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Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma, originate from the biliary epithelium and have a poor prognosis. Surgery is the only choice for cure in the early stage of disease. However, most patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage and lose the chance for surgery. Early diagnosis could significantly improve the prognosis of patients. Bile has complex components and is in direct contact with biliary tract tumors. Bile components are closely related to the occurrence and development of biliary tract tumors and may be applied as biomarkers for BTCs. Meanwhile, arising evidence has confirmed the immunoregulatory role of bile components. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the relationship between bile components and biliary tract cancers and their ability as biomarkers for BTCs, highlighting the role of bile components in regulating immune response, and their promising application prospects.

Insect problem has been one of the most severe problems in agriculture and forestry, which causes great economic losses to the primary industry in China. For a long time, the use of chemical insecticides for insect control has led to many issues, such as pollution, insect resistance, etc. Therefore, in recent years, the research and application on biological pesticides of broad spectrum, high efficiency and low toxicity is increasing. Insecticidal proteins, especially those of microbial source, as an important branch of biological insecticides, have been continuously developed and applied due to their excellent insecticidal potential. This paper aims to classify the information on insecticidal proteins from microorganism over the world, and to provide fresh opinions for the application of insecticidal proteins in agriculture, forestry and other industries in China.

T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium spp., and belongs to the type A mycotoxins in the cephalosporins family. T-2 toxin is highly toxic, and it pollutes not only crops in the field,but also granary which leads the post-harvest lost of grain, furthermore, it causes huge damage to human and animal health. Therefore, it becomes world widely the target to be prevented and controlled in the food industry and livestock industry in recent years. At present, the research on the biological toxicity of T-2 toxin is more indepth, but it still lacks adequate study on detoxification of T-2 toxin, especially the biological detoxification. The harm, mechanism and physical, chemical and biological methods of detoxification of T-2 toxins were reviewed. Focusing on the acquisition of efficient detoxification enzymes and the development of detoxification processes are conducive to the healthy development of multiple industries in China, such as grain industry, livestock industry, and by-product deep processing.

A comprehensive understanding of the compositions and physicochemical properties of coal-based liquids is conducive to the rapid development of multipurpose, high-performance, and high-value functional chemicals. However, because of their complex compositions, coal-based liquids generate two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) chromatograms that are very complex and very time consuming to analyze. Therefore, the development of a method for accurately and rapidly analyzing chromatograms is crucial for understanding the chemical compositions and structures of coal-based liquids, such as direct coal liquefaction (DCL) oils and coal tar. In this study, DCL oils were distilled and qualitatively analyzed using GC × GC chromatograms. A deep-learning (DL) model was used to identify spectral features in GC × GC chromatograms and predominantly categorize the corresponding DCL oils as aliphatic alkanes, cycloalkanes, mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetracyclic aromatics. Regional labels associated with areas in the GC × GC chromatograms were fed into the mask-region-based convolutional neural network's (Mask R-CNN's) algorithm. The Mask R-CNN accurately and rapidly segmented the GC × GC chromatograms into regions representing different compounds, thereby automatically qualitatively classifying the compounds according to their spots in the chromatograms. Results show that the Mask R-CNN model's accuracy, precision, recall, F1 value, and Intersection over Union (IoU) value were 93.71%, 96.99%, 96.27%, 0.95, and 0.93, respectively. DL is effective for visually comparing GC × GC chromatograms to analyze the compositions of chemical mixtures, accelerating GC × GC chromatogram interpretation and compound characterization and facilitating comparisons of the chemical compositions of multiple coal-based liquids produced in the coal and petroleum industry. Applying DL to analyze chromatograms improves analysis efficiency and provides a new method for analyzing GC × GC chromatograms, which is important for fast and accurate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A MoO3 film with the main phase of orthorhombic α-phase was deposited on a glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition. Metal–acid ionic liquid treatment caused the film to change from transparent to blue, while also reducing its bandgap and resistance values. These properties can be controlled by using different metals with lower work functions than MoO3, different acids, and varying treatment times. In this study, the film treated with Al-acid ionic liquid for 15 min showed the lowest bandgap of 2.61 eV and the smallest resistance of 9.48 × 103 Ω. This treatment resulted in a modulation of 0.59 eV in the bandgap and a more than 5 orders of magnitude increase in MoO3 conductivity. Both variable range hopping and activated behavior may be present throughout the entire temperature range in this study. The treating process causes an expansion of the crystal lattice, and the reduction of the Mo element. The manipulation of microstructures and properties may be attributed to the hydrogenation of the MoO3 thin films, driven by the difference in work function between the metal and oxide. This study expands the use of acids from inorganic acids to acidic ionic liquids, and enriches the method of metal–acid treatment. The concept of controllable hydrogen-doping through metal–acidic ionic liquid treatment has significant implications for the design of multifunctional materials in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human adenovirus (HAdV) is common pathogens that cause various respiratory diseases. The genetic diversity of viruses caused by recombination is considered to be the main source of emerging outbreaks. The aim of this study is to explore the evolutionary relationship and recombination events of HAdV genome in respiratory tract infections in Jiangsu Province. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology was used to sequence 66 patients with HAdV infection (37 patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and 29 hospitalized patients with pneumonia) from Jiangsu Province. Epidemiological analysis was performed on hospitalized pneumonia and ILI patients infected with HAdV. Subsequently, phylogenetic, recombination, and nucleotide and amino acid identity analyses were performed. Results: Epidemiological analysis of patients undergoing WGS showed that 75.7% of ILI patients were infected with the HAdVB strain and 69.0% of hospitalized pneumonia patients were infected with the HAdVC strain. Moreover, the hospitalized pneumonia and ILI patients infected with HAdV were different in region and time. The strains of HAdVB3 and HAdVB7 genotypes were mainly infected in 2015 and 2017, and the strains of HAdVC1 and HAdVC2 genotypes were mainly infected in 2020. The results of histogram analysis showed that the HAdV strain mainly infected children under 5 years old. In addition, 36 novel recombinant strains were identified. The discovery of these recombinant strains may contribute to understanding the epidemiology of HAdV and research on related vaccines. Furthermore, the percentage of nucleotide and amino acid identities revealed a high level of genetic conservation within isolates from HAdVB3, HAdVB7, HAdVC1, HAdVC2 and HAdVC5 genotypes. Conclusion: The WGS analysis reveals the evolutionary relationships and recombination events of HAdV strains in Jiangsu Province, which is helpful to deepen the understanding of HAdV epidemiology and evolution. In addition, it provides a basis for the formulation of public health strategies in Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]