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Research indicates that gender-role attitudes towards opportunity in the workplace and responsibilities in the home derives from socialization, that young men experience more change than young women, and that these attitudes change over time. Studies were based on surveys from 1979 and 1987.

Data from the 'Directory of Occupational Titles' is used to create six multi-item scales to measure occupational characteristics for the 1960, 1970 and 1980 Census classifications. Substantive Complexity is an occupational dimension which requires high intelligence and academic capabilities. Motor Skills is the level of physical dexterity, and Physical Perception reflects the level of general perceptual ability required by an occupation. Social skill is the people-oriented dimension, Physical Demands is the physical requirement and Working Conditions reflects the environmental aspects.