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Study aim: External focus of attention is considered as a critical factor in the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. This theory proposes that external focus of attention facilitates motor performance and learning because it promotes focusing on the task goal. However, the effects of external focus of attention on focusing on the task goal are not well understood. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effects of an external focus of attention versus an internal focus of attention on motor learning and promoting focus of the learner on the task goal.

Purpose: Political behavior is a significant issue worldwide that has captured the attention of researchers in this field. Political behavior encompasses activities within an organization aimed at gaining power and achieving the goals of a power seeker in situations of uncertainty or instability. This study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports. Methods: The study utilized a qualitative approach. The statistical population consisted of knowledgeable experts, identified through purposive sampling. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in 14 individuals being selected as participants for the qualitative section. Semi-structured interviews were used as the data collection tool. Results: The study identified existing tensions, supportive forces, competitive environments, and mental pressures as causal conditions for the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports. Additionally, adaptation strategies and empowerment strategies were identified as means to promote the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports. Conclusions: The study revealed that the development of political psychology in Iranian professional sports has consequences for both sports and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between ethical climate and conflicts management strategies in wrestling clubs. The research method was descriptive-correlational type and data was collected through the field manner. The statistical population consisted of all experienced wrestlers (at least four years) in wrestling clubs of Golestan Province (N= 190). The sample was randomly selected based on Morgan sample size sampling table (n= 125). Data were collected using ethical climate questionnaires of Victor and Cullen (1988) and Putnam and Wilson conflict management strategies questionnaire (1982). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Percentage and frequency were used to describe qualitative traits, while indicators of center inclination and dispersion were used for quantitative traits. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze and interpret the obtained data. Results showed a significant relationship between ethical climate and conflict management strategies. In the meantime, the strongest link was found between dimensions of Caring, ethical climate, strategies for cooperation and conflict management reconciliation, as well as between independent aspects of ethical climate and conflict management strategies. Thus, suggest that coaches should emphasize on cooperation strategy to solve and manage conflicts in wrestling clubs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]