%) were male and 577 (43.8%) were female. Mean age was 46.9±24 years (mean±standard deviation). Ischemic stroke was the most common diagnosis (32%) followed by seizures (20%). Multiple sclerosis accounted for around 8% and central nervous system infections 5% of neurological admission. Conclusion: Ischemic stroke was found to be the most common etiology for hospitalization in our study. The results of our study are similar to previous literature. An urgent need to control major risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension is warranted to minimize the burden of stroke.

Objective: To evaluate new onset epilepsy characteristics, etiology, radiological and electroencephalographic features and to document treatment response in the elderly. Method: This was a retrospective study carried out in King Fahd Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 2010 to 2013. Medical records were searched to recruit patients. Hundred and nineteen patients were enrolled who fulfill the inclusion criteria. Clinical data with respect to seizure semiology, etiology, electroencephalographic findings, radiological findings, co-morbidities, and anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy were assessed. Results: Cerebrovascular disease was the most common etiology, followed by occult cerebrovascular disease (oCVD). Focal onset seizures were the most common clinical presentation in this group of cohort. Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed generalized slowing in majority of patients (45.5%), with 21.8% interictal epileptiform activity. Patients required lower doses of AEDs to control seizures, gain better seizure control. Common co-morbidities were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Patients presenting with LOE, should have search for any other cerebrovascular risk factors. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence of oCVD in LOE, and to investigate whether addressing cerebrovascular risk factors in this cohort of patients can reduce the incidence of stroke.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence, knowledge and attitudes about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and the proportion that seek advice from their physician about CAM use. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was performed in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinic of King Fahd Hospital of Universityin Alkhobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from January-June 2017. A total of 133 patients have completed the survey. Results: The mean age of patients was 32.3±7.6 years and 84 (63.2 %) were female. Approximately 83.5% of the patients reported the use of CAM. Among all the reported forms of CAM, vitamins were the most prevalent form, followed by cupping, special prayers and meditation. The majority of patients (62%) obtained knowledge of CAM through social media. A significant number of patients (75.6%) did not disclose the use of CAM to their physician. There was a trend for using CAM more in highly educated, older age, and female patients. The most commonly reported rationale to use CAM was overall improvement in health status. Conclusion: The use of CAM among Saudi patients with MS is highly prevalent, without disclosure of its use to physicians. These factors should be taken into account in the doctor-patient consultation to avoid adverse events.

IntroductionThe aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of pulsed low-frequency magnetic field (PLFMF) on the management of chronic low back pain (CLBP).Methods and analysisA randomised double-blinded controlled clinical trial will be conducted, involving 200 patients with CLBP. Participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either active PLFMF (experimental arm) or sham treatment (control arm) using a permuted-block design which will be stratified according to three subtypes of musculoskeletal CLBP (nociceptive, peripheral neuropathic or central sanitisation). The intervention consists of three sessions/week for 6 weeks. The primary outcome is the percentage change in Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain at week 24 after treatment completion with respect to the baseline. Secondary outcomes include percentage NRS pain during treatment and early after treatment completion, short form 36 quality of life, Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire; Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21, Patient Specific Functional Scale, Global perceived effect of condition change, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale. Measures will be taken at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks during the intervention and 6, 12 and 24 weeks after completing the intervention. Adverse events between arms will be evaluated. Data will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis.Ethics and disseminationThe study is funded by Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU). It has been approved by the institutional review board of IAU (IRB‐ 2017‐03–129). The study will be conducted at King Fahd Hospital of the University and will be monitored by the Hospital monitoring office for research and research ethics. The trial is scheduled to begin in September 2018. Results obtained will be presented in international conferences and will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000921280, prospectively.

Objective: To identify the different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke, and estimate the frequency of various risk factors among these patients. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we reviewed the medical records of patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia from March 2008 till December 2015. The demographic characteristics, subtypes of stroke, risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease) and other relevant data were documented on pre-defined data sheets. Results: The records of 343 patients were included in the study; 64.4% were male and 35.6% were female. The mean age was 59.3+13.6 (mean+SD) years for males, and 66.8+14.9 years for females. Small vessel occlusion was the most common etiologic subtype of ischemic stroke (32.1%), followed by cardio embolic (21.9%), and large artery atherosclerosis (14.6%). The middle cerebral artery was the most commonly affected territory. Hypertension was found in 78.1%, diabetes mellitus in 62.7%, hyperlipidemia in 54.8%, and ischemic heart disease in 24.2% of patients. Conclusion: Small vessel occlusion was the most common etiology in our cohort. The onset of stroke at a relatively younger age group in the male population is of great concern and needs to be verified by further epidemiological studies. Adequate control of modifiable risk factors may help in reducing the disease burden caused by stroke.

This review discusses the mechanisms of action of 4 immune modulating drugs currently used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), including Alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that functions by targeting CD52, an antigen primarily expressed on T and B lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, resulting in their depletion and subsequent repopulation; Dimethyl fumarate that switches cytokine production toward a T helper 2 profile and enhances cytosolic levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, which has immune regulatory and cytoprotective effects on oligodendrocytes, neurons, and glial cells; Fingolimod functions by blocking the release of activated lymphocytes from lymph nodes by targeting sphingosin-1-phosphate receptors; Natalizumab a humanized monoclonal antibody binds α4β1-integrin resulting in reduced migration of immune cells from blood across the blood-brain barrier into the CNS. This review presents the most up to date information on mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of these immune modulators and provides future perspectives for the treatment of MS.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between glycaemic control and carotid atherosclerotic disease among patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study took place in the Neurology Department of King Fahad Hospital of University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia, from April to October 2017. Data were collected from the medical records of 244 patients with a diagnosis of AIS confirmed by computed tomography. Doppler ultrasounds of the carotid artery were performed to determine the presence of increased carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and plaques. Results: Significantly higher mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were noted in cases with high CIMT values (P = 0.002), but not in cases with carotid plaques (P = 0.360). In addition, there was a significant association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and high CIMT (P = 0.045), but not with carotid plaques (P = 0.075). Finally, while dyslipidaemia and age were independently correlated with high CIMT values (P = 0.034 and 0.050 each). Conclusion: High HbA1c levels were associated with high CIMT values, but not with carotid plaques. Therefore, HbA1c levels may be useful as an indirect marker of the initial stages of carotid artery atherosclerosis.Keywords: Glycated Hemoglobin A1c; Diabetes Mellitus; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Atherosclerotic Plaque; Stroke.

Background and Purpose The objective of this study was to determine the frequencies of different clinical presentations and the phenotypic spectrum of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods This cross-sectional study was performed in the Neurology Department of King Fahd Hospital of University Alkhobar in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Data of 190 MS patients who fulfilled the McDonald criteria were retrieved from medical records and analyzed. Results The age at disease onset was 26.27±8.2 years (mean±SD) and disease duration was 6.38±5.10 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.6. Optic neuritis and myelitis were the most-frequent first clinical presentations. Sensory (73.1%), motor (61%), and visual (58.4%) symptoms were the most-frequent established clinical symptoms. Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) was present in 75% of the cases. Supratentorial T2-weighted white-matter lesions and deep-gray-matter or juxtacortical lesions were the most-frequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions, comprising 28% and 23.7% of all MRI lesions observed in 93.6% and 79.4% of the cases, respectively. The scores on the Expanded Disability Status Scale were within the range of 1.0–5.5 in 82.1% of the patients. There were 145 (76.3%) patients taking interferon β therapy. Conclusions MS presenting in the hospital setting is more common in KSA than reported previously, and the number of diagnosed cases in increasing. It is therefore an emerging and disabling neurological illness in KSA with clinical characteristics not dissimilar to those in other middle eastern countries. A decrease in the frequency of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) indicates either that more new cases of RRMS are being diagnosed or that adequate treatments of RRMS are preventing the evolution to SPMS. Further larger and population-wide epidemiological and clinical studies with the long-term follow-up of MS patients are required to better assess the clinical spectrum of MS in KSA.

Type 2 diabetes is a growing public health concern and accounts for approximately 90% of all the cases of diabetes. Besides insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes is characterized by a deficit in β-cell mass as a result of misfolded human islet amyloid polypeptide (h-IAPP) which forms toxic aggregates that destroy pancreatic β-cells. Heat shock proteins (HSP) play an important role in combating the unwanted self-association of unfolded proteins. We hypothesized that Hsp72 (HSPA1A) prevents h-IAPP aggregation and toxicity. In this study, we demonstrated that thermal stress significantly up-regulates the intracellular expression of Hsp72, and prevents h-IAPP toxicity against pancreatic β-cells. Moreover, Hsp72 (HSPA1A) overexpression in pancreatic β-cells ameliorates h-IAPP toxicity. To test the hypothesis that Hsp72 (HSPA1A) prevents aggregation and fibril formation, we established a novel C. elegans model that expresses the highly amyloidogenic human pro-IAPP (h-proIAPP) that is implicated in amyloid formation and β-cell toxicity. We demonstrated that h-proIAPP expression in body-wall muscles, pharynx and neurons adversely affects C. elegans development. In addition, we demonstrated that h-proIAPP forms insoluble aggregates and that the co-expression of h-Hsp72 in our h-proIAPP C. elegans model, increases h-proIAPP solubility. Furthermore, treatment of transgenic h-proIAPP C. elegans with ADAPT-232, known to induce the expression and release of Hsp72 (HSPA1A), significantly improved the growth retardation phenotype of transgenic worms. Taken together, this study identifies Hsp72 (HSPA1A) as a potential treatment to prevent β-cell mass decline in type 2 diabetic patients and establishes for the first time a novel in vivo model that can be used to select compounds that attenuate h-proIAPP aggregation and toxicity.

Objective: To examine the pattern of neurological disorders that are encountered in the neurology outpatient clinics at tertiary care level. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study carried out in the neurology outpatient clinics of the King Fahd Hospital of Dammam University Al-Khobar over the period of 1-year between October 1, 2014 and September 30, 2015. The data were collected through a pre-designed questionnaire from hand-written registers maintained by neurology consultant at the neurology clinics. Results: Among all patients that visited the neurology clinic over the 1-year period, 2076 patients presented with neurological disorders whereas 51 patients presented with non-neurological symptoms. Epilepsy and seizure disorders (37.71%) were the most common neurological condition followed by headaches (15.51%), stroke (9.29%), and multiple sclerosis (7.41%). The most common age group that visited the neurology clinics was between 21 and 40 years (44%), and the least common were older than 60 years age (4.57%). Conclusion: Our results suggest that neurological disorders are common and vary in scope in neurology out-patient departments. Knowing the spectrum of neurological diseases in neurology clinic at tertiary care level will help to understand the neurological demand and supply in Saudi Arabia.

This is a report of a 34-year-old Saudi male who presented to the emergency department of a university hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with a 2-day history of sudden left leg weakness and inability to walk. The history was insignificant except for the death of his brother 3 days prior to the onset. His general medical and neurological examinations, lab works, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies were all within normal limits. The possibility of a conversion reaction precipitated by grief was considered. Psychiatric evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of a dissociative (conversion) motor disorder. The patient made steady improvement with cognitive behavioral therapy. The possibility of psychogenic origin should be considered in patients presenting with sudden gross neurological symptoms.