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The threat of money mule syndicate continues to undermine the stability of financial system. Over the years, money mule syndicate has helped to launder ill-gotten funds by colluding as intermediary. The defense of financial system from ensuing money mule problem lies in the responsibility of financial crime compliance officers. Submission of Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) by these officers helps in combatting money mule phenomenon at the enforcement level. Hence, the building of money mule risk assessment among financial crime compliance officers is unequivocally critical. This paper presents the estimation of reliability of instrument developed to measure the novel money mule risk assessment based on Judgment and Decision Making (JDM) theory. Professional self-awareness, task complexity and AML software astuteness are the constructs influencing financial crime compliance officers’ risk assessment in money mule investigation at bank’s level. An instrument with 118 items was developed and disseminated digitally for pilot test. The distribution of instrument targeted financial crime compliance officers working for financial institutions in Malaysia. A total of 31 respondents from commercial banks in Malaysia participated in the pilot test. The four constructs score Cronbach’s values above 0.80 which show good and satisfactory reliability for the next phase of data collection.

Background: Mooren’s ulcer is a rare type of peripheral ulcerative keratitis of unknown etiology. Case: This is a case of a 76-year-old male who presented to the ophthalmology out-patient department with complaints of redness in both eyes. Visual acuity was 6/18 and 6/12 in the right and left eye respectively. Slit lamp examination of the both eyes revealed areas of peripheral corneal thinning in both eyes with clean floor, no slough and presence of limbitis. Anterior and posterior segments of both eyes were otherwise unremarkable. Investigations revealed no significant findings. A diagnosis of bilateral Mooren’s ulcer was made and the patient was managed conservatively with oral and topical steroids as well as topical immunosuppressants. Patient's symptoms improved and signs showed now worsening and steroids were gradually tapered. Conclusion: Mooren’s ulcer is a diagnosis of exclusion. Once diagnosed, aggressive immunosuppressive medication should be started to retard progression and allow for better quality of life Key words: bilateral mooren’s ulcer, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, cyclosporine eye drops

Aim: To determine the frequency of teenage pregnancy with associated risk factors and various complications, and to evaluate the obstetric and fetal outcome. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the departments of Community Medicine, Pathology and Gynecology & Obstetrics, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences, Nawabshah, and Suleman Roshan Medical College Tando Adam, from January 2019- June 2020, consisting of 108 teenage mother group (13-18 years) and 108 adult primigravid reference mother group (19-22 years) that gave birth during the study period. Results: The teenage group had mostly Spontaneous vaginal delivery 61.11% (n=66). Majority of the teenage mothers suffered from pregnancy complication of anemia 72. 2% (n=78) compared with the reference group 22.2% (n=24). 46.29% neonates of the teenaged group mothers developed complications including Low birth weight 52% (n=26), Preterm Birth 10% (n=5) and most serious complication Perinatal death 4% (n=2) compared to the reference group. Conclusion: The teenage pregnancies are high risk pregnancies with potential maternal and fetal complications.

Purpose Money laundering offences occur worldwide, with recent discussions involving issues related to the low levels of compliance among professional accountants towards the anti-money laundering (AML) regime. Under the regime, professional accountants are required to implement compliance programs (Know Your Customer, Clients Due Diligent, Record Keeping) and to submit any suspicious transaction report encounters to the authorities. Due to the lack of research in this sector, this study aims to examine the compliance determinants towards AML regimes among professional accountants in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Premised on protection motivation theory, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among 1,100 professional accountants. Of which 275 questionnaires were returned and subjected to regression analysis. Findings Based on the findings, “perceived risk of non-compliance” and “awareness of Anti-Money Laundering Act 2001 and Financial Action Task Force standard” were significantly related to the level of compliance towards the AML regimes. Meanwhile, “compliance cost” did not influence the compliance behaviour of professional accountants. Moreover, the findings demonstrated that awareness programs among the reporting institutions should be enhanced, specifically the professional accountants. Practical implications This study recommends the professional bodies particularly professional accountants in Malaysia to establish a blueprint as a guideline for money laundering reporting. Originality/value This is one of the pioneer studies looking into AML compliance determinants among the professional accountants in Malaysia. This study will provide insights on the current practices and recommend ways to improve the current AML reporting practices among the professional accountants.

Purpose This study aims to understand the member countries’ current asset recovery mechanism based on two elements, namely, confiscation policy and asset recovery management framework. Design/methodology/approach Content analysis was performed on the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Mutual Evaluation Report (MER) of eight countries. Findings The result showed that only a few countries established a centralised asset recovery centre or special task force to manage recovered assets. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to information mentioned in the FATF MER. Practical implications This study highlights the need to have a centralised asset recovery management centre as an initiative to improve the outcome of money laundering investigations. The study findings will benefit regulators to understand further the practical challenges of the asset recovery mechanism for future improvement. Originality/value FATF recommends that each country establish a centralised asset recovery centre and work closely with the investigating officers and prosecutors in deciding on assets confiscation. However, the implementation is contingent on their local environment and resources at the member countries’ discretion. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the member countries’ current asset recovery mechanism based on two elements, namely confiscation policy and asset recovery management framework.

Purpose This paper aims to provide a systematic literature review (SLR) on contemporary cardinal money mule issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the most common money mule themes in perpetrating financial crime activities, especially its roles, recruitment and awareness. A systematic review protocol called preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols is adopted for this study. Findings Money mules are used by organized criminal groups (OCG) or fraudster to launder illicit funds from outrageous criminal activities. They allow their accounts to be used for money laundering by OCG. The attacker, OCG or fraudsters would layer the stolen funds using money mule accounts. These money mules are recruited using various approaches, oftentimes deceived by opulent lifestyles to captivate the interest of potential money mules. Originality/value This paper presents money mule awareness needed by accountant, bank employees and the society. It is an unprecedented SLR on money mule. This paper will be beneficial for future money mule researchers, enforcement agencies and practitioners in banking industry.

The Covid-19 pandemic had changed the business model in various industries. Companies have switched to digital business processes in order to survive in this challenging situation. Financial Technology (Fintech), especially digital payment services, has become the most preferred solution for handling financial transactions in conditions of limited mobility and interaction. The phenomenal emergence of Fintech has captured the attention of the world and the Asian region, including Malaysia and Indonesia. Despite various benefits offered by Fintech, the adoption rate is still relatively low, especially for IT-savvy groups of fresh graduates in both countries. This comparative study aims to analyze the adoption of Fintech payment services in Malaysia and Indonesia using the UTAUT theory approach. The research measures the relationships between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, consumers’ trust, and national culture with the adoption of Fintech. Each indicator of national culture, such as individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and long-term orientation, was measured to see its relationship with the adoption rate. The quantitative method was employed, and the data were collected via an online survey of a total of 486 respondents. Using multivariate regression analysis, 57.9% behavioral adoption of Fintech payment services both in Malaysia and Indonesia was explained through performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, customer trust and national culture. The study revealed that performance expectancy and the cultural factor individualism had the highest effect on the decision to adopt digital payment services. This study contributes to the Fintech ecosystem in both countries by providing some recommendations to Fintech providers, financial institutions, and governments in policy making. It is also expected that the research will support the government’s goal to become a cashless society as a strategy to increase financial inclusion.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0), which is complementary to the technological revolution, has given birth to Financial Technology (Fintech). Numerous advantages are offered by Fintech, yet the adoption rate is still low. This is especially from the employed fresh graduates’ perspectives that are regarded as the computer literate and IT savvy’s group. This research aims to examine the factors that affect the technology acceptance of Fintech payment services. The research attempts to measure the relationships between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition and consumers’ trust with the adoption of Fintech. Based upon the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the quantitative method was employed via online survey of 179 respondents. The result showed that consumers’ trust had the highest impact on the adoption of Fintech payment services, followed by performance expectancy and effort expectancy. In contrast, facilitating conditions and social influence showed an insignificant relationship with the adoption of Fintech payment services. This finding would enhance the awareness for people to become more open towards the acceptance of Fintech for their daily transactions. Fintech companies are expected to develop into more secure services and design better products in becoming a cashless society. Keywords: UTAUT, consumers’ trust, financial technology, Fintech, Fintech payment services adoption, employed fresh graduates

Objectives Discharging a child home on long-term ventilation (LTV) via tracheostomy is complex and involves multiple healthcare providers across healthcare sectors. To date, there has been a paucity of data with respect to the experiences of families transitioning a child home on LTV. Our objective was to explore the perceptions of family caregivers (FCs) who have completed a newly developed LTV discharge pathway as they transitioned home. Methods We conducted 11 semi-structured interviews with FCs. Interviews focused on FC's experience with the training process, perception of competency from a knowledge and skill perspective, and opportunities for improvement. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Results Eight mothers and three fathers of ten children participated. Six primary themes were identified: (1) making an informed decision, (2) transitioning to rehabilitation, (3) building capacity for self-care, (4) coordinating case management, (5) readying for discharge home, and (6) experiencing home care. Conclusion Overall, FCs felt that the preparation and transition support obtained through the application of a standardized LTV discharge pathway allowed successful attainment of new knowledge and skills necessary to care for their child with LTV at home.

ObjectiveNemaline myopathy (NM) is a rare neuromuscular condition with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. To establish disease natural history, we performed a cross-sectional study of NM, complemented by longitudinal assessment and exploration of pilot outcome measures.MethodsFifty-seven individuals with NM were recruited at 2 family workshops, including 16 examined at both time points. Participants were evaluated by clinical history and physical examination. Functional outcome measures included the Motor Function Measure (MFM), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), myometry, goniometry, and bulbar assessments.ResultsThe most common clinical classification was typical congenital (54%), whereas 42% had more severe presentations. Fifty-eight percent of individuals needed mechanical support, with 26% requiring wheelchair, tracheostomy, and feeding tube. The MFM scale was performed in 44 of 57 participants and showed reduced scores in most with little floor/ceiling effect. Of the 27 individuals completing PFTs, abnormal values were observed in 65%. Last, bulbar function was abnormal in all patients examined, as determined with a novel outcome measure. Genotypes included mutations in ACTA1 (18), NEB (20), and TPM2 (2). Seventeen individuals were genetically unresolved. Patients with pathogenic ACTA1 and NEB variants were largely similar in clinical phenotype. Patients without genetic resolution had more severe disease.ConclusionWe present a comprehensive cross-sectional study of NM. Our data identify significant disabilities and support a relatively stable disease course. We identify a need for further diagnostic investigation for the genetically unresolved group. MFM, PFTs, and the slurp test were identified as promising outcome measures for future clinical trials.

Background: Meibomian gland dysfunction is a common chronic disease of eyelid wherein there is reduction in the quantity as well as changes in the composition of meibomian gland secretions, resulting in instability and thinning of the tear film which ultimately interferes with the ocular surface. It has also been observed that postmenopausal women may present with decrease in central corneal thickness due to hormonal changes. Studies have been done regarding the role of meibomian gland dysfunction in central corneal thickness changes.Objectives: To assess and compare the central corneal thickness and estimate estradiol levels in postmenopausal women with and without MGD, as well as and to correlate estradiol levels with severity of MGD in postmenopausal women with MGD.Design: Duration based, comparative two-group study.Participants: 80 participants with 160 eyes among which 40 were postmenopausal women with MGD and 40 were postmenopausal women without MGD.Methods: All female subjects satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the age group of 52 – 65 years who visited VIMS and RC, Bangalore between January 2018 to February 2020 were included. They underwent full ophthalmological examination – visual acuity assessment, retinoscopy, refraction, slit lamp examination, fundus examination, horizontal and vertical corneal curvature assessment, specular microscopy, tear break up time and Schirmer I test along with estimation of estrogen, progesterone and FSH levels. Results: This study concluded that mean central corneal thickness was reduced in case of postmenopausal women with MGD when compared to postmenopausal women without MGD with statistically significant results.Conclusion: Central corneal thickness was considerably less in postmenopausal women with MGD when compared to postmenopausal women without MGD, CCT assessment must be considered in every woman, especially in elderly patients.

Background: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) the most common form of glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease, which is the third most common cause of blindness worldwide. It is estimated that 60 million people in the world are affected by this disease and 8.4 million are bilaterally blind. Among the various factors that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this disease is infection with Helicobacter pylori (HP), a Gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in stomach and present in approximately one-half of the world’s population. Establishment of such a causal correlation will probably have important practical applications as the eradication of H. pylori might lead to developments in the treatment of glaucoma. Objectives: To investigate the association between Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Helicobacter Pylori infection and to observe fluctuations in intra ocular pressure after Helicobacter Pylori infection eradication. Design: Duration based, prospective observational study. Participants: 50 patients with documented Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) as case group and 50 non-glaucoma participants as control group. Methods: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed to evaluate macroscopic abnormalities, and gastric mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained for the presence of H. pylori infection tested by Rapid Urease Test (RUT). All subjects underwent detailed ocular examinations including visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, fundoscopy, intra-ocular pressure recording, gonioscopy, GHT to assess visual fields and OCT of optic nerve head. Results: In 90% of POAG patients of case group and in 68% of non-glaucoma participants of control group Helicobacter pylori infection was detected by RUT (P-Value=0.007). Conclusion: H. pylori infection is more frequent in glaucoma patients, perhaps more so in those of Indian ethnicity. It may play a role as a secondary aggravating factor or even may be the primary cause. The establishment of such a causal relationship will probably have important practical applications as the eradication of H. pylori might lead to developments in the treatment of glaucoma.

Purpose Volume-assured pressure support in noninvasive ventilation (VAPS-NIV) is a newer mode providing automatic pressure support adjustment to ensure a constant alveolar ventilation. Previous studies have shown that NIV effectiveness depends on patient adherence and tolerance. The aim of this study was to determine the adherence and efficacy of VAPS-NIV compared to spontaneous-time (S/T) mode in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disease (NMD). Methods This was a prospective observational study. Children with NMD who utilized NIV at home for ≥ 3 months were recruited from the Long-term ventilation clinic at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, from July 1, 2015, to July 1, 2019. Baseline characteristics, date of initiation of NIV, and pulmonary function tests were recorded. Polysomnogram (PSG) data and adherence were recorded and analyzed comparing VAPS and S/T modes. Results Twenty children with NMD (17 male, 85%) were enrolled. The mean (SD) age at initiation of NIV was 11.6 ± 4.6 years. The median (IQR) duration of ventilation was 1.36 (0.80–2.98) years. The mean average daily usage and the median daily usage for VAPS mode and S/T mode were 8.4 ± 1.6 versus 7.2 ± 2.5 h (p = 0.012) and 8.6 ± 1.4 versus 7.8 ± 2.1 h (p = 0.022), respectively. There was no difference in sleep architecture, gas exchange, or parent proxy report of NIV tolerance between S/T and VAPS modes. Conclusion VAPS was associated with an improvement in adherence to therapy in children with NMD compared to S/T mode. Longitudinal studies are required to evaluate long-term clinical outcomes using VAPS mode in children with NMD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11325-021-02288-1.

Background: SLC25A46, mitochondrial protein shown to be involved in mitochondrial dynamics. Mutation in this protein has been associated with neurological disease. Case Description: We describe a 19year male presented with decreased vision in both eyes at the age of 5-7years associated with clumpsiness in doing things with upper limb with involuntary movements during rest and tremors. He had low visual acuity for both distant and near, abnormal color vision in both eyes. Features of bilateral optic atrophy and absent P100 waves on VEP. Deranged lipid profile and Raised TSH and TPO antibodies were seen. Muscle biopsy showed neurogenic atrophy and loss of myelination. Lumbar lardosis was noted and Whole exome sequence analysis homozygous pathogenic mutation in SLC25A46 (C.1018>T/P. Arg 340cys). Conclusion: It’s important to be aware of genetic inheritance and phenotype variants of these mitochondrial disorders. We present a novel variant (p.Arg340Cys) of SLC25A46 deficiency and unusual association with hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Businesses, government sectors, academia and society have been flooded with data which nowadays have become valuable economic assets. Data and Big Data Analytics (BDA) are vital for the succession of any organization. Big Data Analytics (BDA) delineates the approaches utilized to examine, process, analyze and expose hidden underlying patterns, interesting relations, and intelligence from huge datasets for different purposes. Despite the growth and widespread use of data analytics, the study on this research area is still at the nascent stage. The scenario is seen particularly for the developing countries like Malaysia. Previous literature has recognized data analytic development and its effect but has not yet provided a comprehensive review. This paper intends to conceptualize BDA manifestation, its application, and its challenges epistemology. This study employs a comprehensive review of past literature to serve the purpose. The findings of this paper will enhance the understanding of BDA conception epistemology (definition and application). This concept paper also intends to shed some light on BDA research areas by identifying the challenges surrounding BDA deployment. From the theoretical point of view, this paper contributes to providing BDA taxonomy based on the application in various industries. From the practical perspective, this paper contributes to BDA research field by identifying the obstacles that need to be managed by the BDA adopter for optimum utilization and decision making. From the government perspective, it contributes to Malaysian national agenda to becoming a leading regional BDA solution hub for all sectors and developed nation by the year 2025.

There has been a significant increase in the past few decades in the number of children receiving noninvasive positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy at home. At present, PAP therapy can be successfully used in children of all ages, for a variety of indications. Data acquired from PAP devices is clinically useful, providing objective information regarding adherence, leak, and efficacy of PAP therapy. However, guidelines outlining a standardized approach to interpretation of PAP device data in pediatrics is currently lacking. Given the rapidly expanding use of PAP therapy in pediatric practice, we aim to provide an overview of the interpretation of data reports, otherwise called "data downloads," from PAP devices and illustrate how they can be used to guide clinical care.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to access the present situation of the Pakistani population that suffers from vitamin D deficiency.Design/methodology/approachA review-based study was conducted based on publications from Pakistan between the years 2008 and 2018. The publications were archived from Pub Med and Google Scholar databases. A total of 18 publications were shortlisted, based on the cutoff values of vitamin D sufficiency, insufficiency and deficiency.FindingsAs per the data, 38.5 per cent of the participants were males, 48.7 per cent were females and 12.8 per cent of the studies have not mentioned the genders of the participants. The cumulative results show that 58.17 per cent (95 per cent CI: 52.17, 64.16) of the population is vitamin D-deficient and 26.65 per cent (95 per cent CI: 21.63, 31.66) is insufficient in vitamin D. The highest level of vitamin D deficiency was reported from Sindh (62.15 per cent), followed by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (60.57 per cent), Punjab (51.75 per cent) and the Federal Capital (49.25 per cent). Moreover, Cochran’s Q test indicated considerable heterogeneity (p= >0.001) with regard to Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) prevalence found among samples from the selected studies.Originality/valueThe present analysis suggests that more than half of the Pakistani population suffers from VDD, which, thus, should be considered as an epidemic and treated likewise.

The deployment of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems worldwide has become an evidence of the unprecedented movement towards integration of information technologies. The importance of continuance usage during the post implementation stage should not be neglected as to secure an optimal advantages offered by ERP system, that is achieved through minimizing ERP system usage barriers. As such, successful implementation of an ERP system does not necessarily guarantee that the system will be comprehensively used or accepted by users of the system. ERP benefits can only be realised and sustained if users continue to have favourable experiences in using the system. While many previous studies have examined ERP system during the implementation phase, only a few have revealed barriers to ERP usage as well its antecedent factors during the post-implementation phase. The purpose of this paper is to determine ERP system usage barriers and unearth the root causes to the barriers. To achieve the aim, this research was guided by the ‘soft-positivism’ paradigm, a paradigm that combines elements of positivism and interpretivism. By using this paradigm, the investigator brought certain prior expectations to the data analysis which are consistent with positivist research and which also build rich explanations from the data, consistent with the interpretive assumption. Based upon the lens of Task Technology Fit theory, this study adopts a qualitative method using multiple case studies. Three Malaysian organisations that had implemented ERP were investigated by conducting 30 semi–structured interviews and reviewing archival records and documents. The interviews were guided by the research objectives. Data were analysed by using open and thematic coding.The finding indicated four major areas of ERP usage problems: system, data, and technical infrastructure and interface problems. Besides that, several antecedent factors to the problems were identified. These factors fall into four major categories: organisation, user, task and technology, and include lack of support from either external or internal expertise, lack of individual strength and limited technology affordance. The outcome of this study was encapsulated in the form of the ERP Sand Clock Barriers and Antecedents Model.The paper contributes to post-implementation ERP system literature by stressing the complex relationships between usage barriers and antecedent factors. By identifying the underlying causes of SAP usage barriers, it could become the motivating factor for individual users to undertake reflective feedback and to achieve extended use of the implemented ERP system.

Objectives: Discharging a child home on long term ventilation (LTV) via tracheostomy is complex and involves multiple healthcare providers across healthcare sectors. To date, patient and family feedback of a newly developed LTV discharge pathway has been anecdotal. Our objective was to explore the perceptions of family caregivers (FCs) that have completed the LTV pathway to home with respect to their: (1) experience with transitions across the pathway (2) perceptions of competency attainment and, (3) viewed opportunities for improvement. Methods: We conducted 11 semi structured interviews with FCs. Interviews focused on FCs experience with the training process, perception of competency from a knowledge and skill perspective and opportunities for improvement. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, coded and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Results: Eight mothers and 3 fathers of 10 children participated. Six primary themes were identified: 1) making an informed decision, 2) transitioning to rehabilitation, 3) building capacity for self-care, 4) coordinating case management, 5) readying for discharge home and, 6) experiencing home care. Conclusion: Overall, FCs felt that the preparation and transition support obtained through the application of a standardized LTV discharge pathway allowed successful attainment of new knowledge and skills necessary to care for their child with LTV at home.

Money laundering is a global issue that must be effectively mitigated across the nation. Despite various initiatives, investigation outcome either in the form of prosecution, conviction, or confiscation remains low. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors influencing money laundering investigating outcome, based on rational choice theory. The study conducted focus group interviews with 15 investigating officers to have an in-depth understanding of factors and challenges faced by investigating officers in conducting money laundering investigation which influences their investigation outcome. The findings demonstrate that money laundering investigation outcome is influenced by three factors, which are cost-benefit analysis, individual belief, and organizational context. The findings of the study provide significant contributions in confirming the theoretical foundations underpinning this research and suggest recommendations for the relevant regulators in improving money laundering investigation and prosecution decision making.

Objective: To identify the factors which have a statistically significant association with sleep hygiene of medical students. Material and Methods: This study was done on 100 medical students. The questionnaire that was used for the collection of data had two parts. First was related to demographic variables and second was a validated Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). All participants were from the first to fifth years of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Data were analysed using SPSS 23. The association was found by applying chi-square test. Results: Our study revealed that out of 100 students, 61% had poor sleep hygiene (PSQI ≥ 5). Global PSQI scores among women were slightly higher than males. A statistical association was found between the residence and habit of studying at night of medical students with their sleep hygiene. Discussion: Medical students should ensure good sleep hygiene in order to maintain their academic performance, physical health, and mental health.

Purpose This paper aims to conduct a comparison on the effectiveness of the law enforcement agencies (LEAs) of Australia and Malaysia in investigating money laundering cases by looking into the legal system and operational issues faced in conducting the investigation. Design/methodology/approach The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the data collected from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Mutual Evaluation Report, focusing on the information outlined in the third chapter. The legal system and operational issues cover the area of technical compliance and effectiveness compliance, which were introduced in the latest FATF Evaluation Methodology issued in 2013. Findings The results show that both countries have the power needed to investigate money laundering and terrorism financing under their respective Anti-Money Laundering Act. However, Australia is seen to have a better investigative support system to assist LEAs during the investigation process. This explains the reason for difficulties in increasing the number of prosecutions for money laundering and terrorism financing cases. Hence, improvement actions are needed in curbing this issue. Practical implications The result suggests that Malaysia should strengthen the cooperation, coordination and capacity among LEAs to ensure effective targeting, investigation and prosecution of money laundering. The government should also revise the money laundering investigation time frame and broaden the power of LEAs in retrieving information during the investigation process. Malaysia should also enhance the investigative support system, which will be helpful for LEAs in gathering sufficient evidence to support their money laundering charges. Unlimited power in gathering evidence is prominent to charge money launders as it helps to gather information required for prosecution. Originality/value Prior literature focuses on the prevention mechanism, where this paper aims to focus on detection and investigation mechanism focusing on money laundering investigation conducted by LEAs. Lack of study on money laundering investigation calls for this research to be done to understand the strengths and weaknesses to improve its effectiveness in the future.

The COVID-19 infections in Pakistan are spreading at an exponential rate and a point may soon be reached where rigorous prevention measures would need to be adopted. Mathematical models can help define the scale of an epidemic and the rate at which an infection can spread in a community. We used an SIR model to predict the magnitude of the COVID-19 epidemic in Pakistan and compared the numbers with the reported cases on the national database. Our results indicate that Pakistan could hit peak number of infectious cases on May 26th, 2020 and by June 24th, 2020, 90% of the population will have become infected with the virus if policy interventions seeking to curb this infection are not adopted aggressively.

One-way speaking valves have been successfully used to restore audible meaningful speech in adult patients after tracheostomy tube placement. One-way speaking valves have also been used in pediatric patients after tracheostomy tube placement with promising results. We conducted a scoping review to synthesize and summarize the current evidence on the use of one-way tracheostomy tube speaking valves in the pediatric population to identify knowledge gaps that could inform future research programs and facilitate evidence-based clinical decision making. The Arksey and O'Malley 5-step methodological framework was used for this scoping review. We searched OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Google Scholar to locate articles published between January 1, 1946 and May 26, 2016. Our search resulted in a total of 524 articles. After removing 270 duplicates, we screened 254 abstracts, and 50 articles were identified for full text review. We excluded 38 references. A total of 12 articles met our inclusion criteria. Details of all studies were charted. Application of the Sackett levels of evidence to evaluate the qualitative strength of the evidence provided by the 12 articles selected for study found that 6 studies were level 5, 4 were level 4, and 2 studies were categorized as level 3 evidence. Eligibility criteria for trials of speaking valves were inconsistent across all studies and included a combination of clinical assessment coupled with published indications. Much of the literature has focused on tolerance/successful use of speaking valves in children with a tracheostomy with limited evidence on its impact on verbal communication. Current evidence on the use of speaking valves in children with a tracheostomy, its indication, and its impact on verbal communication is inadequate, mandating further research in this area.

Purpose This study aims to discuss the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Special Recommendation IX (SR IX) and the importance of complying with the recommendation, which focuses on cross-border declaration or disclosure with the objective to detect and prevent illicit cross-border transportation of cash and bearer negotiable instruments (BNIs). This study also looks into compliance ratings of Asia Pacific Group (APG) 40 countries on the FATF SR IX. Design/methodology/approach This study reviews the mutual evaluation reports issued by APG on money laundering from 2006 to 2012. Based on the mutual evaluation reports, this study also looks into recommendations and comments given by respective panels. The compliance ratings together with panel’s recommendations and comments compiled in this study will be helpful to relevant authorities for future improvement. Findings Complying to FATF SR IX helps relevant authorities in detecting and preventing illicit from cross-border transportation of cash and BNIs. Out of 40, only two countries received compliant rating, which shows the need of improvement to ensure that the country is compliant on FATF SR IX. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to the panel’s reviews and recommendations on mutual evaluation report and only focuses on FATF SR IX. Originality/value This paper analyzes the compliance characteristics of countries based on their FATF mutual evaluation report. It highlights the comments and recommendation for future improvement to ensure that these countries will comply with FATF SR IX.