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Based on career construction theory, this study examined the contribution of career adaptability to career choice satisfaction, with career decision‐making self‐efficacy as a mediator and socioeconomic status as a moderator. Nine hundred and fourteen Chinese final‐year undergraduates were recruited. The results revealed that career adaptability directly influenced career choice satisfaction and indirectly through career decision‐making self‐efficacy, with some specific differences based on socioeconomic status. Particularly, the cooperation dimension of career adaptability was found to be negatively related to career choice satisfaction only among undergraduates with higher socioeconomic status. The findings have implications for research on career construction theory as well as for career education and counseling practices in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between a proactive personality and entrepreneurial career intention with the moderating effect of social class (socioeconomic status and subjective social class) was examined in Chinese college students in the current study. After controlling for gender and university grade, a proactive personality was discovered to positively predict entrepreneurial intention (both goal intention and implementation intention) among a sample of 367 college students (228 females and 139 males; 119 freshmen, 166 sophomores, and 82 juniors). Subjective social class strengthened the relationship between a proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention, whereas socioeconomic status did not significantly moderate this relationship. Finally, the implications of the results and suggestions for future research were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined (1) whether a growth mindset of intelligence (GMI) could reduce counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB) and (2) the mediating role of occupational stress. At Time 1 (the initial time point), the growth‐mindset levels of 450 employees were measured. At Time 2, 352 participants (Mage = 34.52, SDage = 9.53) completed a set of questionnaires about occupational stress that inquired into job pressure and extent of organizational support and both interpersonal and organizational CWB. The results indicated that GMI is negatively related to organizational CWB, and this relationship is significantly mediated by job pressure. This study highlighted the value of improving employees' GMI to reduce CWB. Practitioner points: Counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB) influences on organization and its members.We show the influence of Growth mindset of intelligence (GMI) on reducing organizational CWB through job pressure.To reduce individuals' CWB, practitioners are advised to consider implementing intervention programs that foster an incremental theory of intelligence.Organizations are advised to evaluate candidates' implicit theories of intelligence in the personnel selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the changes in career decision-making self-efficacy (CDSE) and vocational identity (VI) and their reciprocal associations among 1,026 senior high school students, comprising 493 from Hong Kong (age in 10th grade: M = 16.31, SD = 0.65; 238 girls) and 533 from Shanghai (age in 10th grade: M = 16.50, SD = 0.56; 237 girls). They completed measures for assessing their CDSE and VI annually from 10th to 12th grades. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that both CDSE and VI significantly increased over time in the Hong Kong sample. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that the reciprocal positive effects between CDSE and VI over time were supported in both samples. These findings indicated that CDSE and VI are generally dynamic and interrelated dimensions for Chinese adolescents' career development with some regional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of independent and interdependent personalities at both individual and peer-group levels to loneliness in Chinese adolescents. Participants included 651 junior high school students (M age = 11.48, SD age = 0.62; 263 girls). The participants were administered self-report measures of personality and loneliness and a Social-Cognitive Map assessment of peer groups in Grade 6. Data on loneliness were collected again in Grades 7 and 8. Latent growth model analyses indicated that loneliness increased over time. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that, at an individual level, independent personality factors (i.e., Social Potency and Emotional Stability) and the interdependent factor (Interpersonal Relatedness; IR) negatively predicted the initial level of loneliness and positively predicted the slope of loneliness. At the group level, Social Potency and IR negatively predicted the initial level of loneliness, and IR positively predicted the slope of loneliness. The study provides valuable information about the contributions of independent and interdependent personalities at both individual and group levels to psychological adjustment in the Chinese context. The implications of the findings concerning the associations between personality and loneliness are discussed. • Independent traits negatively predict initial level of loneliness at individual level. • Interdependent trait negatively predicts loneliness' initial level at individual level. • Both types of traits positively predict slope of loneliness at individual level. • Both types of traits negatively predict initial level of loneliness at group level. • Interpersonal relatedness positively predicts slope of loneliness at group level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compared the contributions of self- and social-oriented personality factors to Chinese adolescents' career exploration with a longitudinal perspective. The mediation effects of career decision self-efficacy and perceived parental support were also investigated. A total of 488 high school students in Hong Kong took three waves of a questionnaire survey at Grade 10, Grade 11 and Grade 12 respectively. The results indicated that adolescents' career exploration at Grade 12 could be predicted by both self- and social-oriented personalities at Grade 10. Specifically, both self- and social-oriented personality factors could contribute to adolescents' environmental exploration, and the effect was mediated by perceived parental support at Grade 11, after controlling for the effect of career exploration at Grade 11; whereas self-oriented personality factor could contribute to self-exploration, and the effect was mediated by career self-efficacy at Grade 11. The implications for career counseling and education for Chinese adolescents are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study investigated the contributions of Chinese secondary school students' meaning in life in Grade 10 to vocational identity in Grade 12 in different Chinese settings. Whether vocational exploration and commitment reported by students (VECS) in Grade 11, and the vocational exploration and commitment reported by parents (VECP) of the students mediate the above link was examined as well. Participants comprised 435 students and their parents/guardians from Hong Kong, 422 students and their parents/guardians from urban Shanghai, and 308 students and their parents/guardians from rural Zhejiang. Partial mediation of the VECS in the relationship between meaning in life and vocational identity was significant in the Shanghai and Zhejiang rural samples. In the Hong Kong sample, the VECP was significantly predicted by meaning in life and could predict vocational identity. Associations between parental perceptions of vocational commitment and adolescents' own career development might therefore be weaker than previously believed. The pattern of the relationships between meaning in life, vocational commitment and identity, and the influence of parents on adolescents' career development in different Chinese local contexts are discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thinking styles define individuals' marked preferences in how they learn about or process information. This study considered the function of collecting and processing information in career exploration and decision making, and examined thinking styles as a predictor of career decision-making difficulties (CDMD) and career exploration as a mediator of this relationship. Chinese college students ( N = 463) responded to measures of thinking styles, career exploration, and CDMD. Results partially supported the contribution of thinking styles to career exploration and CDMD. Type I styles, characterized as more creativity-generating, positively predicted career exploration and negatively predicted CDMD. Type II styles, characterized as more norm-favoring, positively predicted CDMD. Partial mediation was supported in the link between Type I styles and lack of information through career environment exploration. The benefits of type styles should be highlighted for career guidance and counseling among Chinese college students and should be validated in different cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Career development and career intervention have been affected by globalization in culture, politics, and economics. Career development among Chinese people, especially youth, shows particular characteristics with the influences of Chinese cultural features such as collectivistic values. The authors review the challenges of career development and intervention in different types of Chinese societies, including a shortage of indigenous theoretical models and assessment instruments; a lack of professional training and education for researchers, practitioners, educators, and counselors; and less positive attitudes toward career counseling and education. The authors then overview the content of this special issue, focusing on career development and intervention of Chinese people living in Shanghai, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, the United States, Canada, and Singapore. The articles address specific challenges, barriers, and features of career intervention, education, and development in these Chinese societies. Approaches and strategies for improving career development and intervention in these different contexts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors examined the contributions of perceived family intrusiveness to career decision-making difficulties (CDMD) and the mediating effect of family orientation as a personality trait in different cultural settings. In Study 1, a web-based survey of 1,563 Hong Kong college students showed that perceived family intrusiveness significantly contributed to CDMD. This relationship was mediated by the relational personality trait emphasizing family orientation. Study 2 compared this pattern of relationship between a Hong Kong sample of 392 college students and a U.S. sample of 367 college students. The mediation model was only supported in the Hong Kong sample. Specifically, although the contributions of family intrusiveness to CDMD were demonstrated across the 2 cultural settings, the significant influences of family orientation were only supported in the Hong Kong sample. Implications for career development and counseling with college students from different cultural backgrounds are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in Western countries has shown a general declining trend of school satisfaction over time among adolescents, yet it remains unclear how social and school factors predict the developmental pattern. Moreover, relative to their Western counterparts, adolescents in China tend to report lower levels of school satisfaction, but little is known about how it develops and the predictors of the development. To fill the gaps, this four-wave longitudinal study explored the developmental patterns of school satisfaction and the contributions of peer liking and academic performance. Six hundred and eighty-nine Chinese adolescents (Mage = 11.39, SDage = 0.53 at Time 1; 53.7% girls) participated in this study from Grade 6 to Grade 9 in 2017 to 2020. School satisfaction was measured each academic year using self-reports. Peer liking was assessed by classroom-based sociometric nominations, and information on academic performance was collected through school records in Grade 6. The conditional growth curve model results showed that peer liking and academic performance positively predicted the intercept of school satisfaction. School satisfaction decreased over time among students with low initial academic achievement, but increased in an exponential manner among students with high initial academic achievement. The results indicated that peer relationships and academic performance might play a role in affecting the level and the development of school satisfaction in the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether the Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory-2 (CPAI-2), developed by the combined emic–etic approach, could provide useful information for us to understand the relations between personality and the key academic major groups in the Chinese context. Participants in this study included 989 university students from 9 universities in Hong Kong. Discriminant analysis showed that the personality traits measured by the CPAI-2 could significantly differentiate among six academic major groups, confirming the utility of personality variables as predictors of career-relevant choice in non-Western cultures. Among the 28 CPAI-2 personality scales, 7 significantly differentiated the 6 major groups in our multivariate analysis of variance. Two of these scales reflect universal intellectual styles while the other five were relational in natural. Among these five relationship-oriented scales, Extraversion versus Introversion and Leadership correspond to similar etic constructs in Western measures while the other three (i.e., Renqing, Social Sensitivity, and Face) are emic constructs. The information provided by these emic constructs can assist career counselors to be more sensitive to the cultural context of career choice of Chinese young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the pattern of relationships among personality, vocational interests, and career exploration within an integrated framework between 369 American and 392 Hong Kong university students. The first hypothesis predicted differential contributions of the universal and indigenous personality dimensions based on the Cross-cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory-2 (CPAI-2) to career exploration of the American and Hong Kong students. The second hypothesis predicted that vocational interests mediated the association between personality and career exploration of the students. Cultural differences were found between the personality predictors for Hong Kong and American students, supporting the first hypothesis. The CPAI-2 indigenous personality dimensions derived in the Chinese cultural context predicted career exploration of Hong Kong students only. The second hypothesis was partially supported: Enterprise interest type mediated the association between Social Potency and career exploration in the Hong Kong sample; Artistic interest type was the mediator in the American sample. The contributions of personality and vocational interests to students’ career exploration, and the implications to cross-cultural career counseling were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The study examined the incremental validity of thinking styles in predicting academic achievement after controlling for personality and achievement motivation in the hypermedia-based learning environment. Seventy-two Chinese college students from Shanghai, the People's Republic of China, took part in this instructional experiment. The End-Of-Semester test was designed to examine the students' achievement in the course of General Psychology. The results partially supported the hypotheses concerning the relationships between students' Type I and II thinking styles and their academic achievement in Type I test (including analysis, problem-solving, and essay tests) and Type II test (including multiple-choice and cloze tests), and showed that some Type III styles were significantly related to their academic achievement. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the capacity of thinking styles for explaining and predicting academic achievement was sometimes over and above the sum of personality traits and achievement motivation. Implications for educational practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study examined the relationships between thinking styles and achievement motivation among Chinese university students. The Thinking Styles Inventory — Revised (TSI-R; Sternberg, Wagner, & Zhang, 2003) and the Achievement Motives Scale (AMS; Gjesme & Nygard, 1970; Ye & Hagtvet, 1988) were administered to 238 Chinese university students from Shanghai, the People''s Republic of China. Results largely supported the hypothesis that the more creativity-generating and complex thinking styles (Type I styles) were positively correlated with achievement motivation to approach success (MS), and negatively correlated with achievement motivation to avoid failure (MF). Results partially supported the hypothesis that the more norm-favoring and simplistic thinking styles (Type II styles) had negative correlation with MS, and positive correlation with MF. The study also found that the situation-/task-dependent thinking styles (Type III styles) were positively correlated with MS, and negatively correlated with MF. Implications for educational practice were discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study had two aims. The first was to validate further Sternberg's theory of mental self-government in a Chinese cultural setting. The second was to investigate the relationship between teaching styles and teachers' characteristics. Two hundred and three (64 males, 139 females) primary and secondary school teachers from Shanghai, mainland China, participated in the study. Research participants responded to the Chinese version of the Thinking Styles in Teaching Inventory (TSTI), based on Sternberg's theory of mental self-government. They also provided a range of demographic information including gender, age, educational level, number of years of teaching experience, subject area taught, and grade taught. The results showed that the TSTI is basically a reliable and valid inventory for assessing the teaching styles of primary and secondary school teachers in Shanghai. The results also found that some teaching styles differed statistically in relation to teachers' particular personal variables, and partially supported the viewpoint that thinking styles are socialised. The general implications of these findings for teaching in primary and secondary schools are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of job crafting in the relationship between self-efficacy in teaching and research (termed 'academic self-efficacy') and organisational commitment among academics. Three hundred and thirty-two academics from nine higher educational institutions in Zhejiang Province and Shanghai, mainland China, participated in this study through responding to three self-report inventories: the Research-Teaching Efficacy Inventory, the Job Crafting Inventory, and the Organisational Commitment Inventory. Results suggested that academic self-efficacy predicted organisational commitment both directly and indirectly through job crafting (especially increasing structural and social job resources) after controlling for age, gender, academic rank, and academic disciplines taught. The findings enrich the literature on self-efficacy, job crafting, and organisational commitment. Furthermore, this study has practical implications for academics and university senior managers in their respective efforts to develop academics' adaptive organisational commitment and enhance the quality of university teaching and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]