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The rapid technological advancement has accelerated the demand for portable electronic devices that require energy storage media. The high-performance supercapacitor is one of the energy storage media with excellent capacitance and a great lifecycle. Currently, various synthesis methods on the electrode component of the supercapacitor have been developed. However, most of that synthesis is not environmentally friendly. This study aims to synthesize MnO2 through a green chemical process with the minimum usage of non-environmentally friendly additives. This study uses ylang-ylang flower essential oil (Cananga odorata) as the raw material. The primary stages of synthesis include the isolation of essential oil from the ylang-ylang flower through the steam-water distillation process, synthesis of MnO2 through dihydroxylation reaction using the ylang-ylang flower essential oil with various calcination temperatures, and the characterization of the produced synthesis using XRD, SEM, and CV. The XRD results show that the MnO2 has been successfully synthesized and generated a number of polymorphs of α, γ, and δ. Meanwhile, the highest MnO2 purity has been obtained from 500°C calcination temperature and dominated by the δ-MnO2 polymorph. The results of the SEM test suggest that the synthesized product is in the form of a nano-sized particle with an average diameter of 49.8 nm. The results of the CV test signify that the specific capacitance of MnO2 calcinated at 500°C temperature is 29.21 mF/g so that the synthesized MnO2 is the potential supercapacitor candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the conversion of glycerol into ethanol using an Ag-Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst with ultrasonic assistance at a temperature of 60 oC with variations in sonication time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. This research was carried out in 4 stages, namely: (1) activation of ZSM-5 with NH4Cl, (2) Impregnation of Ag metal, Zn metal and a mixture of Logan Ag and Zn metal, (3) Characterization of ZSM-5 catalyst resulting from activation and impregnation, (4) ultrasonic-assisted conversion of glycerol to ethanol with time variations. The characterization of the catalyst used XRF, XRD, acidity and surface area analysis, while the GC tool was used to analyze the results of the conversion of glycerol into ethanol. The results showed that the Zeolite ZSM-5 was successfully impregnated with a mixture of Ag and Zn metals as evidenced by XRD analysis, namely that there was a similarity of peaks at an angle of 2θ with the JCPDS standard and the results of XRF analysis were obtained that impregnated Ag and Zn metals were 13.3 wt% and 10.7 wt%. Optimum degradation time for glycerol conversion glycerol to ethanol using Ag-Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst with ultrasonic assistance at a temperature of 60 oC is 4 hours with a yield of 45 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single garlic has been known have various benefits because it contains many active compounds. The active compounds in garlic, like antioxidants are quickly degraded in the digestive tract. Various attempts have been made to maintain the antioxidants content in garlic through drug delivery systems. One of the drug delivery systems that can protect antioxidants is the Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). This study aims to characterize and test the antioxidant activity of SNEDDS single garlic extract (SGE). The methods used include single garlic extraction with ethanol solvent, SNEDDS formulation, SNEDDS preparation, SNEDDS response test, and physical tests. Characterization of SNEDDS size and morphology using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). An antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method. The results showed that the mean droplet size of SNEDDS-SGE was 23.10±0.69 nm, the polydispersity index (PDl) was 0,46±0,01 and the Zeta potential was -33.07±0.45 mV. The morphology of SNEDDS is a round droplet. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the percentage of antioxidant activity of SNEDDS-SGE was 56.74±1,04 which was higher than the percentage of antioxidant activity of SGE that was not prepared with SNEDDS 17.56 ±0.08. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is renewable and eco-friendly energy. This research is related to efforts to obtain excellent catalysts in biodiesel production. The development of biodiesel is one of the efforts to overcome the increasing need for renewable energy. In this study, we synthesized CaO/MnFe2O4 by wet impregnation method at various molar ratios of 6:1 and 7:1, then characterized it and evaluated its performance as a catalyst in biodiesel production through transesterification reaction of palm oil. The characterization results showed that CaO/MnFe2O4 was successfully synthesized as the dominant product. This was evidenced by the match between the CaO/MnFe2O4 diffractogram produced with the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) Card No. 75785 for CaO, and Crystallography Open Database (COD) No. 1010131 for MnFe2O4 using MAUD software. The product from the transesterification reaction was found to meet several criteria as biodiesel according to SNI 7182:2015. Application of CaO/ MnFe2O4 7:1 in.palm oil biodiesel production with a molar ratio of 1:15 (oil:methanol) gave a yield of 75.1 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the field of renewable energy development has become an interesting topic in recent years. The development of biodiesel can be done through the exploration of raw materials and the development of catalysts to produce biodiesel. On the one hand, efforts to explore biodiesel raw materials in Indonesia are supported by abundant of natural resources, both animal and vegetable, while on the other hand, the availability of renewable catalysts is supported, among others, by the development of heterogeneous catalysts. This research aims to synthesis renewable catalysts in the transesterification reaction by synthesize CaO/Fe3O4. The method used was impregnation which absorbs the active metal components in solution to the carrier solid.Then, characterize and evaluate its potential as a catalyst through a transesterification reaction in kapok seed oil. The results showed that CaO/Fe3O4 was successfully synthesized by impregnation method. This was evidenced by the XRD analysis which showed the correspondence between the CaO/Fe3O4 diffractogram and the Crystallography Open Database for calcium oxide (COD, 1000044) and magnetite (COD, 1010369). The biodiesel product with the support of CaO/Fe3O4 catalyst. The development of biodiesel can be done through the exploration of raw materials and the development of catalysts to produce biodiesel. On the one hand, efforts to explore biodiesel raw materials in Indonesia are supported by abundant natural resources, both animal and vegetable, while on the other hand, this research aims to synthesize renewable catalysts in the transesterification reaction by synthesize CaO/ Fe3O4 with a mole ratio of 7:1 and an oil: methanol mole ratio of 1:15 produces a FAME yield of 66.79% with a quality in accordance with Indonesian biodiesel standards (SNI 7182-2015). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative and metacognitive thinking are included in the realm of higher-order thinking which involves active control in cognitive processes to solve a problem. Various efforts to improve the mastery of creative thinking and metacognitive skills are needed, one of which is through the use of problem-based collaborative learning model books that stimulate students' creative and metacognitive thinking skills. This research uses research and development (R&D) methods and aims to test the validity of the problem-based collaborative learning model book. While the data collection using the questionnaire method. The book development uses the Plomp model, so the use of the book needs to be validated, in this case, the book was validated by three experts using V Aiken, the validation results showed content validity 0.919 by experts, construct validity 0.903 by experts with valid categories and can be used to determine the increase in thinking skills creative and metacognitive students. It is recommended for lecturers to apply a collaborative problem-based learning book model and emphasize creative thinking and metacognitive skills in the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now there are has not been any concrete utilization of used cooking oil (jelantah). This research seeks to convert this cooking oil waste into biodiesel. According the actual that cooking oil still contains free fatty acids can be converted into methyl esters through transesterification reaction. This effort is in line with the increasing requirement for renewable energy sources. But to achieve maximum reaction results of transesterification without using a catalyst, need supercritical conditions. Even more cooking oil waste is a low quality oil with high levels of free fatty acids and high rancidity. Therefore it is necessary to think about optimum process conditions and needed superior catalysts in the transesterification process. One catalyst that thought to be superior is CaO/CoFe2O4. Eggshell solid waste can be used as a natural source of CaO, through high temperature heating (calcination). The purpose of this study is produces biodiesel from waste cooking oil using CaO/CoFe2O4 from eggshells catalyst. This research objectives were achieved through the following main steps: (1) Synthesis of activation zeolite for rafination process; (2) Pre-treatment of cooking oil waste; (3) Trans-esterification reaction from cooking oil waste using CaO/CoFe2O4 eggshells waste; (4) Optimization of trans-esterification reaction; (5) characterization of methyl esters produced and see their potential as biodiesel. Based on the results of FTIR, yield analysis, GC-MS, the result product is methyl ester and its potency to be biodiesel. The catalyst application in the transesterification reaction made from used cooking oil is expected to provide a conversion is about 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now there are has not been any concrete utilization of used cooking oil (jelantah). This research seeks to convert this cooking oil waste into biodiesel. According the actual that cooking oil still contains free fatty acids can be converted into methyl esters through transesterification reaction. This effort is in line with the increasing requirement for renewable energy sources. But to achieve maximum reaction results of transesterification without using a catalyst, need supercritical conditions. Even more cooking oil waste is a low quality oil with high levels of free fatty acids and high rancidity. Therefore it is necessary to think about optimum process conditions and needed superior catalysts in the transesterification process. One catalyst that thought to be superior is CaO/CoFe2O4. Eggshell solid waste can be used as a natural source of CaO, through high temperature heating (calcination). The purpose of this study is produces biodiesel from waste cooking oil using CaO/CoFe2O4 from eggshells catalyst. This research objectives were achieved through the following main steps: (1) Synthesis of activation zeolite for rafination process; (2) Pre-treatment of cooking oil waste; (3) Trans-esterification reaction from cooking oil waste using CaO/CoFe2O4 eggshells waste; (4) Optimization of trans-esterification reaction; (5) characterization of methyl esters produced and see their potential as biodiesel. Based on the results of FTIR, yield analysis, GC-MS, the result product is methyl ester and its potency to be biodiesel. The catalyst application in the transesterification reaction made from used cooking oil is expected to provide a conversion is about 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]