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With green development becoming a global movement, environmental tax has been adopted by many governments to promote green development. This study analyzes the impact of environmental tax on green development by using a four-dimension dynamical system. The establishment of the system is based on the complex and dynamic interactions among economic development, pollution emissions, resources consumption, and environmental tax, where roles of environmental tax are reflected by the linear parameters. A theoretic analysis shows the complexity of the behavior of the system. Mainly, the existence of chaos is inferred by Lyapunov exponent spectrum and bifurcation diagram, then verified by the presence of a chaotic attractor. An empirical study of the green development dynamical system in China demonstrates the particular evolution paths of economic growth, pollution intensity, and resource intensity under different environmental tax parameters. Results indicate a robust beneficial role of environmental tax on green development. Furthermore, when an environmental tax is imposed, a firm government control, an active consumer awareness, an advanced technology level can stimulate economic growth, decrease pollution intensity, and control the resource intensity. But the government control has a stronger effect. This study provides a viable and promising approach to analyze the role of imposing an environmental tax on green development and may have potential application in other areas and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Price dynamics of carbon pilots are studied as a whole by visibility graph networks. • The networks are similar in topology properties but differ in degree of measures. • Jaccard similarity coefficient shows a low similar in price dynamics of pilots. • A price-dependence mode for the linkage of pilots is proposed. • Visibility graph method is more reliable for measuring weak coupling of time series. Abstract Similarity and heterogeneity analysis of price dynamics across the region provide experiences for China's national carbon emission trading scheme. This study examines the dynamic behavior of carbon prices from the visibility graph network point of view, notably introducing the Jaccard coefficient to measure the similarity. By mapping daily carbon trading prices onto visibility graph networks, we analyze the characteristics of the carbon prices by topological measures of the networks. For the next step, we evaluate the similarity between pilots by the Jaccard similarity coefficient of the constructed visibility graph networks. Consequently, we cluster the pilots based on topology measures of the networks. Results show that the seven carbon markets in China have different patterns of similarity in visibility network properties: They are all small-world networks and are scale-free except for Chongqing pilot. Only Hubei and Shenzhen pilots are assortative, indicating a weak degree of market efficiency. At the same time, the two pilots have the highest value of Jaccard similarity coefficients and Shenzhen pilot presents the highest similarity to the supposed integrated market. According to the structure measures of the networks, the pilots are clustered into four groups which can be seen as sub-markets. Findings in this study indicate that inequalities across those groups should be sufficiently considered in the future national carbon market with particular emphasis on the Hubei pilot. Some sub-markets are suggested to be built according to the similarity in price dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth cannot completely explain water use patterns as many other factors also affect the amount of water use. Using province level panel data, this research explores the relationship between water use and economic growth in China by analyzing multiple factors. IPAT identity, which conventionally includes three factors, is expanded to elucidate five driving factors of water use: population, affluence, technology, urbanization, and industrial structure. A quadratic model, a cubic model, and a piecewise regression model are tested and analyzed. Full-sample and region-sample over the period from 2003 to 2014 are investigated. Results show that, first, all the five factors studied have positive effects on water use at both national and regional scales. Population is the most influential factor at the national scale as well as in the eastern region, and technology plays the most important role in the central and the western regions. Second, there is a clear inverted U-shape relationship between water consumption and economic growth, and the inflection point of water consumption occurs at 35,477 RMB per capita GDP as measured in 2000 constant price. In this regard, water use has not reached the inflection point at either national or any of the regional scales.It is concluded that water use in China will rise in the coming years and is expected to reach the inflection point in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complexity of carbon market is the consequence of economic dynamics and extreme social political events in global carbon markets. The multi-scale entropy can measure the long-term structures in the daily price return time series. By using multi-scale entropy analysis, we explore the complexity of carbon market and mean reversion trend of daily price return. The logarithmic difference of data Dec16 from August 6, 2010 to May 22, 2015 is selected as the sample. The entropy is higher in small time scale, while lower in large. The dependence of the entropy on the time scale reveals the mean reversion of carbon prices return in the long run. A relatively great fluctuation over some short time period indicates that the complexity of carbon market evolves consistently with economic development track and the events of international climate conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalates have been used as plasticisers for several decades in various industry and consumer products. A method was developed for the determination of 13 not commonly monitored phthalates in household dust. The method was based on solvent extraction using sonication, sample clean-up by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis using isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The method was applied to the analysis of dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 38 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or ‘active’ dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Spearman rank correlations between HD and FD samples were significant for six phthalates with median concentrations above their method detection limits (MDLs), suggesting that the HD samples provide comparable results with FD samples. Seven phthalates were detected and quantified in a Canada-wide set of 126 household dust samples, among which six phthalates were detected at frequencies higher than 87%, with median (range) concentrations of 1.9 (<0.42–240) (μg/g) for diisohexyl phthalate (DIHxP), 3.8 (<0.16–260) (μg/g) for di-n-heptyl phthalate (DHepP), 6.6 (<1.1–1170) (μg/g) for diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), 1.1 (<0.12–390) (μg/g) for di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), 6.3 (<0.16–430) (μg/g) for dinonyl phthalate (DNP), and 1.8 (<0.18–850) (μg/g) for di-n-decyl phthalate (DDP). High detection frequencies and widely scattered concentration levels of these phthalates in this preliminary set of 126 samples suggested a high variability in potential exposure to phthalates in Canadian homes. NIST SRM 2585 (organic contaminants in house dust) was also analysed; eight phthalates were detected, with concentrations ranging from 6.0 μg/g for DOP to 79 μg/g for DIHxP. The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of phthalate concentration values in this SRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dec14 and Dec15, carbon prices of European Union Emissions Trading Scheme in phase III, are studied from the chaotic point of view. Firstly, chaotic characteristics of carbon price series are identified by three classic indicators: the maximum Lyapunov exponent, the correlation dimension and the Kolmogorov entropy. Both Dec14 and Dec15 have positive maximum Lyapunov exponents, and fractal correlation dimensions and non-zero Kolmogorov entropies, which demonstrates that the fluctuant nature of carbon price can be explained as a chaotic phenomenon. The carbon price dynamic system is recovered by reconstructing the phase space. Based on phase reconstruction, an multi-layer perceptron neural network prediction model is set up for carbon price to characterize its strong nonlinearity. The logic of the MLP are described in detail. K-fold cross-validation method is applied to show the validation of the model. Four measurements in level and directional prediction are used to evaluate the performance of the MLP model. Results show the good performance of the MLP network model in predicting carbon price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust was developed. The method is based on solvent extraction by sonication, sample cleanup by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/PCI–MS/MS). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.43μg/g and recoveries from 60% to 118%. The inter- and intra-day variations ranged from 3% to 23%. The method was applied to dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 134 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or “active” dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Results show that the two sampling methods (i.e., FD vs HD) provided comparable results. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were detected in the majority of samples. The most predominant OPE was TBEP, with median concentrations of 31.9μg/g and 22.8μg/g in FD and HD samples, respectively, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than other OPEs. The method was also applied to the analysis of OPEs in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (NIST SRM 2585, organic contaminants in house dust). The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of OPE concentration values in this SRM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sampling of particle-phase organic carbon (OC) from diesel engines is complicated by adsorption and evaporation of semivolatile organic carbon (SVOC), defined as positive and negative artifacts, respectively. In order to explore these artifacts, an integrated organic gas and particle sampler (IOGAPS) was applied, in which an XAD-coated multichannel annular denuder was placed upstream to remove the gas-phase SVOC and two downstream sorbent-impregnated filters (SIFs) were employed to capture the evaporated SVOC. Positive artifacts can be reduced by using a denuder, but particle loss also occurs. This paper investigates the IOGAPS with respect to particle loss, denuder efficiency, and particle-phase OC artifacts by comparing OC, elemental carbon (EC), SVOC, and selected organic species, as well as particle size distributions. Compared to the filter pack methods typically used, the IOGAPS approach results in estimation of both positive and negative artifacts, especially the negative artifact. The positive and negative artifacts were 190 µg/m3and 67 µg/m3, representing 122% and 43% of the total particle OC measured by the IOGAPS, respectively. However, particle loss and denuder break-through were also found to exist. Monitoring particle mass loss by particle number or EC concentration yielded similar results ranging from 10% to 24% depending upon flow rate. Using the measurements of selected particle-phase organic species to infer particle loss resulted in larger estimates, on the order of 32%. The denuder collection efficiency for SVOCs at 74 L/min was found to be less than 100%, with an average of 84%. In addition to these uncertainties the IOGAPS method requires a considerable amount of extra effort to apply. These disadvantages must be weighed against the benefits of being able to estimate positive artifacts and correct, with some uncertainty, for the negative artifacts when selecting a method for sampling diesel emissions. Supplemental Materials: Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of theJournal of the Air & Waste Management System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for the simultaneous determination of 11 synthetic musks and one fragrance compound in house dust was developed. The nitro musks included musk ketone (MK, 4- tert-butyl-3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethylacetophenone), musk xylene (MX, 1- tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), musk ambrette (1- tert-butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene) and musk moskene (1,1,3,3,5-pentamethyl-4,6-dinitroindane). The polycyclic musk compounds were 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(γ)-2-benzopyran (HHCB), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), 4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6- tert-butylindane, 6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane, 5-acetyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-isopropylindane, 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanon. The one macrocyclic musk was 1,4-dioxacycloheptadecane-5,17-dione. The bicyclic hydrocarbon fragrance compound (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-2,3,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalen-2yl)ethan-1-one (OTNE) and HHCB-lactone (4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1H,3H,4H,6H,7H, 8H-indeno[5,6-c]pyran-1-one), a degradation product of HHCB, were also analysed. NIST SRM 2781 (domestic sludge) and SRM 2585 (organic contaminants in house dust) were analysed for these target compounds. The method was applied for the analysis of 49 paired samples collected using two vacuum sampling methods: a sample of fresh or 'active' dust (FD) collected using a Pullman-Holt vacuum sampler, and a household dust (HD) sample taken from the participants' vacuum cleaners. Method detection limits and recoveries ranged from 12 to 48 ng/g and 54 to 117 %, respectively. AHTN, HHCB, OTNE and HHCB-lactone were detected in all samples, with median concentrations of 552, 676, 252 and 453 ng/g for FD samples, respectively; and 405, 992, 212 and 492 ng/g for HD samples, respectively. MX and MK were detected with high frequencies but with much lower concentrations. The two sampling methods produced comparable results for the target analytes. Widely scattered concentration levels were observed for target analytes from this set of 49 house dust samples, suggesting a wide variability in Canadian household exposure to synthetic musks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Traveling wave solutions for a generalized sinh–cosh–Gordon equation are studied. The equation is transformed into an auxiliary partial differential equation without any hyperbolic functions. By using the theory of planar dynamical system, the existence of different kinds of traveling wave solutions of the auxiliary equation is obtained, including smooth solitary wave, periodic wave, kink and antikink wave solutions. Some explicit expressions of the blow-up solution, kink-like solution, antikink-like solution and periodic wave solution to the generalized sinh–cosh–Gordon equation are given. Planar portraits of the solutions are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Travelling wave solutions for the general modified CH–DP equation u t − u xxt + αu 2 u x − βu x u xx = uu xxx are developed. By using the dynamical system method, a peakon and a dark soliton are found to coexist for the same wave speed. Exact explicit blow-up solutions are given. By using numerical simulation, a loop solution for a special case is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing dynamic shear modulus of asphalt binder is one effective measure of improving modulus of asphalt mixture at high temperature. Dynamic shear modulus of asphalt binder may improve through modifying asphalt with polymer or decreasing asphalt grade. In this study, the solvent deasphalting art of producing the hard-grade asphalt demanded crude oil of high quality and decreased the performance of asphalt at low temperature, adopting the technology of blending the hard modifier with the high-grade asphalt reached the criteria of defining the hard-grade asphalt, i.e., dynamic shear modulus is over 10 kPa at the temperature of 60°C (10 rad/s), phase angle is less than 70°, and performance grade achieves 76-22. The results of mix performance tests indicated that the dynamic modulus of the mixture with the hard-grade asphalt at high temperature increased significantly, the antirutting ability also improved notably, while the bending resistant ability at low temperature and the antifatigue ability were slightly inferior to those mixes with the styrene butadiene styrene modified asphalt (PG70-28). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the characteristics of carbonaceous components in fine particles in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, PM2.5 samples were collected twice a day for selected days in August 2001 for the measurement of particle-bound organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC). A denuder-based integrated organic gas and particle sampler (IOGAPS) was employed to minimize sampling artifacts often encountered during filter pack (FP) sampling. During IOGAPS sampling, the gas phase chemicals are removed by an XAD-coated denuder prior to the collection of particles by a quartz filter. The evaporation of the semivolatile organic carbon from the particle-laden filter is quantified by the backup XAD sorbent impregnated filters. A FP sampler was used for a comparison study. OC and EC were measured from filter punches by a thermal and optical transmittance aerosol carbon analyzer. There was no significant difference between the average IOGAPS-EC (0.50μgCm-3) and FP-EC (0.32μgCm-3), indicating that the particle loss during the transit in the denuder tube was negligible. The average OC determined by the IOGAPS was 2.80μgCm-3, about 28% lower than that determined by the FP (3.59μgCm-3), suggesting that the positive artifacts dominated during the FP sampling. The OC and EC concentrations in Vancouver were comparable with those at other background sites such as Kosan in Korea, but lower than those observed at typical urban sites such as Toronto and Seattle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Study Fractal Market Hypothesis by Multifractal Detrended fluctutation analysis. • Carbon price returns are multifractal in both the short and long terms. • The Hurst exponent indicates the inefficiency of all pilot markets. • Quantify inefficiency and rank the pilot markets in different time periods. • Market activity has a greater influence on inefficiency in the long term. An efficient carbon market is important for mitigating carbon emissions and many other energy issues. In this study we investigate the multifractality and efficiency of carbon market using Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, and the data are based on the carbon price returns of seven pilots in the carbon market of China. First, we find the price return series is multifractal for both the short term and the long term. Asymmetric distributions of carbon prices and the general Hurst exponents in the return series are detected, which suggest a lack of efficiency in the pilot markets under study. Then, we measure the efficiencies of these carbon market pilots using an indicator that we develop based on the generalized Hurst exponents, and the results suggest ubiquitous inefficiencies among them. But it is also found that the efficiencies of most of the pilots have been improving over time. The ranking of the pilot markets' efficiencies depends on the time window under study. For time scales shorter than a month, Chongqing pilot generally ranks the highest and Hubei pilot the lowest. Beijing pilot performs the best while Tianjin the worst when the time scale is longer. Lastly, regression results show that the carbon market pilot's inefficiency value is positively correlated with market activity in the short run while negatively in the long run. Based on the empirical results, effect of the inefficiency on low-carbon development and the policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy structure in global terminal consumption is moving towards a direction of low carbon. This study analyzes the evolution of the share of coal in energy consumption structure by continuous dynamical systems. Based on the complex and dynamic interactions among energy sources, an n-dimensional dynamical system model is constructed where the alternative of other energy sources for coal are modeled by the linear parameters. A case study of China is performed on its terminal energy consumption structure. Three scenarios are set to analyze and compare the particular evolution paths of coal share: the substitution rate changes, the self-growth rate changes, and both the substitution rate and self-growth rate change. Results show that the improvement of renewable power in either the substitution rate or self-growth rate is the most effective to reduce the proportion of coal. As to other energy sources, raising the coal substitution rate is better than increasing their self-growth rate. It concludes that proper control of coal power, moderate development of hydropower, and active and safe development of nuclear power are likely increase the proportion of electric in terminal energy consumption. This study provides an alternative and promising approach to analyze the evolution of coal ratio in energy consumption structure and may have potential application in other areas and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study was designed to explore the prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) and its association with health risk behaviors (i.e., smoking, alcohol use, binge drinking, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt) among rural children and adolescents in China. Methods: A sample of 683 rural children and adolescents (8 to 18 years of age) completed an anonymous questionnaire which assessed experiences of CSA and 5 health risk behaviors. Data on several potential confounding factors were also collected. Results: A total of 123 (18%) respondents reported experiencing at least 1 kind of CSA before 16 years of age, with more boys reporting CSA than girls (21.5% vs. 14.2%). In addition, attending non-boarding schools, lower levels of self-esteem, and higher levels of perceived peer pressure for engagement in health risk behaviors were associated with higher rates of CSA. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that CSA experience was significantly associated with cigarette smoking (aOR=2.14), binge drinking (aOR=2.68), suicidal ideation (aOR=1.69), and suicide attempt (aOR=2.69) after controlling for several demographic and psychological factors. Conclusion: More attention should be paid to the issues of CSA among rural children and adolescents in China. Effective CSA prevention intervention needs to address the vulnerabilities of the population, increase children's and parents’ awareness of CSA and ability of self-protection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, by using bifurcation method, we successfully find the equation with osmosis dispersion possess two new types of travelling wave solutions called kink-like wave solutions and antikink-like wave solutions. They are defined on some semifinal bounded domains and possess properties of kink waves and anti-kink waves. Their implicit expressions are obtained. For some concrete data, the graphs of the implicit functions are displayed, and the numerical simulation of travelling wave system is made by Maple. The results show that our theoretical analysis agrees with the numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Considered herein is the orbital stability of floating periodic peakons for the Camassa–Holm (CH) equation, which describes one-dimensional surface waves at a free surface of shallow water under the influence of gravity. The floating periodic peakons shift up or down according to the change of the parameter. The result shows that the floating periodic peakons are orbitally stable and their stability is independent of the parameter in the CH equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we employ the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical systems to investigate the travelling-wave solutions to a dual equation of the Kaup–Boussinesq system. The expressions for smooth solitary-wave solutions are obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we employ the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical systems to investigate the traveling wave solutions of a 2-component of the Degasperis–Procesi equation. The expressions for smooth soliton, kink and antikink solutions are obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the Fornberg–Whitham (FW) equation is investigated by using the improved qualitative method, which combines characteristics of several methods to solve equations. We classify all travelling wave solutions of this equation in specified regions of the parametric space. Besides already known solutions such as peaked and kink-like wave solutions, this equation also admits looped and cusped wave solutions, especially some composite waves including fractal-like waves and stumpons. What is more interesting is that we give the limit behavior of all periodic solutions as the parameters trend to some special values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We give an improved qualitative method to solve the osmosis K(2, 2) equation. This method combines several characteristics of other methods. Using this method, the existence of symmetric and non-symmetric wave solutions of the osmosis K(2, 2) equation is studied. Besides abundant symmetric forms such as smooth wave solutions, peaked waves, cusped waves, looped waves, stumpons and fractal-like waves, this equation also admits non-symmetric ones including breaking kink wave solutions, breaking anti-kink wave solutions and rampons. As regards this equation most of those solutions, either symmetric or non-symmetric solutions, have not appeared in the literature. We also study the limiting behavior of all periodic solutions as the parameters tend to some special values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Real-time monitoring of the vortex flow field has vital significance for industrial processes, including metallurgy refining, rocket fuel system, and hydropower station operation. It can improve the yield rate and resource utilization and ensure high-efficiency sustainability production. However, the formation mechanism of a multiphase vortex, involving the dynamic tracking of multi-layer interface, critical multiphase coupling, and fluid-solid vibration wave transition, is still unclear. To address these matters, a numerical modeling-solving method for a multiphase vortex is proposed. With the coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method, a fluid mechanic model is built up to acquire the interface evolution laws and multiphase coupling mechanism. A fluid-solid vibration dynamic model is conducted, and a displacement solution method with Flügge equations is presented to reveal vibration wave transition mechanism. A mesh updating method with spring smoothing and local reconstruction is presented to optimize the numerical process. Numerical results demonstrate that a critical penetrating state contains multiple solutions with the initial disturbance; the coupling energy shock induces a pressure oscillation phenomenon and appears intensive vibration with higher amplitudes and wider frequency bands. At the critical penetrating stage, the vibration signal takes on a transient distortion character, and its nonlinear shock components concentrate in the frequency range of 45–50 Hz. • A vortex mechanic model is set up to obtain the laws on critical penetration state. • A fluid-solid coupling model is built up to get the vortex induced vibration signal. • A Flügge equation based vibration response solution method is proposed. • Displacement response is acquired by vortex induced vibration. • Optimize the solving process of sink vortex by the mesh updating method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We study the limiting behavior of smooth periodic waves for the Degasperis–Procesi equation as the parameters trend to some special values. Using an improved qualitative method, the existence of smooth periodic waves is considered. For some limiting values of parameters of smooth periodic waves, one obtains peaked solitary waves. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The full-fledging of Chinese national emissions trading system (ETS) still depends on the experiences of its pilot projects. This paper accesses the interdependence between ETSs from a complexity perspective in order to identify which one is with the most important relevance in terms of the entropy-based correlation. Firstly, the complexity of pilots is measured with multi-scale fuzzy entropy. Entropy-based correlations, the correlations of entropy series, are then used to describe dynamic behavior of the pilots. Finally, the role of pilots is studied by norms and eigenvalue variations. Multi-scale fuzzy entropy analysis finds that all pilots have small entropy values, thus indicating a low complexity. Entropy-based correlations show a dominant positive and centered correlations between the pilots. However, the correlations are strong (the absolute value > 0.5) within a week while weak (the absolute value < 0.5) for time scales larger than one month. Beijing pilot presents the greatest norm in general and has the biggest variations of the eigenvalues. It is thus regarded as the one that is most relevant to others among China's regional carbon markets. The research suggests that more importance should be paid to the core pilot when constructing the national carbon market. • Study complexity of carbon pilots from a multi-scale time dependent point of view. • Correlations of fuzzy entropy are used to describe dynamic behavior of carbon pilots. • China's carbon pilots present more complexity on time scale shorter than one month. • Entropy are strongly correlated at weekly scales but are weakly at monthly scales. • Beijing pilot is reorganized as the core of China's regional carbon markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixing mass transfer process of the gas-liquid-solid multiphase flow is a crucial manufacturing technology in some industrial applications, such as the material mixing of the high-end chemical industry and the lithium electric homogenate dispersion of the new energy. The complicated multiphase mass transfer mechanism is a fluid-structure coupling mechanic problem with intensive shear and nonlinear characteristics, making the flow field face challenges in regulating. Here, a fluid-structure coupling-based mechanic model is set up based on the coupled volume-of-fluid and discrete element model (VOF-DEM) to explore the multiphase mixing mass transfer mechanism. A porous interphase optimization and dynamic mesh technique are proposed to reveal flow pattern regularities under the inflating disturbance. Then, an experimental observation platform is built, and the fractal geometric analysis method is utilized to reveal the chaotic evolution property. Research results illustrate that the presented modelling method can well obtain the multiphase mixing mass transfer regularities. The appropriate inflation rate can improve particle suspension effects, and promote interphase mixing mass transfer, and achieve the dynamic control of the multiphase flow filed. The results can provide a valuable reference for mass transfer and flow pattern identification and support technical support for lithium electric homogenate mixing and chemical extraction. • VOF-DEM coupling-based multiphase flows mechanic modeling method is presented. • A porous interphase optimization method and dynamic mesh technique is proposed. • Mixing mass transfer mechanism and particle flow pattern regularities are revealed. • The chaotic evolution property with the fractal geometric analysis method is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The nonlinear dispersive mKdV equation is proved to be Painleve integrable. Detailed classification of its travelling waves under certain parameter conditions are obtained by the improved qualitative analysis method. Abundant type of solutions are shown to exist including exotic traveling waves, peaked waves, compacted waves, looped and cusped waves, very particular composite waves having two singular points. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: All possible optical waves in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a combined dispersion term are determined according to different parameters’ regions. First, we find this equation has some popular exotic solutions, such as peaked waves, looped and cusped waves. What is more interesting, this equation admits some very particular waves, such as double kinked waves and butterfly-like waves. These new two types of solutions have not been reported in the literature regarding the study of other nonlinear equations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Multiphase vortex with free surfaces, as a common hydraulic phenomenon, occurs in many industrial processes such as metallurgy refining, chemical extraction, and hydropower station operation. Its internal real-time monitoring is of important significance to improve product quality and yielding rate, increase energy utilization rate, and achieve the safety and high-efficiency industrial production. However, the terrible physical conditions, including high temperature, limited space and surrounding interferences, always restrict the vortex flow field to be detected directly. Aiming at the matters, this paper presents a novel modelling and sensing method for multiphase vortex. Specifically, a mechanical dynamic model based on coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method is set up to analyze the multiphase coupling mechanism. A Flügge equation-based displacement solving method is proposed to reveal the nonlinear vibration regularities. Then, a wavelet transform-based vibration sensing method is presented to identify the vortex critical penetration state. The simulated results show that the performed modelling and solving approaches of free surface vortex have better reveal the multiphase coupling mechanism and the nonlinear vibration characters. Initial disturbance and flow flux dominate the vortex forms and coupling intensities of multiphase coupling phenomenon respectively; the wavelet transform-based vibration sensing method can well recognize the transient distortion attribute. • A mechanical dynamic model is set up to analyze multiphase coupling mechanism. • A Flügge equation-based method is presented to obtain the displacement response. • Vortex vibration characters are revealed by the time-domain spectrum and cepstrum. • A wavelet transform-based sensing method is called to identify distortion attribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon markets provide a market-based way to reduce climate pollution. Subject to general market regulations, the major existing emission trading markets present complex characteristics. This paper analyzes the complexity of carbon market by using the multi-scale entropy. Pilot carbon markets in China are taken as the example. Moving average is adopted to extract the scales due to the short length of the data set. Results show a low-level complexity inferring that China’s pilot carbon markets are quite immature in lack of market efficiency. However, the complexity varies in different time scales. China’s carbon markets (except for the Chongqing pilot) are more complex in the short period than in the long term. Furthermore, complexity level in most pilot markets increases as the markets developed, showing an improvement in market efficiency. All these results demonstrate that an effective carbon market is required for the full function of emission trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]